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PubMed1990

Aspartame- or sugar-sweetened beverages: effects on mood in young women.

Young college women (no. = 120) received, on three different occasions, 12 oz water, aspartame-sweetened beverage, and sugar-sweetened beverage, separated by weekly intervals. Changes in mood were assessed by administering test questionnaires before and 1 hour after the beverages were drunk. Mood tests employed were the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Changes in mood were similar following consumption of water or the aspartame-sweetened beverage. However, the ingestion of the sugar-sweetened beverage was followed by increased sleepiness during the last half of the one-hour observation period (p less than .002).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women.

CONTEXT: Sugar-sweetened beverages like soft drinks and fruit punches contain large amounts of readily absorbable sugars and may contribute to weight gain and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but these relationships have been minimally addressed in adults. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight change and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort analyses conducted from 1991 to 1999 among women in the Nurses' Health Study II. The diabetes analysis included 91,249 women free of diabetes and other major chronic diseases at baseline in 1991. The weight change analysis included 51,603 women for whom complete dietary information and body weight were ascertained in 1991, 1995, and 1999. We identified 741 incident cases of confirmed type 2 diabetes during 716,300 person-years of follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight gain and incidence of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: Those with stable consumption patterns had no difference in weight gain, but weight gain over a 4-year period was highest among women who increased their sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption from 1 or fewer drinks per week to 1 or more drinks per day (multivariate-adjusted means, 4.69 kg for 1991 to 1995 and 4.20 kg for 1995 to 1999) and was smallest among women who decreased their intake (1.34 and 0.15 kg for the 2 periods, respectively) after adjusting for lifestyle and dietary confounders. Increased consumption of fruit punch was also associated with greater weight gain compared with decreased consumption. After adjustment for potential confounders, women consuming 1 or more sugar-sweetened soft drinks per day had a relative risk [RR] of type 2 diabetes of 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-2.36; P<.001 for trend) compared with those who consumed less than 1 of these beverages per month. Similarly, consumption of fruit punch was associated with increased diabetes risk (RR for > or =1 drink per day compared with <1 drink per month, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.33-3.03; P =.001). CONCLUSION: Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a greater magnitude of weight gain and an increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes in women, possibly by providing excessive calories and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident depression: an exploratory multi-omics analysis of candidate biological mediators.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a leading cause of mental and physical disability globally, with its onset and progression influenced by a complex interplay of dietary, psychological, and biological factors. Recent research suggests a link between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and depression risk, although the potential biological pathways underlying this association remain poorly understood. METHODS: This study utilized data from 192,045 participants in the UK Biobank to examine the prospective association between SSB consumption and incident depression using Cox proportional hazards models. SSBs were defined as the sum of five beverage categories assessed via the Oxford WebQ 24-hour dietary recall. Directional consistency of the association was further examined across three external supporting datasets encompassing diverse populations: NHANES, YRBSS, and the Lianyungang Municipal School Health and Risk Factor Surveillance Study Dataset. We further investigated whether proteins, metabolites, inflammatory markers, and brain imaging phenotypes may serve as candidate mediators statistically consistent with mediation of the SSB-depression association. RESULTS: High SSB consumption was associated with an 18% higher risk of incident depression compared with non-consumers (HR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.18; 95% CI: 1.11-1.25), with consistent directional associations observed across external supporting datasets. A plasma proteomic signature comprising 229 proteins was constructed using elastic net regularization and was associated with an increased risk of incident depression. Exploratory mediation analyses identified 72 proteins, 36 metabolites, and 5 inflammatory markers as candidate mediators, with IL1RN showing the strongest protein-level candidate mediating effect (9.6%), and Unsaturation and neutrophil count showing the strongest metabolite- and inflammatory marker-level effects, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that proteins, metabolites, and inflammatory markers may serve as candidate mediators statistically consistent with mediation of the association between SSB consumption and incident depression. These findings are exploratory and hypothesis-generating, and future experimental studies are needed to validate these candidate pathways and assess their potential as targets for dietary interventions in depression prevention.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

The relationship between food intake and outdoor temperature in a longitudinal study: a public health perspective in the context of global warming.

