[Stress response and stress proteins].
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Animals↗
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[Consequences of AIDS in the lives of hemophiliacs and their caregiving families in Quebec: stress, response to stress and social support].
The following article focuses on the Québec portion of a national survey on the care needed by hemophiliacs with AIDS or having contracted the HIV virus. The survey was based on an approach that considers social support as a means to face stress. It also examined the needs of dispensers of care and relatives (whether mourning or not) of these persons. Participants revealed having experienced more stress because of an absence of support or simply negative support, than because of the physical deterioration caused by the disease. In addition, the question of confidentiality was often raised. In general, participants said they were satisfied with the support they had received, especially on the part of members of their family.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Genome-wide characterization of ZmCRY genes: unveiling stress response mechanisms and the role of ZmCRYPHR2 in salinity tolerance.
BACKGROUND: Blue light serves as a crucial environmental signal regulating plant growth and development. The cryptochrome (CRY) family represents a key class of blue light receptors involved in these processes, as well as plant growth, development, and defense. However, the functions of CRYs in maize remain largely unexplored. RESULTS: In this study, nine ZmCRY genes were identified and found to be unevenly distributed across five chromosomes. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses revealed that ZmCRYs within the same phylogenetic groups are highly conserved. Synteny analysis indicated a close evolutionary relationship between ZmCRYs and their homologs in Oryza sativa. Promoter analysis identified diverse cis-regulatory elements linked to light response, stress tolerance, and hormone signaling. RT-qPCR analysis showed that ZmCRYs respond to various abiotic and biotic stresses, including high salinity, drought, nitrogen deficiency, Fusarium verticillioides, and Puccinia polysora. Functional studies demonstrated that ZmCRYPHR2, localized in chloroplasts and the cytoplasmic membrane, plays a role in scavenging reactive oxygen and regulating maize salt tolerance. Haplotype 2 of ZmCRYPHR2 was identified as the preferred haplotype in a panel of 269 inbred lines. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a comprehensive genomic and functional characterization of the ZmCRY gene family, with ZmCRYPHR2 identified as a pivotal regulator of salt tolerance, offering valuable genetic insights for the development of stress-resilient maize breeding.
Zea mays↗
Influence of alexithymic characteristics on physiological and subjective stress responses in normal individuals.
Individual differences in response to stress have been linked to the development of stress-related disorders through the presence of a dissociation between physiological and subjective stress responses. It has been suggested that the presence of alexithymic characteristics may constitute a new source of individual response differences and thereby contribute to the development of a stress-related disorder. However, it is also possible that the presence of alexithymic characteristics is simply a new name for a preexisting construct. The present study examined subjective and physiological stress response patterns in normal individuals with high or low presence of alexithymic characteristics, and the relationship between alexithymia and potentially equivalent constructs. The results revealed that the presence of alexithymic characteristics is independent of repression, trait anxiety, and social desirability. As well, high alexithymics appear to manifest high levels of sympathetic activity, and a dissociation between subjective and physiological stress responses. These results are discussed in terms of the potential contribution of alexithymic characteristics to the development of stress-related disorders.
Adult↗
Neuroendocrine responses to nicotine and stress: enhancement of peripheral stress responses by the administration of nicotine.
Habitual smokers frequently report that when they are stressed smoking helps them to relax. One potential explanation for the reported stress ameliorating effect of smoking is that cigarette consumption (nicotine self-administration) may decrease the sympathetic autonomic nervous system activity which is associated with the stress response. In the present study, rabbits prepared with chronic vascular cannulae were used to study the effects of nicotine administration on plasma corticosterone, catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) and glucose responses to physical restraint stress. Nicotine (0.025, 0.05 or 0.10 mg nicotine base/kg body weight) was administered for 10 days prior to the "stress test" to allow for the development of habituation/tolerance to its acute toxic effects. Independent administration of nicotine, or the application of the physical restraint stressor, resulted in increases in the plasma concentrations of corticosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucose. Nicotine administration during restraint stress enhanced the increase in plasma corticosterone and epinephrine, as compared to the responses induced by either factor alone. The results suggest that the stress ameliorating effect of continued cigarette smoking, as reported by habitual smokers, is not due to a reduction in the activity of the peripheral sympathetic autonomic nervous system.
Animals↗
Pre-established ATF4 occupancy and chromatin organization instruct selective transcription activation during integrated stress response.
