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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1983

[Epidemiology of sudden infant death (sudden infant death syndrome, SIDS) in the Lübeck area. Catamnestic studies of 155 observed cases from 1971 to 1981].

The 155 cases of SIDS investigated at the Institut für Rechtsmedizin of the Medizinische Hochschule in Lübeck (northern part of the Federal Republic of Germany) between 1971 and 1981 have been analysed retrospectively under epidemiological aspects. The incidence was 2.17 cases of SIDS/1,000 live-born babies, 63.9% were male, 79.3% of the infants died during the first 6 months of life with a clear peak in the 2nd month. There was no seasonal accumulation; 68.4% of the infants died between 8.00 p.m. and 8.00 a.m., in 75% the socio-economic factors were inconspicuous, but we observed a significantly higher incidence of infants from mothers younger than 25 years. In 58% of our cases no signs of illness or changed behaviour had been observed during the 48 h before death. The results of our study are compared with the literature and discussed with special regard to a possible prevention.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[Sudden, unexplained infant death--sudden infant death syndrome. Forensic pathological aspects].

Delimitation of the sudden unexplained infant death syndrome (SIDS) is difficult as the diagnosis is made by exclusion. The difficulties in the differential diagnosis are concentrated on interpretation of the significance of positive viral and bacterial findings, inflammatory changes in the respiratory organs, heart and central nervous system together with malformations. Classification of SIDS appears, therefore, to vary according to time and place. New techniques, e.g. DNA analysis, have explained the etiology in a few per cent of the cases but have not yet solved the riddle of SIDS. The article reviews hypotheses about apnoea, arrhythmia, overheating and inefficient surveillance of the infant. It is emphasized that assessment of risk factors for SIDS requires valid epidemiological investigations where the basis for the diagnosis is a uniform classification of SIDS infants as compared with other groups of sudden death in infancy. An investigation of this nature has been initiated in the Nordic countries. It is important to examine and treat infants with abnormal sleep apnoea but generalized employment of monitoring has not reduced the number of unexplained infantile deaths.

Autopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A national model of care service for professionals dealing with sudden infant death.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is any death occurring in an infant or young child which is unexpected by history and in which a thorough post mortem examination fails to demonstrate an adequate cause of death. The National Sudden Infant Death Register collects information on all sudden unexpected deaths in infants and young children occurring in Ireland. In this study, a comparison was made between parent's experience of professional services in the aftermath of their child's death both before and after the implementation of a National Model of Care for professionals in 1995. In addition, a random sample of 105 professionals were surveyed about their knowledge of the Model of Care services. Results were grouped according to the parental experience of the emergency services, the hospital services, the community services and the bereavement support services offered to parents. Prior to the implementation of the Model of Care Service (MOC) (1992-1994), 14 per cent of families stated that they did not find the Gardai helpful. After the Model of Care, only 7 per cent of parents expressed such dissatisfaction. Prior to the MOC, only 3 per cent of Gardai provided families with an information booklet on sudden infant death but afterwards, 23 per cent of Gardai did so. After the MOC families were more likely to have been given the opportunity to hold their infant, were given more privacy and were offered more keepsakes of their infant. Only 46 per cent of families were offered momentos of their baby prior to the MOC as compared to 84 per cent after the implementation of the MOC. They were also more likely to perceive the ancillary services such as the Gardai in a more positive light, where 22 per cent of Gardai offered the family the ISIDA support booklet compared to a previous 3 per cent. Over 50 per cent of parents were provided with a special room in the hospital following the MOC as opposed to a previous 48 per cent. Twenty-one per cent of parents prior to the MOC described the conditions in the hospital as awful, poor or fair, however 31 per cent of parents stated this after the MOC. While there have been improvements in certain areas, there still remains considerable variation in the quality of service provided to all parents. Specifically, we need to address the fact that 16 per cent of parents still report a difficulty in obtaining post-mortem information. Almost 40 per cent said they had little input into how their child was dressed or laid out at this highly emotive time. Over one-third of parents stated they were concerned about how few of their primary health providers, namely general practitioners and public health nurses called to visit them in the aftermath of this tragic event.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1997

[Sudden infant death].

Sudden infant death [SID] is defined as the "sudden death of an infant under one year of age that remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene and the review of the clinical history". This definition, given by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in the USA. recognized SID as a diagnostic entity, however, SID remains a pathological diagnosis of exclusion. SID-cases are divided into three categories: group 1 in which autopsy does not reveal any cause of death, group 2 in which postmortem findings are not sufficient to be the cause of death; group 3 in which the death is adequately explained, is classified as "non-SID". The purpose of the study was to analyse the situation about SID over a 25-year period, from 1969 through 1993, looking for changes in frequency and developmental trends. The study includes 364 SID-infants which were examined according to a standard method. Histological, microbiological, virological and immunological studies were performed and data of the death scene investigation and of the clinical history were collected, 284 infants who had died due to clinical diseases served as one control group, a second group consisted of 6397 newborns of the city of Zürich. Of the SID-infants, almost every third infant [29%] was grouped in group 1, more than half of the infants [52%] with signs of mild infections in group 2, whereas almost every fifth child [19%] was grouped in group 3. With regard to epidemiological parameters the peak of mortality was found at about three months of age; the percentage of boys and twins, of third and later born infants was higher compared to the general population. SID probands were born twice as often in October as in March. The percentage of mothers of first, second and third born SID-infants at an age younger than 20, 22 and 24 years was higher compared to the general population. All these parameters were also found in group 3. The risk of familial recurrence in group 1 and group 2 was 0.8%. Between 1969 and 1993 the rate of SID deaths dropped from 1.1 to 0.9 per thousand live births, whereas SID as a percentage of postneonatal mortality increased to 34 per cent.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Repetition of sudden infant death].