BACKGROUND: Climate change affects human health and nutrition. Rising temperatures may significantly impact diets, but research on their influence on dietary habits in large populations remains limited. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the link between outdoor temperature and energy-adjusted food consumption across profiles in a longitudinal study. METHODS: This study included 100,851 participants from the NutriNet-Sant&#xe9; study (2009-2023) with 1,716,046 24-h dietary records linked to daily maximum outdoor temperature at the residence, from the nearest M&#xe9;t&#xe9;o-France station. Associations were analyzed using linear mixed models with interactions tested for sex and 6 socioeconomic profiles (employees, privileged, intermediate, young, disadvantaged, and retirees) derived from clustering. RESULTS: Across all subgroups, higher outdoor temperature was associated with higher consumption of fruits, vegetables, processed meats, sweet products, water, alcoholic beverages, and sugar-sweetened beverages, whereas consumption of red meat, pulses, and dairy products decreased. From 25&#xb0;C to 35&#xb0;C, the increase in alcohol consumption with temperature was more pronounced in males {150 g/d [95% confidence interval (CI): 147 g/d, 153 g/d] to 166 g/d [95% CI: 162 g/d, 171 g/d], +11%} than in females [101 g/d (95% CI: 98 g/d, 103 g/d) to 107 g/d (95% CI: 104 g/d, 109 g/d), +6%]. Across socioeconomic profiles, changes shared similar directions, but some trends were more marked, notably for alcoholic beverages among employees (95% CI: 114 g/d, 130 g/d; +14%) and sugar-sweetened beverages in young (95% CI: 56 g/d, 72 g/d; +29%). Consumption of fruits increased more modestly in the young (95% CI: 227 g/d, 248 g/d; +9%) than in employees (95% CI: 194 g/d, 227 g/d; +17%). These changes, although variable in magnitude, were not accompanied by substantial modifications in energy intake or overall diet quality scores. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of targeted prevention messages when temperatures exceed 25&#xb0;C, especially concerning alcoholic and sugar-sweetened beverages, and offer insight into potential long-term food consumption patterns (beyond seasonal changes) in the context of global warming.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Children and adolescents' choices of foods and beverages high in added sugars are associated with intakes of key nutrients and food groups.

PURPOSE: To determine associations between intakes of the primary food and beverage sources of added sugars and intakes of key nutrients and food pyramid groups among U.S. children aged 6-17 years. METHODS: The 1994-96 and 1998 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) were used to examine the diets of U.S. children aged 6-17 years, who provided 2 full days of dietary data. The nationally representative sample (n = 3038) included children age 6-11 (n = 1913) and adolescents age 12-17 (n = 1125). Food codes for sweetened foods and beverages were selected from the USDA Food Coding Scheme and categorized into five food and beverage categories. The Statistical Analysis System software program was used to recode and format the data for statistical analysis and the Survey Data Analysis System was used to apply sample weights and generate statistical procedures. RESULTS: The consumption of sweetened dairy products was positively associated with calcium intakes for children and adolescents. Consumption of presweetened cereals increased the likelihood of the children and adolescents meeting recommendations for the essential shortfall micronutrients calcium, folate, and iron, whereas the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, sugars and sweets, and sweetened grains decreased the likelihood of meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for these nutrients. Only children who were nonconsumers of sugar-sweetened beverages had a mean calcium intake that met the adequate intakes (AI). Consumption of sweetened dairy products and presweetened cereals was positively associated with the number of dairy servings consumed per day for both age groups. CONCLUSIONS: On average, consumption of sweetened dairy foods and beverages and presweetened cereals had a positive impact on children and adolescents' diet quality, whereas sugar-sweetened beverages, sugars and sweets, and sweetened grains had a negative impact on their diet quality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Diet and sleep among college student populations: a systematic review.

