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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

The effects of suggestion on airways of asthmatic subjects breathing room air as a suggested bronchoconstrictor and bronchodilator.

Thirty-three asthmatic subjects were told they were receiving, alternately, an inhaled bronchoconstrictor and inhaled bronchodilator, although they actually were only breathing room air. No subjects showed suggestion-produced effects on FEV1, although two (of the 19 on whom FEF50 was measured) showed effects of greater than 20% on measures of maximal midexpiratory flow. The incidence of the effect is smaller than reported previously, possibly because some subjects in previous studies inhaled saline, a mild bronchoconstrictor, and reversal of effect was not required for classification as a reactor. Higher percentages of subjects in this study showed decreased MMEF in response to the 'bronchoconstrictor', but this appeared to reflect fatigue rather than suggestion effects. However, the fact that the effect occurred in a relatively non-effort-dependent measure suggests that real changes occurred in bronchial caliber, not just in test effort. Suggestion had a significant effect on perception of bronchial changes, but the correlation between actual and perceived changes was minimal. There was an increase in FVC prior to administration of the 'bronchoconstrictor', possibly reflecting a preparatory response to the expected drug. Correlations among self-report variables suggested the existence of three personality dimensions among our population related to suggestion and asthma: cognitive susceptibility to suggestion of bronchial change; feeling of physical vulnerability; and anxiety. However, there was no significant relationship between airway response to suggested changes and hypnotic susceptibility, as measured by the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1977

Hypnosis, suggestions, and altered states of consciousness: experimental evaluation of the new cognitive-behavioral theory and the traditional trance-state theory of "hypnosis".

Sixty-six subjects were tested on a new scale for evaluating "hypnotic-like" experiences (The Creative Imagination Scale), which includes ten standardized test-suggestions (e.g. suggestions for arm heaviness, finger anesthesia, time distortion, and age regression). The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (Think-With Instructions, trance induction, and Control), with 22 subjects to each group. The new Cognitive-Behavioral Theory predicted that subjects exposed to preliminary instructions designed to demonstrate how to think and imagine along with the suggested themes (Think-With Instructions) would be more responsive to test-suggestions for anesthesia, time distortion, age regression, and so on, than subjects exposed to a trance-induction procedure. On the other hand, the traditional Trance State Theory predicted that a trance induction would be more effective than Think-With Instructions in enhancing responses to such suggestions. Subjects exposed to the Think-With Instructions obtained significantly higher scores on the test-suggestions than those exposed either to the traditional trance-induction procedure or to the control treatment. Scores of subjects who received the trance-induction procedure were not significantly different from those of the subjects who received the control treatment. The results thus supported the new Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and contradicted the traditional Trance State Theory of hypnosis. Two recent experiments, by De Stefano and by Katz, confirmed the above experimental results and offered further support for the Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. In both recent experiments, subjects randomly assigned to a "Think-With Instructions" treatment were more responsive to test-suggestions than those randomly assigned to a traditional trance-induction treatment.

Cognition↗
PubMed1976

Response of asthmatics to methacholine and suggestion.

Effects of diluent, methacholine, and suggestion on pulmonary function were studied in 9 asthmatic subjects. On day 1, flavored diluent was given as a control preparation. On day 2, increasing concentrations of similarly flavored methacholine were administered. On day 3, the effect of flavored diluent plus suggestion was studied. Although all variables were affected, the dose-response relationships for methacholine were most pronounced for specific airway conductance and airway resistance, in contrast to maximal mid-expiratory flow, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, and forced vital capacity. Suggestion toward bronchoconstriction significantly affected only the plethysmographic parameters, specific airway conductance, and airway resistance, and not the spirometric variables. Both airway resistance and 1-sec forced expiratory volume showed slight, but significant, changes as a result of bronchodilator suggestion, which was used to overcome the suggestion toward bronchoconstriction. Because suggestion had a greater effect on large airways than peripheral airways, a role for the vagus is implied. Thus, any protocol using body plethysmography must consider a possible effect of suggestion on results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Autokinetic illusion as affected by suggestions of experimenter and observer.

Two experiments were done to examine whether an experimenter's suggestion and self-suggestion could affect the autokinetic illusion and to specify that effect. Exp. I compared the effect of a facilitative suggestion with a suppressive one, by measuring the moving latency, duration, frequency, and by analyzing the movement trace. Time and frequency did not detect any effects of marked individual differences. Trace analysis, on the other hand, showed that suggestions were effective in the expected direction for some subjects. Exp. II gave the suggestion for and against subjects' dominant direction of the movement and was designed to specify the effect. While effects indicated by time and frequency measures were not consistent, the movement trace showed the effect in suggested directions, which was more distinct for subjects whose nonsuggested illusion was not so markedly directed. These findings indicate that suggestion could affect the spatiotemporal aspect of the illusion, so the trace analysis may be useful for studies in this field.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The psychological reasons for the varying efficacy of suggestion in an experiment].

