City-suburban population redistribution: what data from the 1970s reveal.
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Meconium-stained amniotic fluid--perinatal outcome and obstetrical management in a low-risk suburban population.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether amniotic fluid (MSAF) affects obstetrical interventions and immediate perinatal outcome in a low-risk suburban population. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study examined 11,226 deliveries at Tübingen University Hospital (1998-2003). Thousand one hundred and twenty-three women (10%) had MSAF during labor. A control group of matched pairs was created, assigning to each patient the next woman that gave birth without MSAF. Exclusion criteria were: gestational age less than 37+0 weeks, primary Cesarean (C-)section, multiple gestation, severe maternal disease, preeclampsia and fetal malformations. RESULTS: Only small differences were noted between the meconium and non-meconium groups with regard to arterial pH and Apgar scores: mean arterial-pH was 7.26 (+/-0.7) for both. Five minutes Apgar scores <6 occurred in 0.9% versus 0.4%. Obstetrical interventions were more common in the meconium group: C-section rates were 17.4% versus 9.6%, vaginal operative delivery rates 13.9% versus 6.2% and scalp pH rates 9.5% versus 3.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In a low-risk suburban population the effect of MSAF on the newborn during the immediate postpartum period was small. However, obstetrical management was significantly effected by the presence of MSAF, possibly reflecting a combination of more difficult labor and a lower threshold for obstetric intervention.
Adult↗
Patterns of suburban population growth, 1970--75.
Population redistribution within U.S. suburban rings between 1970 and 1975 was characterized by frequent population declines for individual suburbs. On the whole, recent spatial patterns of suburban population decline are similar in nature, if not overall levels, to those found in the 1950s and 1960s. Population decline is greatest in the inner suburbs, and is also evident, to some extent, in the most peripheral suburbs. Patterns for all metropolitan areas mask clear variation among metropolitan areas. This variation is related to metropolitan age or historical period of development.
Employment↗
Prevalence of diabetes in a suburban population of Bangladesh.
To determine the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, 6847 subjects of age 15 years or older, were investigated in a suburban population in Bangladesh. Fasting and post-prandial (capillary) blood glucose (2-hPG) was estimated. According to WHO criteria the crude prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was 7.5% and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was 4.1%. The age standardized (30-64 years) prevalence of IGT was 7.7% with 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.96-8.44 and NIDDM was 4.5%, CI 3.94-5.12. Compared with the younger subjects the older subjects (< 40 vs. > or = 40 years) showed significant association with IGT (chi2, 65.9; P < 0.001) and NIDDM (chi2, 92.0; P < 0.001). Higher BMI (< or = 22.0 vs. > 22.1) was also significantly associated with IGT (chi2, 16.6; P < 0.001) and NIDDM (chi2, 83.9; P < 0.001). The higher BMI had stronger association with NIDDM than with IGT. Lower height showed significant association only with NIDDM. The logistic regression analyses also showed that increased age, higher BMI and short stature were independent risks for NIDDM. The study showed an increased prevalence of IGT and NIDDM among the suburban population of Bangladesh and the excess risk was observed with increased age, higher BMI and short stature.
Adolescent↗
Prevalence and risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in low-income rural and suburban populations of Mexico.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In rural and suburban populations in developing countries, there is a lack of knowledge about the occurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the risk factors involved. Knowledge of the prevalence of infection is necessary to develop screening policies. GOALS: To estimate the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in a rural and a suburban area of Oaxaca, Mexico, and to identify behavioral and demographic risk factors, as well as clinical findings, that may be related to this disease. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 559 women attending the Rural Hospital of Tlacolula, Oaxaca in 1994. Genitourinary signs and symptoms were recorded using a structured questionnaire and a speculum examination of the cervix. Endocervical specimens were obtained for the direct immunofluorescent diagnosis of chlamydial infection. RESULTS: Results for 41 women (7.3%) were positive for chlamydia. The prevalence was the same in rural and suburban women. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, chlamydial infection was correlated highly with young age (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.6), oral contraceptives (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 0.7 to 6.9), number of sex partners, and genitourinary signs or symptoms. The simultaneous presence of mucopurulent cervical discharge, cervix friability, inflammatory signs of the cervix, and urinary symptoms had the highest specificity (99.6%) and positive predictive value (86.7%) for chlamydial infection detection. CONCLUSION: C. trachomatis infection is a common sexually transmitted disease in rural and suburban women in Mexico. Nearly 1 of 8 women 15 to 25 years of age may be infected. A risk factor-based screening program should be implemented in rural and urban populations in Mexico. In rural settings, women with mucopurulent cervical discharge should be treated for chlamydial infection, even without a laboratory diagnosis.