College students are at-risk for both poor diet and poor sleep. We aimed to systematically review the evidence regarding associations between diet and sleep health within this population. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO from the earliest possible date through February 6, 2026. A total of 57 studies representing 44 countries were retained; most were cross-sectional. There were 22 studies that examined dietary patterns in relation to sleep, generally showing that healthier diet patterns, including the Mediterranean Diet, were related to better sleep quality. Among 20 studies that examined individual foods or nutrients, there was evidence that fruits, vegetables, dairy, protein, and lower intake of sugar-sweetened beverages were linked to better sleep health, although some findings were mixed. Finally, 15 studies related meal timing to sleep quality, showing that breakfast skipping and later last meals were associated with poor sleep health. Overall, these studies reveal robust cross-sectional associations between diet and sleep among college students, but more longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate directionality. Moreover, a key direction for future study is consideration of sleep and nutrition situated within the unique contexts of college settings and academic schedules.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Diet and physical activity patterns of Lakota Indian adults.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed specific dietary practices and overall physical activity patterns of Lakota adults residing on Indian reservations in South Dakota. Perceived barriers to changing dietary and physical activity behaviors were also examined. DESIGN: A convenience sample of Lakota adults was surveyed. Data on consumption of higher-fat foods, fruit and vegetable intake, use of sugar-sweetened beverages, physical activity patterns, and barriers to change in diet and physical activity were collected via in-person interviews. SUBJECTS/SETTING: A total of 219 adults from 2 adjacent reservations in South Dakota participated. RESULTS: Higher-fat foods consumed most frequently included margarine and butter (32.0% > or = 5 times per week); eggs (30.1% > or = 5 times per week); whole milk (25.7% > or = 5 times per week); potato chips, corn chips, and popcorn (15.1% > or = 5 times per week); and bacon and sausage (13.3% > or = 5 times per week). Few subjects reported consuming fruit on a daily basis. Vegetables were consumed somewhat more frequently. Most subjects reported engaging in mild or moderate physical activities 3 or more times per week, although women were found to engage in moderate and strenuous physical activities less frequently than men. Major barriers to fruit intake included expense (16.4%), quality (14.2%), and availability (13.2%). Barriers to vegetable intake mentioned most frequently included availability (11.4%), cost (10.4%), and quality (9.1%). Taste was the most frequently mentioned barrier to cutting intake of high-fat foods (27.9%). Lack of child care (15.8%), lack of time (14.7%), and safety concerns (14.6%) were the most salient barriers to regular exercise. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition interventions are needed that address the major barriers to diet change reported by Lakota adults. Efforts to increase physical activity should focus on Lakota women and should address the identified barriers to regular exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Calorie intake and meal patterns up to 4 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) is the most popular surgical treatment for morbid obesity in the U.S.A., producing significant and durable weight loss with improvement in co-morbidities. Although a greater number of patients are undergoing surgical treatment for obesity, little data are available regarding their food intake after surgery. This study was undertaken to evaluate the caloric amount, nutrient composition and meal patterns of patients 18 months to 4 years after RYGBP. Ethnic differences in food intake were also investigated. METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed to 360 patients who had undergone RYGBP at least 18 months prior to the onset of the study. RESULTS: Data were available from 69 patients, 52% Caucasian, 25% African-American, 23% Hispanic. 30 months after surgery, the average daily calorie intake was 1733 +/- 630 kcal (n=68, range 624-3486 kcal), with 44% of calories from carbohydrates, 22% from protein and 33% from fat. Sugar-sweetened beverages represented 7% of total caloric intake. Patients consumed 3 meals and 3 snacks per day on average. Food intake from dinner and an evening snack represented 40% of the daily caloric intake. Snacks accounted for 37% of the daily intake. Percent excess weight loss (%EWL) was 58 +/- 17% and was not different among ethnic groups. However, Hispanics reported consuming fewer snacks and fewer calories. %EWL correlated with the total daily caloric intake (r= .446, P <0.001). Follow-up attendance was 54% at 1 year after surgery but fell to 10% at 3 years. Only 77% of patients were taking vitamin supplements. CONCLUSION: RYGBP resulted in significant weight loss. Caloric intake was quite variable. Long-term follow-up remained low, putting patients at risk for metabolic and vitamin deficiencies. The relationship between caloric intake and long-term weight changes remains to be studied.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey.

