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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Seasonal translation of equine strongyle infective larvae to herbage in tropical Australia.

Longevity in faeces, migration to and survival on herbage of mixed strongyle infective larvae (approximately 70% cyathostomes: 30% large strongyles) from experimentally deposited horse faeces was studied in the dry tropical region of North Queensland for up to 2 years. Larvae were recovered from faeces deposited during hot dry weather for a maximum of 12 weeks, up to 32 weeks in cool conditions, but less than 8 weeks in hot wet summer. Translation to herbage was mainly limited to the hot wet season (December-March), except when unseasonal winter rainfall of 40-50 mm per month in July and August allowed some additional migration. Survival on pasture was estimated at 2-4 weeks in the summer wet season and 8-12 weeks in the autumn-winter dry season (April-August). Hot dry spring weather (pre-wet season) was the most unfavourable for larval development, migration and survival. Peak counts of up to 60,000 larvae kg-1 dry herbage were recorded. The seasonal nature of pasture contamination allowed the development of rational anthelmintic control programs based on larval ecology.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Vertical migration of infective larvae of equine strongyles in sandy clay loam.

The migration of infective strongyle larvae through sandy clay loam soil was determined by evaluating the burial of horse dung as a method of reducing parasitism in horses. Equine feces containing 325 strongyle eggs/g of feces were buried at depths of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 20.0, and 30.0 cm below the pasture surface in sandy clay loam soil. Herbage samples were taken periodically from above the buried feces and were analyzed to determine the maximum vertical migration of infective larvae. The greatest distance of migration was 20 cm which occurred 31 days after the feces were buried. However, the number of larvae reaching the herbage from this depth represented only 0.0004% of the eggs initially buried.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Daily variability of equine fecal strongyle egg counts.

Fecal egg counts often are used for diagnosing equine strongyle infections and estimating the number of eggs shed in the feces. An individual egg count should be interpreted in view of the normal fluctuation of egg numbers in an individual horse. In this study, the daily variability of strongyle fecal egg counts from horses was investigated. The Cornell-McMaster egg-counting technique was used to estimate the eggs per gram of feces in repeated daily fecal samples from 39 horses. The variation of the daily egg counts across 4 days was greater than would be expected if a consistent number of eggs were produced and dispersed randomly in the feces. The means and variances of the daily counts from each horse had a logarithmic relationship. For practical purposes, however, the fluctuation of egg counts is low enough for the fecal egg count to be used to identify horses for treatment, to estimate pasture contamination, or to assess response to therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Dung-derived biological agents associated with reduced numbers of infective larvae of equine strongyles in faecal cultures.

Two sets of dung-derived organisms from soil routinely fertilized with manure (MA) and soil chemically fertilized (CH) were cultured separately in the laboratory. Baermannized organisms from these cultures were added to 20 g of faeces from strongyle-infected horses to form three treatment groups: (i) no soil organisms; (ii) low inoculum of soil organisms containing all organisms present in a suspension of approximately 100 adult female free-living nematodes; and (iii) high inoculum containing those soil organisms present with approximately 1000 adult female free-living nematodes. Three studies were conducted using MA cultures and faeces containing 50 stronglye epg, CH cultures and faeces containing 1500 strongyle epg, and a mixture of soil organisms from the two cultures (MC) and faeces containing 600 strongyle epg. Within each study, five control cultures and 15 each of low and high inoculum cultures were prepared and incubated at 24 degrees C and 95% humidity in a climate chamber for 15 days. Parasitic and free-living nematodes were then recovered by the Baermann technique and counted. The numbers of third stage larvae were significantly lower in the high inoculum group compared to controls. The percent reductions in the number of third stage larvae for the low and high inoculum groups were 63.6% and 90.9%, 85.1% and 97.1%, 84.5% and 98.4% for MA, CH, and MC studies, respectively, indicating that mortality increased with the number of soil organisms added to cultures. Examination of the source cultures detected the presence of two species of nematophagous fungi and three genera of free-living nematodes reported to be predacious.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Experimental chemotherapy in horses infected with benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles.

The presence of benzimidazole-resistant strains of equine small strongyles was confirmed in horses at two properties in north west England by a series of faecal egg counts and larval cultures after treatment with mebendazole. A trail formulation of mebendazole in combination with piperazine citrate gave greater reductions in faecal egg counts than mebendazole alone but was much less effective than pyrantel embonate or dichlorvos.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Development of free-living stages of equine strongyles in faeces on pasture in a tropical environment.