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The nature of the problem in a Sydney suburban population.
The importance of trauma as a cause of disability and death in a suburban population has been documented. Nearly 10% of all hospital admissions and 50% of all casualty attendances at major hospitals in a city region were due to accidents. It was shown that the majority of injuries are due to sporting, work-related and domestic accidents and not to traffic accidents. It is believed that attention should be directed toward the identification of more detailed causes of domestic, sport and work accidents, to the education of the public and authorities concerned with these hazards and to the application of preventive measures involving the concept of "engineering out".
Accidents↗
Bone lead content assessed by L-line x-ray fluorescence in lead-exposed and non-lead-exposed suburban populations in the United States.
Measurements of lead (Pb) in bone reflect cumulative Pb exposure, whereas blood Pb levels are indices of absorption during the previous 21-30 days. This study was undertaken to estimate bone Pb concentrations by L-line x-ray fluorescence (LXRF) in a United States suburban population which was exposed to unusually high levels of Pb in emissions from an adjacent factory during 1963-1981, compared with concentrations similarly estimated in a matched suburban community without unusual Pb exposure. The mean bone Pb value in 269 residents of the highly exposed suburb (15 ppm) was 3-fold greater than that of the reference suburb (5 ppm). LXRF estimates of bone Pb identified those individuals at risk for adverse effects of Pb, whereas blood Pb levels were uninformative. Average LXRF-estimated bone Pb concentrations in residents of the unusually exposed suburb approximated estimated values in workers at Pb-processing factories.
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[Differences in the health and disease conditions in the rural and urban-suburban populations in Nuevo León state].
This work shows the results of two surveys taken in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico during 1985. The first survey, which covered morbidity and health service use, was taken from 759 households in urban/suburban Monterrey (a city of two million inhabitants and capital of the state of Nuevo León) and from 751 households from a stratified sample from the rest of the state. The second survey, which had to do with the different aspects of quality health services available, was given to 752 patients in 93 distinct health units in Monterrey and all over the state. The objectives of this publication are: 1) to describe the morbidity of the populations in question, as well as to describe the different aspects of the supply and demand of health services; 2) to compare the conditions of life reflected in the state of health between the rural and urban/suburban zones of Nuevo León. The results obtained show that those in the urban/suburban zones of Monterrey possess certain advantages over those in the rural areas in the state of Nuevo León such as: a higher level of schooling, lower emigration to the U.S.A., a lower fertility index, lower morbidity from severe illnesses and a lower death rate in children, wider coverage from health insurance, better communication between doctor and patient, more frequent use of health services, and greater participation in prevention programs. Rural area life has the following advantages: a lower number of cesarean sections, and a prolonged period of maternal suckling. In this work, we present the opinion that the primary health care currently centered in the urban zones, where the population is much greater, should not impair the required attention in the rural areas (areas that are more extensive and often unattended).
Age Factors↗
Preschool and school age activities: comparison of urban and suburban populations.
The objective of this study was to compare urban and suburban preschool and school age activities. A prospective survey using a convenience sample was conducted at one urban and one suburban primary care pediatric office. Questionnaires were completed for 66 urban preschool children, 70 suburban preschool children, 57 urban school age children and 61 suburban school age children during the school year. Also, questionniaires were completed for 63 suburban school age children during the summer. The suburban preschool children spent more time outdoors, were read to more frequently, visited the library more frequently and more often attended summer camp. The suburban school age children spent more time outdoors, more frequently participated in a community sport league and more often attended summer camp. The urban school age children watched more television or videos. During the summer, suburban school age children spent more time outdoors, while during the school year, suburban school age children used the library more frequently. Important differences exist between the activities of urban and suburban children in two practices in the New York metropolitan area. Pediatricians caring for urban children may have an important opportunity to promote participation in sports and educational activities.