In 86 neurotic patients, judgements about TAT pictures were defined before a session of hypnosis. Later other judgments about the same pictures were suggested after the patients entered the hypnotic state. 34 patients who were in a deep enough hypnotic state manifested the lack of suggestion realization, which can be accounted for by image and intellectual activity that occurred at the moment of suggestion. Suggestibility increased whatever the depth of the hypnotic state, on condition that at the moment of suggestion the image and intellectual perception of TAT pictures could be rearranged. The given study made it possible to explain the occasionally occurring difference in suggestibility and hypnability which is of practical value.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychoanalysis and suggestion].

In the history of psychoanalysis the problem of suggestion has been a central one. At first it involved the necessity to establish the psychoanalytic technique as independent scientific paradigm in contrast to persuasion and hypnosis. However, it was not only the symptom-oriented suggestion that had to be given up for scientific reasons and reasons of treatment technique. Since professional and human factors as well could have influenced the psychoanalytic situation to revert to the traditional "suggestion", Freud has given some technical considerations (e.g. the mirror-analogy), that were meant to counteract the confusion of the psychoanalytic technique with the persuasive one that had to come up to late. The discovery of the transference phenomena has further complicated the problem. It became obvious that the capacity of the analyst to exert an influence and to have impact, originated in very basic human categories and their specific psychogenetic developments and distortions. This understanding contributed to the development of psychoanalytic theories of suggestibility. Until the present day the discovery of the transference phenomena has determined the discussions of psychoanalytic technique in term of the relationship between the special and general therapeutic factors (i.e. interpretation versus relationship). The departure from the therapeutic mode of persuasive suggestion and the introduction of psychoanalytic technique signaled the revolutionary paradigm of Sigmund Freud, i.e. the active participation of the patient and the process of observation. Often scientific problems related to this pradigm and suggestion are discussed concurrently.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Antarctic wintering--over, suggestion and transient olfactory stimulation: EEG evoked potential and electrodermal responses.

EEG evoked potential and electrodermal responses to real and suggested olfactory stimulation were recorded on a team of nine men who wintered-over at Scott Base, Antarctica. Multi-variate analysis of variance findings indicated some consistent trends despite adverse conditions and marked inter-individual differences. Consistent with studies of secondary afferentation olfaction-related EEGs were evidenced in the occipital area (O1 and O2) as well as the temporal area (T3 and T4). Skin conductance (SC) showed significant responses for real and suggested odorants pre and post wintering-over. Suppression of EEG amplitudes for real and suggested stimuli was evidenced prior to wintering-over. Following wintering-over experience suppression of EEG amplitudes for real stimuli showed a decrease while suppression increased for suggested stimuli. The implications of the suggestion findings are discussed in possible explanation of the apparent conflict between different sources of information about human responses to isolation in the Antarctic environment.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1976

Modulation of shock-elicited pain by acupuncture and suggestion.

An experimental investigation of acupuncture's analgesic potency, separated from suggestion effects, is described, in which judgments of shock-elicited pain of the forearm were recorded along two separate scales: intensity and aversiveness. Data from experimental subjects, who received electrical acupunctural stimulation through surface electrodes located over acupuncture points and were given explicit counter-suggestions of sensitization, were compared to those obtained from control subjects, who received such stimulation over incorrect loci and were given explicit suggestions of analgesia. No alterations in the perception of pain intensity, either by acupunctural stimulation or suggestion, could be detected at any time during the experiment, but stimulation of the correct points produced a significant analgesic reduction in aversiveness which was specific to the arm so stimulated, overcame the counter-suggestion of sensitization, and persisted after stimulation was discontinued. No significant reductions were recorded from control subjects. These findings are interpreted in light of other experimental acupuncture research, and of the demonstrated mode of action of analgesics of proven efficacy.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1975

Effects of post-hypnotic suggestions on muscular endurance.