Sudden infant death syndrome is the most common cause of death in the age group one month - one year. The article reviews a ten-year survey from Western Norway. Among 131 cases, there were six where a previous sibling had had the same diagnosis. Nevertheless, risk of repetition of sudden infant death syndrome is considered to be low.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

[Sudden infant death syndrome--sudden and unexpected pediatric death].

Sudden infant death syndrome [SIDS] is the most common cause of death between the ages of one month and one year, affecting one to three infants of 1000 life births. SIDS is defined as a sudden death of an infant under one year of age, which remains unexplained even after performance of a complete postmortem examination, examination of the death scene and review of the case history. SIDS is unexpected, so parents have not had the opportunity to prepare for the death. Because SIDS remains unexplained, SIDS parents blame themselves for the death. For most families of SIDS victims, the best resource for help and support is a SIDS parent support group. Finally, risk factors and possible preventive measures are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1994

[Smoking and sudden infant death].

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a death where autopsy and other examinations cannot explain the proper cause of death. Epidemiologic studies have recognized some risk factors, namely prone sleeping position, lack of breast feeding, overheating, and maternal smoking. In Denmark, the official recommendation concerning the prone sleeping position was changed in December 1991, and since then the incidence of SIDS has been diminished by approximately 60-70%. A large number of epidemiologic studies find that there is a possible risk for SIDS in connection with maternal smoking. The odds ratio for a pregnant smoker to lose an infant to SIDS is about 2-4. Thirty to forty percent of Danish women smoke during pregnancy, and about half of all children are exposed to passive smoking in their homes. These data show that about 20% of the SIDS cases are due to maternal smoking. Further information and individual advice to pregnant, smoking women and their partners are needed. The authors suggest that this advice should become part of the existing ante-natal care programme.

Female↗
PubMed2005

[Epidemiology of 25 years of crib death (sudden infant death syndrome) in the Netherlands; incidence of crib death and prevalence of risk factors in 1980-2004].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of risk factors and the incidence of cot death (sudden infant death syndrome; SIDS) in the Netherlands during the last 25 years. DESIGN: Descriptive. METHOD: The incidence of cot death/SIDS in infants aged 7-365 days in 1980-2004 was derived from Statistics Netherlands, the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics. The prevalence of risk factors for cot death/SIDS in the general population was derived from national surveys of baby clinics (0-9 months; 1985-2004) and studies of cot death/SIDS victims (0-23 months; 1984-1991 and 1996/'04). RESULTS: The prevalence of the following risk factors for cot death/SIDS has decreased: primary prone sleeping position (from 60% to 8%), the use of a duvet (from 85% to 18%), maternal smoking (from 34% to 20%), paternal smoking (from 48% to 32%). The prevalence of routine bed-sharing with a parent increased from nearly 0% to 5%. The registered incidence of cot death/SIDS per 100,000 live births decreased from 103 in 1986 to < 15 in 2003 and 2004. The incidence of cot deaths/SIDS that occurred during habitual bed-sharing with a parent, in a playpen, in child-care settings, or in a secondary prone sleeping position increased. CONCLUSION: The incidence of cot death/SIDS and the prevalence of known risk factors for cot death/SIDS has decreased. New risk factors have emerged in recent years. Considering the evolving conditions of infant care, an ongoing study on the special features of child care and the factors involved in cases of cot death/SIDS is warranted. This knowledge is essential for periodic adaptation of the national prevention programme.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMed2004

Sudden infant death syndrome and unclassified sudden infant deaths: a definitional and diagnostic approach.