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Fasting plasma insulin levels in an unselected Prague suburban population.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the levels of fasting plasma insulin in an unselected population of a Prague suburban community and correlate the levels of insulin with other metabolic and anthropometric parameters which could be directly or indirectly associated with insulin levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 835 adult inhabitants, the Prague suburban community, were examined. Mean age of examined people was 44.9 +/- 16.9 years, the group included 370 men and 465 women, 189 of the latter were in the menopause. The parameters examined included the fasting plasma levels of insulin, glycaemia, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols; LDL cholesterol and, using the basic anthropometric data, the body mass index (BMI) and the waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. RESULTS: The levels of all parameters were divided in ten-year groups of men and women. The average levels of fasting plasma insulin in all ten-year groups of men and women were normal. We found in the men small but constant rise of fasting insulinaemia in the decades. This was not observed in women, where the insulin levels were similar up to the time after menopause, then the level of average plasma insulin rose significantly. We found the positive correlation of plasma insulin levels with triacylglycerol levels (p < or = 0.001), BMI (p < or = 0.001) and WHR (p < or = 0.001) and a negative correlation with plasma HDL cholesterol (p < or = 0.001) in the whole group of probands. No significant correlation was demonstrated between fasting insulinaemia and total or LDL cholesterol. When dividing the group by age and sex, the strongest positive correlations were seen between insulin and triacylglycerols, glycaemia, BMI, and WHR, and negative correlations between insulin and HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION: Fasting plasma insulin levels in an unselected population were within the normal range, but follow a continuous and steady upward course in men while did not change until after the menopause when they bounce in women; compared to insulin levels in younger women, insulinaemia does not increase up to 55 years of age. The strongest positive correlations were demonstrated between plasma insulin and triacylglycerols, and between insulin and BMI and WHR in men and postmenopausal but not premenopausal women whereas a negative correlation was observed between fasting plasma insulin and HDL cholesterol.
Adolescent↗
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF CITY AND SUBURBAN POPULATIONS.
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Adolescent↗
Incidence and prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma in a suburban population of young adults.
BACKGROUND: Asthma is a common chronic disease of both children and adults, but there have been few reports of the incidence of asthma in well defined adult populations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and prevalence of asthma in a population of young adults living in suburban Detroit. METHODS: As part of a study of the development of allergic disease in children, the parents of 841 study children, from a defined, well characterized population, were questioned about their personal histories of allergic disease, including asthma, during the mother's pregnancy. The children have been followed from birth until 4 years of age. When the child became 4, the parents were again questioned about allergic disease. Those reporting asthma when the child was 4 but not prior to the child's birth, were recontacted to confirm that they had been diagnosed by a physician as having asthma in the 4-year interval. Because of prior reports concerning racial differences in the prevalence of asthma and the small number of non-white mothers in the study population, calculations of asthma prevalence and incidence were limited to the 760 mothers, who described themselves and their baby's father as white. RESULTS: The parents studied were young adults mean age 28.7 [(standard deviation (SD) 4.5 years] and 31.0 (SD 5.0) years, of mothers and fathers, respectively. These parents were relatively well educated with 30.7% of mothers and 43.5% of fathers having college degrees. The initial prevalence of a previous physician diagnosis of asthma was 7.5% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 5.7-9.6] in the mothers and 6.9% (95% CI = 5.2-9.0) in the fathers, yielding a total prevalence of 7.2% (95% CI = 5.9-8.7) in these 1484 adults. Five hundred thirty-three mothers and 498 fathers (total = 1031), who did not report asthma during the mothers' pregnancies, were available for questioning when the children were 4 years old. The average yearly incidence of asthma was 5.2 (95% CI = 2.6-9.2) per 1000 in the mothers and 1.5 (95% CI = 0.3-4.4) per 1000 in the fathers (P = .058), with an overall incidence of 3.4 (95% CI = 1.8-5.7) per 1000. The average yearly incidence was 5.3/1000 in those < 30 years old and 1.5/1000 in those > or = 30 years of age (P = .056). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the incidence of asthma in this population of relatively young, well educated, white adults is approximately 3.4 per 1000 per year and that newly diagnosed asthma was more common in women and in those < 30 years of age.
