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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Strongyloides stercoralis infection and small intestinal lymphoma.

A West Indian man who was infected with Strongyloides stercoralis developed small intestinal obstruction. Treatment with thiabendazole did not relieve the obstruction which was found at laparotomy to be due to a poorly differentiated small intestinal lymphoma. There was no blood eosinophilia or accumulation of eosinopohils in the sites of infection. There was no reaction in the skin to delayed hypersensitivity antigens and the blood T lymphocyte count and serum C3 levels were low. From these findings and a review of the literature it was concluded that the immune response in man to Strongyloides stercoralis may depend on T lymphocyte mediated reactions including granuloma formation, and mast cell and eosinophil responses in tissues. We suggest that the association of strongyloides hyperinfection and small bowel lymphoma in this patient may not have been fortuitous. The lymphoma may have led to a reduction in cellular immunity, with the subsequent development of strongyloides hyperinfection.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Cytology, reproduction, and sex determination of Strongyloides ransomi and S. papillosus.

Parasitic females of Strongyloides ransomi and Strongyloides papillosus have 4 chromosomes and reproduce exclusively by mitotic (apomictic) parthenogenesis. The free-living generation includes females and males. The females have 2 pairs of chromosomes of unequal size and reproduce by meiotic parthenogenesis following obligatory pseudofertilization (gynogenesis). The males undergo spermatogenesis by the regular meiotic process and have the same chromosomal complement as the females. During prophase I, however, a portion of one homologue of the large bivalent breaks free and subsequently is diminished, as in S. ransomi, or it rejoins the original homologue, as in S. papillosus. This behavior of meiotic chromosomes during spermatogenesis suggests that the karyotype of these species has evolved from a karyotype analogous to that of Strongyloides ratti with 2 pairs of autosomes and a pair of X chromosomes, following fusion of the X chromosome with an autosome and the formation of a Neo-X and a Neo-Y chromosome. The female karyotype of S. ransomi and S. papillosus thus may be 2A + 2 Neo-X. The males are phenotypic males and have the same karyotype as the females, but their functional karyotype may be 2A + Neo-X + Neo-Y.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Transmammary passage of Strongyloides sp. larvae in the human host.

The prevalence of infection with Strongyloides fuelleborni and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and the possible transmammary passage of these parasites, was studied in the people of a village in Bulapé, Zaire, Africa. Stool examinations revealed that 34% of 76 infants under 200 days of age were infected with S. fuelleborni and 8% were infected with hookworms. Infection rates in the general population were 44% for S. fuelleborni and 90% for hookworms. The examination of milk from nursing mothers revealed the presence of Strongyloides larvae in one case. The finding suggests that S. fuelleborni may be transmitted via the milk in humans.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of lactation on the parasitism of rats by Strongyloides ratti (author's transl)].

In lactating females of many animal species infested by Nematoda, the self-cure is, if not suppressed, at least very distinctly delayed. It does not appear that an immunological deficiency is the cause of this. We show that this phenomenon also exists in lactating female rats with Strongyloides ratti parasites. In fact, for Strongyloides ratti, the maintenance of the worms is not the only notable modification determined by lactation; much more important is the decrease in the intensity of the parasitism. This aspect is not mentioned by writers who have only studied the different parasitic states in their final phase. Parallel to these alterations in the parasitism, the evolution of the corticosteronemy differs, from two points of view, from that described in infested virgin rats: --Suppression of the hypercorticosteronemy which normally appears 48 hours after infestation; --Attenuation of the hypocorticosteronemy which usually sets in from the tenth day of infestation. This opposition of lactation to the variations in the corticosteronemy induced by the worms is explained by the effect of lactation on the secretion of gluco-cortico-steroids, described under the term of "buffer effect of lactation". The decrease in the intensity of the parasitism may be explained by the fact that lactation, by preventing the hypercorticosteronemy normally caused by larval migration, permits the intervention of aspecific defences. As for the prolongation of the parasitism, it would seem to result on one hand, from a reduced solicitation of the means of defence owing to a smaller number of worms and, on another hand, from the slowing down of the hypocorticosteronemy through the buffer effect of lactation with all the consequences flowing from this at the level of the specific and aspecific defence reactions.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Occurrence of Strongyloides stercoralis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)].

A comparative study on the occurrence of Strongyloides stercoralis larvae in 554 patients with AIDS and in 142 patients suffering from infectious diseases other than AIDS was conducted during the period from January 1987 to December 1988. The two groups was constituted by male individuals in-patients at Emílio Ribas Hospital--São Paulo. Faeces samples from 696 patients were submitted to spontaneous sedimentation method and Rugai method. The data obtained from the present investigation demonstrated a similar prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis in both groups (p > 0.05) indicating no significant statistical differences.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1979

Strongyloides species infestation in young infants of papu, New Guinea: association with generalized oedema.