The definition of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) originally appeared in 1969 and was modified 2 decades later. During the following 15 years, an enormous amount of additional information has emerged, justifying additional refinement of the definition of SIDS to incorporate epidemiologic features, risk factors, pathologic features, and ancillary test findings. An expert panel of pediatric and forensic pathologists and pediatricians considered these issues and developed a new general definition of SIDS for administrative and vital statistics purposes. The new definition was then stratified to facilitate research into sudden infant death. Another category, defined as unclassified sudden infant deaths, was introduced for cases that do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of SIDS and for which alternative diagnoses of natural or unnatural conditions were equivocal. It is anticipated that these new definitions will be modified in the future to accommodate new understanding of SIDS and sudden infant death.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Unexplained infant and child death: a review of sudden infant death syndrome, sudden unexplained infant death, and child maltreatment fatalities including shaken baby syndrome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review will examine the most recent published literature on Sudden Infant Death, Sudden Unexplained Infant Death, infant and child death due to maltreatment, and Shaken Baby Syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS: New recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics about the evaluation and prevention of possible Sudden Infant Death Syndrome cases were published this year, with a focus not only on the Back to Sleep campaign, but other factors that may contribute to the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Additionally, the controversial issue of bed sharing is addressed, with advice given not to bed share in the first 3 months of life. The possibility of a second sudden infant death within a family is discussed. Attention is also paid to the importance of considering inflicted injury in the differential diagnosis of every unexplained infant or child death, and the recent literature on child maltreatment deaths is reviewed. SUMMARY: The grieving family who has lost an infant should receive immediate attention and support, and a multidisciplinary investigation team should be involved as soon as possible so that a full investigation can take place. Investigation of unexplained infant or child death should always involve a thorough interview with all adults involved, as well as a proper scene investigation and post-mortem examination.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1977

Sudden infant death syndrome (crib death).

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is diagnosed by the absence of lethal autopsy findings, or in a resuscitatable, "near miss" form with cyanosis, apnea, and bradycardia. The event is unexpected, although a minor respiratory infection is common, and occurs during sleep, between 1 and 6 months of age. There is growing evidence that the victims have had previous hypoxic episodes. Although suffocation is no longer considered a tenable explanation, other forms of airway obstruction are still postulated by many; the evidence, however, favors hypoxia as the common feature. A lethal arrhythmia had been proposed by several groups, based on inappropriate reflex activity, "pathology" of the conduction system, and the long QT syndrome, but the evidence is against arrhythmia as the primary event in most cases of SIDS. Based on the reversible "near miss," apnea is likely as the primary event in SIDS. Several reflexes have the ability to produce apnea, in addition to the relatively common sleep apnea; the crucial aspect, rather, appears to be thefailure of the immature infant to resume respiration. The possibility exists that the infant, who did not have to breather for 9 months of fetal life, literally is not alarmed and aroused by the persistance of apnea. In human and animal studies, respiratory infections and sleep deprivation have been proved to increase the likelihood and duration of sleep apnea. If primary apnea continues for long (45 seconds or more), a dangerous positive feedback develops into hypoxic apnea. Hhis will persist until circulatory failure occurs, or until gasping occurs. The gasp is a highly effective mechanism at birth, but will occur too late for autoresuscitation after the anerobic capacity of fetal life dimineshes; we believe this capacity lasts for approximately 1 month, accounting for the hiatus of crib death, sparing the first month. The "near-miss" infant, after resuscitation, should be monitored at home, if practical, until 6 months of age. A simple cardiac monitor for bradycardia has definite advantage over an apnea monitor alone.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1995

Psychological changes in parents eight months after the loss of an infant from stillbirth, neonatal death, or sudden infant death syndrome--a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: We proposed to measure part of the natural history of grief by determining the changes in the psychological symptoms experienced by bereaved parents over the 8 months after the loss of an infant from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), neonatal death (NND), or stillbirth (SB). Parents were interviewed twice, at 2 and 8 months after the loss. METHODOLOGY: A total of 220 bereaved families (45 SIDS, 93 NND, and 82 SB) were compared with 226 control families who had a live born child. Comparison was based on responses to a standardized measure of anxiety and depression (Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory). RESULTS: For separate cross-sectional comparison at both 2 and 8 months, significant differences were noted in the frequency of maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression between bereaved and control groups (P < .001). Such differences were present for paternal anxiety and depression at 2 months, but not 8 months. A second series of analysis examined longitudinal changes in symptom frequency between 2 and 8 months for each bereaved group. For mothers, the changes were significant for anxiety and depression: SIDS and NND (P < .001), SB (P < .01). For fathers, the changes for anxiety and depression in SIDS were P < .01; NND, P < .05 for anxiety and P < .01 per depression; changes were not significant for SB. At 2 months, relative risks for symptoms of maternal anxiety were significant for all three bereaved groups: SIDS, 22.4; NND, 5.4; and SB, 5.1. Comparable significant figures at 8 months were: SIDS, 5.5; NND, 3.9; and SB, 3.0, respectively. For depression the results for 2 months were: SIDS, 8.6; NND, 5.9; and SB, 6.7 (all significant) while at 8 months the results were: SIDS, 5.1; NND, 3.8; and SB, 2.4 (SB group not significant). For fathers the relevant risks were generally lower. At 2 months, anxiety levels were higher than controls in all three groups, and for depression in the SIDS and SB groups. At 8 months, significant results persisted only in the SB group. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that bereaved parents have a marked reduction in the symptoms of mental illness over the first 8 months after the loss. Although the changes over time are significant for both mothers and fathers, mothers at 8 months still demonstrated higher levels of anxiety and depression when compared with controls. These levels of symptoms are far less evident for fathers at 8 months.

Anxiety↗