This study examined the effects of post-hypnotic suggestions upon maximal endurance capacity, Borg ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate. Experimental subjects were administered post-hypnotic suggestions to improve or decrease performance, and control subjects were given similar instructions during the awake state. Endurance time could be decreased significantly when the fatigue suggestion was given to experimental subjects, but performance could not be enhanced with the facilitating suggestion. Control subjects showed no significant changes across conditions. The Borg ratings indicated that experimental subjects experienced subjective changes as suggested by the hypnotist. In addition, analysis failed to find any significant differences for the heart-rate data.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Possible function of human brown adipose tissue as suggested by observation on perirenal brown fats from necropsy cases of variable age groups.

In 134 out of 180 perirenal fat samples (74%) derived from Japanese necropsy cases aged from 1 month to 86 years, the brown fat tissue persisted in variable amounts. Brown fat cells were classified into 6 types: Type 1 cells are fat-depleted cells filled with granular cytoplasm and are believed to be produced after oxidation of fat for heat production. Type 2 cells are small-locular cells suitable for rapid oxidation of fat droplets. Type 3 (middle-locular) and 4 (large-locular) represent fat-storage cells containing large amounts of fat. Type 5 cells are thought to be transitional forms between multilocular brown fat cells and monolocular white fat cells. Type 6 (cytoplasm-rich multilocular) cells, usually found together with Type 1 cells, are thought to be fat-depleting or -consuming cells, since in them fat droplets are reduced in number and size probably in consequence of oxidation of fat, but by contrast granular cytoplasm is increased in amount separating the individual fat droplets by thick cytoplasmic septa. The occurrence of Types 1 and/or 6 cells that has been revealed in 65 out of the total 180 samples (36%), suggests that the oxidation of fat for the thermogenesis proceeds in the brown fat tissue and that brown fat cells partially undergo fat depletion. In the present study, the thermogenesis of human brown fat tissue was suggested chiefly with regard to the occurrence of Types 1 and/or 6 cells. In the majority of perirenal fat samples from infants (1-11 months) relatively numerous Types 1 and 6 cells were frequently revealed together with Type 2 cells, suggesting rapid and active heat production in support of the view that in human infants the brown fat tissue may be thermogenetically active to maintain body temperature. In the same manner, marked ability to produce a considerable amount of heat was evidenced in brown fat tissue of children and teenagers. In younger and elderly adults the frequency of occurrence and the amount of the perirenal brown fat tissue were decreased but Types 1 and/or 6 cells could be found in 17-40% of them, infrequently together, with Type 2 cells, suggesting persistence of the thermogenic activity with occasional large heat production especially in younger adults (20-39 years). Thus, the results obtained in this study have clarified that the human brown fat tissue can respond to stimuli given to the body by oxidation of stored fat even in the latest decades of life. In cases of death from burning, drowning, bleeding, drug poisoning etc., numerous Types 1 and/or 6 cells were found, suggesting that an active fat oxidation would take place in brown fat tissue assumedly as the result of the raised noradrenalin level in this tissue. The so-called small cytoplasmic cells found in perirenal fats from cases of death from liver cirrhosis and other causes were assumed to be atrophic fat-depleted brown fat cells.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1991

Retrospective treatment of incest victims: suggested analytic attitudes.

This paper includes a brief consideration of literature relevant to childhood sexual abuse detection and prevalence. That literature indicates that such detection may be difficult and that the occurrence of childhood sexual abuse is widespread. These findings, as well as a consideration of literature relevant to trauma, stress, and the identification of survivors of sexual abuse, suggest an analytic attitude of receptivity to the hypothesis of the event of sexual abuse as well as the fantasy of sexual abuse. A second analytic attitude suggested concerns diagnosis. Childhood trauma is implicated in the development of BPD, as the majority of borderline patients have experienced the trauma of child abuse. Further, trauma can lead to dissociation as a defense against stress, and multiple personality disorder is an extreme example of dissociation. The analytic attitude suggested here is that the diagnosis of BPD or MPD may be a necessary but not a sufficient explanation when the symptomatology is a defensive reaction to the traumatic event of childhood sexual abuse. Lastly, it is suggested that the abuse may need to be central to the treatment in analytic work with sexually abused victims. This is suggested in light of the importance of recovery and integration of traumatic memories with their associated affects.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Suggested posthypnotic amnesia in psychiatric patients and normals.