Clinical and laboratory details of thirteen infants with "Swollen Belly Sickness" who has abdominal distension, respiratory distress, generalised oedema, and variable disturbance of gastrointestinal function were analysed. The intimate connection between the syndrome and infection with Strongyloides species closely resembling Strongyloides fulleborni - is discussed, and a standard treatment using thiabendazole, plasma transfusion and antibiotics, is proposed.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed1976

A fatal case of strongyloidiasis with Strongyloides larvae in the meninges.

A case of fatal strongyloidiasis associated with pyogenic meningitis in an adult male African is reported. Strongyloides larvae were present in the purulent exudate in the the meninges, an observation not, to the authors knowledge, hitherto reported in man. Fatal strongyloidiasis due to autoinfection has been reported by several authors and De Paula (1962) reviewed the literature in 40 cases and added 10 others which he had studied. In Uganda fatal cases have been reported by Craven et al. (1971) and Poltera (1974). Although in some cases of fatal strongyloidiasis there was associated pyogenic meningitis (BROWN & PERNA, 1958; WILSON & THOMPSON, 1964; BASSAN-TREMINGER & EL-LANSHAR, 1968) we have not found in the literature any case in which Strongyloides stercoralis larvae or adult worms were found in the brain or meninges. We are, therefore, now reporting a case of fatal strongyloidiasis with pyogenic meningitis in which S. stercoralis larvae were present in the subarachnoid space.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Strongyloides stercoralis infection in former Far East prisoners of war.

Out of 602 consecutive people who had been prisoners of war in the Far East and were screened for tropical diseases, 88 (15%) were found to have Strongyloides stercoralis infection a mean period of 30 years after their return from the tropics. The classical strongyloid creeping eruption was the most common symptom (84%), while gastrointestinal disturbances were rare (5%). Thiabendazole was highly effective in eradicating the infection. Strongyloidiasis is an important condition, as when the host is immunosuppressed fatal hyperinfection may occur. Many undiagnosed cases of strongyloidiasis must exist among former prisoners of war, and it is thus important to identify and treat these patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

[Acute respiratory insufficiency caused by hyperinfestation with strongyloides. BALF diagnosis and favourable outcome].

Hyperinfestation with Strongyloides is a severe complication in immunodepressed patients. It may present with various clinical signs, notably acute respiratory failure. Diagnosis may be difficult, particularly when the strongyloidiasis is associated with septicaemia caused by Gram-negative organisms. We report a new case of hyperinfestation with Strongyloides in a patient treated for periarteritis nodosa. This case was remarkable on two scores: the diagnosis problem raised by the presence of intrapulmonary haemorrhages, and the favourable outcome of an acute and initially severe respiratory failure which had required assisted ventilation. The role played in the patient's cure by the doses of thiabendazole given and the duration of their administration is discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. A report of 3 cases.

Three patients with chronic diarrhoea, paralytic ileus and malabsorption are reported. At postmortem examination Strongyloides stercoralis was shown to be the aetiological agent in each case. Factors involved in hyperinfection with Strongyloides are discussed and the means of clinical recognition of this syndrome are emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a renal allograft recipient.

A patient who had received a renal allograft required intensive immunosuppression for a severe rejection episode. Four months after the graft he died of septicaemia and respiratory failure caused indirectly by a Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection. Patients from endemic areas who are to undergo a renal transplant should be screened for the parasite before receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Should this infection occur after transplantation, early diagnosis and treatment with thiabendazole is essential to prevent the high mortality rate associated with Strongyloides hyperinfection.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Strongyloides ratti in virgin female rats: studies of oestrous cycle effects and general variability.

There were no differences in mean intestinal worm burdens 8 days after subcutaneous injection of 4000 infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti into rats in dioestrus, pro-oestrus, oestrus and metoestrus. Thus, changes in the hormonal environment of the migrating larvae dependent on the oestrous cycle did not alter the worms' destination or affect their potential for development. In particular, the results are prima facie evidence that prolactin is not, on its own, responsible for the re-orientation of larvae in the tissues of nursing mothers. Other sources of variability in experimental S. ratti infections are analysed and the 'exact dose' technique offered as a corrective for some procedural errors.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Patterns of milk transmission of Strongyloides ratti.