The development of the free-living stages and yields of infective third stage strongyle larvae in faeces from a horse with a mixed natural infection deposited on pasture plots were studied over a 2-year period in a coastal area in tropical north Queensland. Two sets of faecal masses (one exposed to, and the other protected from the action of a natural population of dung beetles) were deposited monthly and after 7 days faecal samples were taken for larval recovery and counts. Hatching and development of the free-living stages occurred in faeces on pasture throughout the year. Development was rapid as infective stages were reached within a week of faecal deposition in all months. Yields of infective larvae were affected by the season and the action of dung beetles on the faecal masses. Highest yields were obtained from both beetle-exposed and protected faeces during winter (June to August) and lowest yields were in spring (September to November). High temperatures in spring and summer resulted in low yields of larvae, however, the dry conditions in spring made this season the most unfavourable period. In autumn and winter the temperatures were never low enough to stop or markedly slow down the rate of development, and allowed the development of large numbers of infective larvae. Dung beetle activity was observed throughout the year, and exposed faeces were usually completely dispersed within 24 h of deposition. This resulted in lower yields of infective larvae from these than from protected faeces. Though larval yields were lower, the actual numbers were still substantial so as to cast doubt on the usefulness of these beetles as biological control agents for equine strongylosis in the dry tropics.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Critical tests of thiabendazole, oxibendazole, and oxfendazole for drug resistance of population-B equine small strongyles (1989 and 1990).

Critical tests were conducted in horses (n = 11) with naturally acquired infections of benzimidazole (BZ)-resistant population-B small strongyles in 1989 and 1990. Anthelmintics administered were thiabendazole (44 mg/kg of body weight, n = 4), oxibendazole (10 mg/kg, n = 3), and oxfendazole (OFZ, 10 mg/kg; n = 4). All compounds were paste formulations administered orally except for 1 of the OFZ treatments, which was a suspension formulation given by stomach tube. Aggregate mean efficacy was calculated for all species of small strongyles, drug-resistant and non-resistant. The highest efficacy was for oxibendazole (98%) and OFZ (94%); efficacy for thiabendazole was 63%. Five genera and 16 species of small strongyles were recovered from the 11 horses, ranging from 7 to 13 species (mean, 11). Of these, 7 species were found to have resistance in variable degrees to most of the anthelmintics. These strongyles were Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, and Cylicostephanus minutus. The large strongyle, Strongylus vulgaris, was present in all 11 test horses, and efficacy was 100% for all drugs. Seven of the BZ-treated foals (at least 1 horse from each BZ-treatment group), were infected with S edentatus; removal was 100%.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Resistance of population-B equine strongyles to thiabendazole, oxfendazole, and phenothiazine (1981 to 1987).

Critical tests were completed on foals (n = 15) naturally infected with benzimidazole (BZ)-resistant population-B strongyles during the period between 1981 and 1987. Thiabendazole at a dosage of 44 mg/kg was tested in 8 foals, oxfendazole at 10 mg/kg was tested in 4 foals, and phenothiazine at 55 mg/kg, cambendazole at 20 mg/kg, and fenbendazole at 5 mg/kg were tested in 1 foal each. Efficacies of thiabendazole, cambendazole, and fenbendazole against the 5 species of BZ-resistant small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocylus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus) were partial. Removals in the aggregate averaged 48%, 52%, and 68%, respectively, indicating continued resistance of the 5 species of small strongyles to thiabendazole, cambendazole, and fenbendazole. In contrast, oxfendazole was efficacious, removing an aggregate average of 95% of the 5 BZ-resistant species of small strongyles in the 4 foals. This apparent reversion to susceptibility to oxfendazole may be attributable to paucity of reference data (1 test foal) done in 1976. All 5 species of the BZ-resistant small strongyles had cross resistance to phenothiazine (38% aggregate removal), whereas 9 of the BZ-susceptible species were effectively (99%) removed. This suggests a similar mode of action between phenothiaznie and the BZ compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence and abundance of equine strongyles (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) in tropical Australia.

A postmortem survey of 57 horses in tropical northern Queensland revealed 41 (89%) infected with intestinal strongyles. Thirty-five strongyle species (8 large strongyles and 27 small strongyles [Cyathostominae]) were recorded of which 9 species are reported from Australia for the first time. The 14 most prevalent small strongyles were Cyathostomum catinatum (in 76% of horses), Cyathostomum coronatum (65%), Cyathostomum pateratum (33%), Cyathostomum labiatum (30%), Cylicostephanus calicatus (70%), Cylicostephanus longibursatus (67%), Cylicostephanus goldi (43%), Cylicostephanus minutus (26%), Cylicocylus nassatus (67%), Cylicocyclus leptostomus (41%), Cylicocylus insigne (41%), Cylicocyclus radiatus (33%), Cylicocyclus brevicapsulates (22%), and Poteriostomum imperidentum (24%). The remaining cyathostomes were each found in less than 15% of horses. The 4 most common large strongyles were Triodontophorus serratus (30%), Strongylus vulgaris (28%), Strongylus equinus, and Strongylus edentatus (both 22%). The number of species of small strongyles per horse showed a marked variation (mean 10.3, range 2-21) but bore no relationship to either the total number of strongyles per horse, age, sex, and breed of horse, or season. Total number of strongyles per horse (mean 15,890, range 20-165,000) was less than in recent surveys in Europe and the U.S.A. Most horses had low worm burdens, whereas a very small number were heavily infected. Ninety-seven per cent of the total strongyle counts were small strongyles. Strongylus species contributed just over 1%. Small numbers of large strongyles per horse were usual with T. serratus (mean 570), S. vulgaris (mean 330), and S. equinus (mean 330) the most numerous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence, abundance and site distribution of equine small strongyles in Normandy, France.