The present study examined both quantitative and qualitative hypnotizability differences among four psychiatric patient groups (dissociative disorder (n = 17), schizophrenic (n = 13), mood disorder (n = 14), and anxiety disorder (n = 14) patients), and normals (college students (n = 63). Dissociative disorder patients earned significantly higher corrected total scores on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (mean = 7.94), than all other groups. Likewise, dissociative disorder patients initially recalled significantly fewer items when the posthypnotic amnesia suggestion was in effect (mean = .41) and reversed significantly more items when the suggestion was canceled (mean = 3.82) than all other groups. In contrast, schizophrenic patients recalled significantly fewer items when the amnesia suggestion was in effect (mean = 1.85) and reversed significantly fewer items when it was canceled (mean = .77) than the remaining groups. This qualitative difference between schizophrenic patients and the other groups on the suggested posthypnotic amnesia item was observed even though there were no significant quantitative differences between groups in overall hypnotic responsivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Presleep suggestion related to a phobic object: successful manipulation of reported dream affect.

Twenty-four female subjects with a strong dislike of snakes slept for four nonconsecutive nights in the laboratory. They were divided into four groups of six, each group receiving a different presleep suggestion on Nights 3 and 4. On Nights 2, 3, and 4, before sleep, the subjects saw but did not have to touch a live snake and their dreams were collected for each REM period. The results showed that, when compared with the subjects who received the negative affect suggestions, subjects who received positive affect suggestions had significantly higher levels of positive emotions in their dreams, rated their own dreams as more pleasant, and had significantly lower levels of anxiety, sadness, and aggression. These results support the hypothesis that presleep suggestion can be an effective technique in influencing the affective dimension of the dream.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of suggestion and emotional arousal on pulmonary function in asthma: a review and a hypothesis regarding vagal mediation.

This paper reviews the empirical literature on the relation between asthma, suggestion, and emotion, and proposes the hypothesis that these effects are mediated parasympathetically. The literature indicates that, among asthmatics, suggestion can produce both bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, and that stress can produce bronchoconstriction. The proportion of asthmatic subjects showing bronchoconstriction to both suggestion and stress averages 35%-40% across studies, but, because of methodological considerations, might be conservatively estimated as closer to 20%. The effect is smaller for suggestion of bronchodilation, and is very short-lived among nonasthmatics. No clear connection has been found between these responses and such subject variables as age, gender, asthma severity, atopy, or method of pulmonary assessment, although some nonsignificant tendencies appear. Most studies in this literature used small n's and did not systematically examine various somatic, environmental, and demographic factors that could influence results. A hypothesis is presented regarding vagal mediation of psychological effects on the airways, as well as possible alternative mechanisms, and recommendations for future research to evaluate these hypotheses.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1979

The British use of the Barber Suggestibility Scale: norms, psychometric properties and the effects of the sex of the subject and of the experimenter.

The Barber Suggestibility Scale, as a measure of hypnotic susceptibility, was administered to 130 British undergraduate students by 13 student experimenters in a 2 x 2 factorial design withe sex of the subject and the sex of the experimenter as the two variables. The results showed no significant differences among the scores obtained by the 13 experimenters and no significant effect of either the subject's sex or the experimenter's sex though there was some tendency towards an interaction effect. The distribution of scores from the present sample was similar to the American norms reported by Barber (1965) except for slightly lower means on certain test-suggestions. The scale also showed satisfactory internal consistency and item-scale correlations. A principal components analysis revealed evidence for a general factor underlying the scale in addition to three special factors associated with direct motor, motor challenge and cognitive suggestions which confirms the work of Hilgard (1965) on the Stanford scales. The distinction between objective and subjective responses to suggestions is discussed and some improvements are recommended in the scale. It was concluded that the BSS appears to be a simple and reliable measure of hypnotic susceptibility and is suitable for British usage.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Bronchoconstrictive suggestion in asthma: a role for airways hyperreactivity and emotions.

Using whole-body plethysmographic measurements, asthmatic patients inhaled aerosolized saline presented either as a neutral substance (day 1) or in the guise of a bronchoconstrictor (day 2). Bronchoconstrictive suggestion resulted in increased airway resistance and decreased specific airway conductance, whereas thoracic gas volume was unchanged. The variation in the response was analyzed in relation to airways hyperreactivity, as indexed by methacholine and histamine inhalation challenges, and physiologic measures of the emotional reaction to bronchoconstrictive suggestion, as indexed by changes in blood pressure, heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, and forehead electromyographic activity. It was found that the bronchoconstrictive response was significantly related to the degree of airways hyperreactivity and to the emotional response. These results suggest that asthmatic patients apt to respond to bronchoconstrictive suggestion with airways obstructions are characterized by highly hyperreactive airways. Responders also appear to be emotionally labile, although it is not yet clear whether the emotional response per se evokes airway obstruction or is merely a by-product of the occurrence of airway obstruction.

Adolescent↗