Adolescent↗
[Basic sanitation habits in a suburban population. A study of Viña del Mar, Chile].
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Animals↗
[The triad obesity, hypertension and glycoregulation complaints in a suburban population of Tunisia's Sahel].
Obesity, hypertension and glucose intolerance are often related, the relationship between hypertension and glycemia is well documented and may be explained through hyperinsulinemia. Most of the studies were conducted in western societies. The simultaneous study of this triad in a random sample (n = 555) of a suburban adult community of Tunisian's Sahel, showed an association between hypertension and level of overweight which was also related to diabetes prevalence after matching for age and sex. However serum glucose was related to both systolic and diastolic blood pressure only for non obese subjects, when levels of overweight are stratified. The association between diabetes and hypertension therefore involves different mechanisms for obese and non obese subjects.
Adult↗
[Evaluation of hematologic values of a suburban population].
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Adolescent↗
Assessment of health needs and willingness to utilize health care resources of adolescents in a suburban population.
We investigated whether adolescents living in a middle-class suburb believed that their health needs were being met, and the extent to which they were willing to utilize local health care resources for a range of problems. Self-administered, anonymous questionnaires were completed by 649 students in grades 9 through 12. The mean age of respondents was 15.4 years; 52% were female, and 95% white. They had ready access to medical care: 90% used a specific private physician. From a list of 15 health problems, 60% indicated that they had seen a health provider for at least one of them, most often for stomach pains (22%), headaches (18%), and coughing (16%). From an identical list, 48% indicated that there was at least one problem for which they had never seen a health provider but would like to, most often for a weight problem (14%), birth control (10%), and emotional upset (9%). Although 20% regularly used illegal drugs, 24% were sexually active, and 38% thought they had a weight problem, only 1%, 4%, and 10%, respectively, had sought care for these matters. A majority of students would not choose to go to a private physician for care related to sexuality, substance abuse, or emotional upset, and would not be willing to seek care for these problems with their parents' knowledge. Ready access to private primary care did not assure attention to important health needs among these suburban adolescents.
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A longitudinal study of mental health problems in a suburban population in Sudan.
A psychiatric study of 197 children living in villages outside Khartoum was made in 1964-1965. In 1983, 104 randomly chosen subjects were investigated again. All were interviewed by a psychiatrist and somatically examined. The overall psychiatric impairment was 14% (males, 18%; females, 8%) according to the psychiatric interview; the Self-rating Questionnaire gave a higher figure (28%). The rate of somatic illness was similar: 14% according to the medical doctor, 22% according to the self-rating of the subjects. Childhood data predicted 17% of the variance in adult mental health. Somatic state of health in childhood and traditional type of work by the father were the most important variables. Data from the life situation of the individual explained 67% of the variance in adult mental health.
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Early progress report of practical experience with lifestyle programmes in a suburban population.
Lifestyle of individuals and families is now postulated to be one of the major determinants of morbidity and mortality in the Australian community. Experimental (lifestyle) programmes using techniques of physical screening of volunteers, group and individual counselling, and mass-media health promotion have been tried and evaluated during the past five years. The results have shown that it is possible to encourage and achieve behavioural and attitudinal changes in the short term for a range of lifestyle problems. Behaviour in relation to cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption has proved very difficult to alter. Physical screening was found to be much more expensive and no more effective than much simpler education and group-involvement programmes. The programmes have been reorganized to take account of these results, with new emphases being given to parents and children and the role of the doctor, as well as various adult programmes. The aims of these programmes are to prevent the establishment of harmful lifestyles as well as to change the behaviour of those who have already established poor lifestyles.
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