Forty-two horses from Normandy (France) were examined post-mortem for small strongyle infections from October to March. In the positive horses, total worm numbers ranged from 234 to 90,247 (mean 11,297). Encysted larvae represented the major part of the total cyathostome burdens with a high percentage (83%) being early third stage larvae. They were mostly recovered from the caecum (48%) and ventral colon (40%) and were less present in the dorsal colon (12%). Adult cyathostomes were mainly located in the ventral colon (64%) and less frequently in the dorsal colon (27%) and caecum (9%). Twenty species of Cyathostominae were identified. The 10 most prevalent species (in sequence of prevalence) were Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicocyclus insigne, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus goldi, Poteriostomum imparidentatum, Cyathostomum labiatum, Cylicocyclus ultrajectinus, Cylicostephanus calicatus and Cylicostephanus minutus which comprised 84% of the total adult population. Twelve species showed a site preference in the ventral colon, five in the dorsal colon and only one in the caecum while two species were collected in nearly equal numbers from the ventral and dorsal colon. The number of species per horse ranged from 1 to 12 with a median of 5. Infections with singletons occurred in 12.5% of the positive horses while multiple infections were encountered in 87.5%. A positive correlation was found between the intensity of cyathostome infection and its diversity, measured either by the number of occurring species or Shanon indexes.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Benzimidazole resistance of equine strongyles: critical tests of several classes of compounds against population B strongyles from 1977 to 1981.

From 1977 to 1981, critical tests were conducted on 10 horses naturally infected with population B strongyles. Drugs tested were: oxibendazole (OBZ), 10 mg/kg of body weight (n = 1); albendazole, 10 mg/kg (n = 1); a mixture of thiabendazole (TBZ), 44 mg/kg and trichlorfon, 40 mg/kg (n = 1); a mixture of TBZ at 44 mg/kg with piperazine (PPZ) at 55 mg of base/kg (n = 1); febantel (FBT), 6 mg/kg (n = 3), 12 mg/kg (n = 1), or 24 mg/kg (n = 1); and pyrantel (PRT) pamoate, 6.6 mg of base/kg (n = 1). Large strongyles, Strongylus vulgaris (9 horses) and S edentatus (5 horses), were effectively removed (100%) by each compound and mixture. Five species of small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus), previously singled out in this population as resistant to 5 benzimidazoles (TBZ, mebendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, and oxfendazole), but not OBZ, were efficaciously removed by OBZ, albendazole, the mixture of TBZ plus PPZ, FBT (24 mg/kg), or PRT. These 5 small strongyle species were resistant to FBT (6 mg/kg) in 3 foals and Cylicostephanus minutus was also resistant in 2 of 3 foals to FBT (6 mg/kg). Doubling the dose of FBT to 12 mg/kg increased the average removal of the 5 basic species plus Cylicostephanus minutus to 88%. The mixture of TBZ and trichlorfon was relatively ineffective against 3 species (C catinatum, C coronatum, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus), but unexpectedly efficacious (86% to 99%) for 2 species (Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cylicostephanus goldi).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Albendazole↗
PubMed1979

Benzimidazole resistance of equine stronygles--critical tests of six compounds against population B.

Critical tests were conducted on eight horses naturally infected with several species of large and small strongyles from population B. Tested were six benzimidazoles, including thiabendazole (2 lots) (44 mg/kg of body weight); mebendazole (8.8 mg/kg); cambendazole (two formulations) (20 mg/kg); fenbendazole (10 mg/kg); oxibendazole (10 mg/kg); and oxfendazole (10 mg/kg). All compounds were administered by stomach tube except one of the two cambendazole formulations which was an intraoral paste. Removal of large strongyles (when present), Strongylus vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus, was 100% by each drug. In general, five species of small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus) exhibited varying degrees of resistance (% removal) to all of the drugs except oxibendazole. A total of 19 other species of small strongyles from seven genera, including the three described earlier were about 100% removed by the six benzimidazoles. Poor removal of immature (fourth-stage larvae) forms was also characteristic of the six drugs.

Animals↗