BACKGROUND: Fast food has become a prominent feature of the diet of children in the United States and, increasingly, throughout the world. However, few studies have examined the effects of fast-food consumption on any nutrition or health-related outcome. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that fast-food consumption adversely affects dietary factors linked to obesity risk. METHODS: This study included 6212 children and adolescents 4 to 19 years old in the United States participating in the nationally representative Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals conducted from 1994 to 1996 and the Supplemental Children's Survey conducted in 1998. We examined the associations between fast-food consumption and measures of dietary quality using between-subject comparisons involving the whole cohort and within-subject comparisons involving 2080 individuals who ate fast food on one but not both survey days. RESULTS: On a typical day, 30.3% of the total sample reported consuming fast food. Fast-food consumption was highly prevalent in both genders, all racial/ethnic groups, and all regions of the country. Controlling for socioeconomic and demographic variables, increased fast-food consumption was independently associated with male gender, older age, higher household incomes, non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, and residing in the South. Children who ate fast food, compared with those who did not, consumed more total energy (187 kcal; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 109-265), more energy per gram of food (0.29 kcal/g; 95% CI: 0.25-0.33), more total fat (9 g; 95% CI: 5.0-13.0), more total carbohydrate (24 g; 95% CI: 12.6-35.4), more added sugars (26 g; 95% CI: 18.2-34.6), more sugar-sweetened beverages (228 g; 95% CI: 184-272), less fiber (-1.1 g; 95% CI: -1.8 to -0.4), less milk (-65 g; 95% CI: -95 to -30), and fewer fruits and nonstarchy vegetables (-45 g; 95% CI: -58.6 to -31.4). Very similar results were observed by using within-subject analyses in which subjects served as their own controls: that is, children ate more total energy and had poorer diet quality on days with, compared with without, fast food. CONCLUSION: Consumption of fast food among children in the United States seems to have an adverse effect on dietary quality in ways that plausibly could increase risk for obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis.

BACKGROUND: The rising prevalence of obesity in children has been linked in part to the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks. Our aim was to examine this relation. METHODS: We enrolled 548 ethnically diverse schoolchildren (age 11.7 years, SD 0.8) from public schools in four Massachusetts communities, and studied them prospectively for 19 months from October, 1995, to May, 1997. We examined the association between baseline and change in consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks (the independent variables), and difference in measures of obesity, with linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for potentially confounding variables and clustering of results within schools. FINDINGS: For each additional serving of sugar-sweetened drink consumed, both body mass index (BMI) (mean 0.24 kg/m2; 95% CI 0.10-0.39; p=0.03) and frequency of obesity (odds ratio 1.60; 95% CI 1.14-2.24; p=0.02) increased after adjustment for anthropometric, demographic, dietary, and lifestyle variables. Baseline consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks was also independently associated with change in BMI (mean 0.18 kg/m2 for each daily serving; 95% CI 0.09-0.27; p=0.02). INTERPRETATION: Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks is associated with obesity in children.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2003