Eight days after mother rats were injected with 4000 infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti at different stages of lactation the numbers of adult worms in their intestines were uniformly low (less than 3% of the dose) compared with unmated controls (mean = 25%). Those in their litters varied from 12% on day 5 to a maximum of 47% on day 17 post partum. These data, which do not correlate with lactational performance, imply that parasite movements in lactating rats are controlled by qualitative, not quantitative, consequences of humoral events. The numbers of worms in litters are concluded to be the result of the interaction of dynamic determinants of larval routes in the mother and changes in the suitability of the neonatal gut as an environment for worm development. The timing of events leading to milk-borne infection is defined. Injected larvae were closely synchronized in their movements, which were completed in 36 h. Larvae experimentally diverted into the mother's tissues during her first lactation were not available for the infection of a second litter.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Tracking radioactive larvae of Strongyloides ratti in the host.

Infective larvae of homogonic Strongyloides ratti grown in faecal culture with 32P or 75Se acquired a significant amount of radioactivity which was firmly attached to them. Heating removed most of the 32P but left 75Se in place. Subcutaneous injection of virgin and nursing mother rats with living and heat-killed radioactive larvae resulted in a pattern of labelling in the small intestine of injected animals and, in the case of 75Se, those of suckling pups, which can only be explained if labelled worms follow the natural migratory routes. The use of this tool in migratory studies is discussed, with precautions to allow for flaws in the technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The effect of the suckling stimulus on the migration of Strongyloides ratti in lactating rats.

The number of adult Strongyloides ratti which developed in the guts of lactating rats after subcutaneous injection of 4000 L3 on day 18--20 post partum was taken to be a measure of the relative importance of alternative larval routes. When injection was carried out at different times before and after weaning, larvae were diverted from a route bypassing the gut in nursing mothers to one leading to the gut ("migration reversal") in mothers without young in a period of less than 10 h. Migration reversal was mostly completed in lactating females injected at the time of weaning when compared with nulliparous controls. A stimulus-sensitive period shortly after injection, predicted from these dynamics, was demonstrated. Worms injected into lactating females 10 h after removal from their pups showed complete migration reversal. In similarly treated rats, given 1 h suckling 3 h after injection, migration reversal was practically abolished. These inter-relationships, in conjunction with earlier findings, are used to deduce the possible humoral mechanisms involved and to develop a working hypothesis to account for larval orientation based on features of the mammalian pulmonary microvasculature.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mechanism of hyocorticosteronemia action of Strongyloides ratti in the rat].

In order to explain the hypocorticosteronemia which establishes itself in rats with Strongyloides ratti parasites, we are proceeding with a functional exploration of the hypothalamo-hypophyso-corticosurrenal axis in experimentally infested rodents. The adreno-cortico-tropic-hormone test (A.C.T.H.), stress to ether and the Lysin-8-Vasopressin and Metopirone tests lead to concordant results: -- the hypothalamo-pituitary-corticosurrenal present a functional integrity which allows it to react normally to direct stimulation or to feed-back; -- the deficiency seems to relate to the hypothalamic secretion of the cortico-releasing factor; -- the cause would stem from an inhibition of the nervous mechanism which regulates this neurosecretion.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2026

Recent advances in Strongyloides screening, diagnostics, therapeutics, and management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Strongyloidiasis affects an estimated 30-100 million people globally and can have life-threatening consequences in immunocompromised hosts, yet it remains underdiagnosed due to limited access and performance of available diagnostics. Novel assays and anthelmintics may reshape screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for at-risk populations. RECENT FINDINGS: Advances in molecular diagnostics coupled with robust stool extraction methods have supplanted traditional parasitologic methods in settings where nucleic acid amplification is feasible. Transition from standard immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based immunoassays to the new IgG- and IgG4-based rapid diagnostic tests using recombinant Strongyloides stercoralis nematode immunodominant E antigen (NIE) and/or S. stercoralis immunoreactive antigen (SsIR) has facilitated serologic screening at the point of care. The World Health Organization now conditionally recommends community-wide ivermectin mass drug administration in highly endemic settings. Regarding new treatment options, moxidectin is noninferior to ivermectin with 93-94% cure rates and a longer half-life, while emodepside shows 80-90% predicted cure rates in early trials and offers a mechanistically distinct option. Understanding of immunosuppressed populations at risk for hyperinfection has expanded, prompting updated screening recommendations. SUMMARY: Serologic and molecular tools are improving screening and diagnosis, and moxidectin and emodepside may broaden treatment options, but data in severe disease and special populations remain limited. Priorities include harmonized screening algorithms and prospective studies in high-risk groups.

Humans↗