Food away from home, sugar-sweetened drink consumption and juvenile obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To identify if particular foods or food groups may be associated with obesity in children and adolescents and to determine if consuming food away from home (FAFH) has an effect on the nutritional quality of their diets. DESIGN: One-year cross-sectional study. SETTING/SUBJECTS: The obese subjects (n = 91) were on the waiting list for a hospital-based weight control treatment program. The non-obese subjects (n = 90) were recruited from community advertisements. MEASURES OF OUTCOME: Information on food intake was obtained using the dietary history method by a Registered Dietitian. Body fat was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS: Obese children and adolescents consumed significantly more servings of meat and alternatives, grain products, FAFH, sugar-sweetened drinks and potato chips which contributed to a higher calorie, fat and sugar intake compared to non-obese children and adolescents. Sugar-sweetened drinks were only significantly greater in boys. The consumption of meat servings, sugar-sweetened drinks and FAFH was positively correlated with percent body fat. The frequency of food consumed outside of the Canada's Food Guide To Healthy Eating was not different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Obese children and adolescents need to limit their access to food consumed away from home and sugar-sweetened drinks as there is a relationship between these foods and body fatness.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Background factors affecting dental caries in permanent teeth of Finnish and Soviet children.

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between some general background factors and caries experience in two groups of Finnish children (from Helsinki and Kuopio) and Soviet children (Moscow and Leningrad). A total of 1187 schoolchildren, ages seven, nine and twelve years, were examined and information about their health habits was gathered by questionnaire. Questions included use of sweets, cakes, soft drinks, sugar-sweetened coffee and tea, toothbrushing frequency and mother's education. Except for age, the factors that explain caries experience clearly differ in Finnish and Soviet children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Diet, nutrition and the prevention of excess weight gain and obesity.

OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence on the diet and nutrition causes of obesity and to recommend strategies to reduce obesity prevalence. DESIGN: The evidence for potential aetiological factors and strategies to reduce obesity prevalence was reviewed, and recommendations for public health action, population nutrition goals and further research were made. RESULTS: Protective factors against obesity were considered to be: regular physical activity (convincing); a high intake of dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP)/fibre (convincing); supportive home and school environments for children (probable); and breastfeeding (probable). Risk factors for obesity were considered to be sedentary lifestyles (convincing); a high intake of energy-dense, micronutrient-poor foods (convincing); heavy marketing of energy-dense foods and fast food outlets (probable); sugar-sweetened soft drinks and fruit juices (probable); adverse social and economic conditions-developed countries, especially in women (probable). A broad range of strategies were recommended to reduce obesity prevalence including: influencing the food supply to make healthy choices easier; reducing the marketing of energy dense foods and beverages to children; influencing urban environments and transport systems to promote physical activity; developing community-wide programmes in multiple settings; increased communications about healthy eating and physical activity; and improved health services to promote breastfeeding and manage currently overweight or obese people. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing prevalence of obesity is a major health threat in both low- and high income countries. Comprehensive programmes will be needed to turn the epidemic around.

Beverages↗
PubMed2003

Size makes a difference.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate status and trends in portion size of foods rich in fat and/or added sugars during the past decades, and to bring portion size into perspective in its role in obesity and dietary guidelines in Denmark. DATA SOURCES: Information about portion sizes of low-fat and full-fat food items was obtained from a 4-day weighed food record (Study 1). Trends in portion sizes of commercial foods were examined by gathering information from major food manufacturers and fast food chains (Study 2). Data on intakes and sales of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and confectionery were obtained through nation-wide dietary surveys and official sales statistics (Study 3). RESULTS: Study 1: Subjects ate and drank significantly more when they chose low-fat food and meal items (milk used as a drink, sauce and sliced cold meat), compared with their counterparts who chose food and meal items with a higher fat content. As a result, almost the same amounts of energy and fat were consumed both ways, with the exception of sliced cold meat (energy and fat) and milk (fat). Study 2: Portion sizes of commercial energy-dense foods and beverages, and fast food meals rich in fat and/or added sugars, seem to have increased over time, and in particular in the last 10 years. Study 3: The development in portion sizes of commercial foods has been paralleled by a sharp increase of more than 50% in the sales of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and confectionery like sweets, chocolate and ice creams since the 1970s. CONCLUSIONS: Larger portion sizes of foods low in fat and commercial energy-dense foods and beverages could be important factors in maintaining a high energy intake, causing over-consumption and enhancing the prevalence of obesity in the population. In light of this development, portion size ought to take central place in dietary guidelines and public campaigns.

Adolescent↗