Cells rapidly and extensively remodel their transcriptome in response to stress to restore homeostasis, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we characterize the dynamic changes in transcriptome, epigenetics, and 3D genome organization during the integrated stress response (ISR). ISR induction triggers widespread transcriptional changes within 6 h, coinciding with increased binding of ATF4, a key transcriptional effector. Notably, ATF4 binds to hundreds of genes even under non-stress conditions, priming them for stronger activation upon stress. The transcriptional changes at ATF4-bound sites during ISR do not rely on increased H3K27 acetylation, chromatin accessibility, or rewired enhancer-promoter looping. Instead, ATF4-mediated gene activation is linked to the redistribution of CEBPγ from non-ATF4 sites to a subset of ATF4-bound regions, likely by forming an ATF4/CEBPγ heterodimer. CEBPγ preferentially targets the sites pre-occupied by ATF4, as well as genomic regions exhibiting a unique higher-order chromatin structure signature. Thus, the transcriptional responses during ISR are largely pre-wired by intrinsic chromatin properties. These findings provide critical insights into transcriptional remodeling during ISR with broader implications for other stress responses.
Activating Transcription Factor 4↗
Twenty-Five Years of the Environmental Stress Response and the Enduring Power of Yeast in Stress Biology.
All organisms must be able to sense and respond to adverse environments, especially those that threaten cellular integrity. The age of genomics clarified the breadth and specificity of cellular stress responses, including in free-living microbes directly exposed to a changing environment. The environmental stress response (ESR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was among the first responses defined at the transcriptome-wide level as a common program triggered by diverse types of stress. Since its original publication over 25 years ago, many studies have explored the role, regulation, and evolution of the ESR and underlying principles of stress defense. This perspective reviews the history of the ESR, recent insights and perspectives into its purpose and regulation, and remaining questions in stress biology primed for the power of yeast experimentation.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae↗
Oxytocin stress responses are dependent upon emotionality.
Comparison of posterior pituitary responses to stress in rat strains with contrasting emotionality has revealed an inverse relationship between oxytocin (OT) responses and emotional reactivity. The plasma OT and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) responses to stress were determined in two psychogenetically selected strains of rat, Roman high avoidance (RHA) and Roman low avoidance (RLA), RLA's being more emotionally reactive than RHA's. Following 1 min immobilisation stress, plasma levels of OT were significantly higher in RHA's compared to RLA's. This finding correlates with the previous demonstration of a sex difference in the OT stress response, females having a higher response than males. Plasma levels of AVP were not significantly modified by immobilization in either strain of rat. However, control levels of AVP were markedly raised in both male and female RHA's.
Arginine Vasopressin↗
Independent regulation of prostaglandin production and the stress response in human fibroblasts.
The stress, or heat shock response of eukaryotic cells is characterized by dramatic changes in the metabolism of responding cells, most notably the increased synthesis of a group of proteins known as heat shock proteins. In this study, we examined the relationship of prostaglandin synthesis/release to the stress response. Stress protein synthesis was induced with sodium arsenite, and prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin (measured as 6-keto PGF1 alpha) levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The stress response was monitored by the incorporation of [35S]methionine and separation of protein by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Prostaglandin synthesis and the stress response were both induced by sodium arsenite. However, aspirin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, inhibited arsenite-induced prostaglandin synthesis but did not inhibit stress protein synthesis. Conversely, the calcium ionophore A23187 also stimulated prostaglandin synthesis, but did not induce the stress response. The results of this study indicate that sodium arsenite, a stress response inducer, stimulates prostaglandin production, but this appears to be a correlative rather than causative occurrence in the stress response. Determination of the cytotoxicity of arsenite indicated a high correlation of stimulation of prostaglandin release with cytotoxicity.
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
The integrity of the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNAB) is not necessary for a normal neuroendocrine stress response.
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) receives a dense noradrenergic innervation originating in the caudal brainstem and conveyed by the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNAB). To evaluate the importance of this pathway, rats were bilaterally injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the VNAB, posterior to the locus coeruleus to avoid the lesion of the dorsal noradrenergic system. These lesions reduced noradrenaline (NA) levels in the PVN by 60% without any significant change of NA levels in the cortex or of dopamine or serotonin in any part of the brain, indicating the specificity of the lesion. After one or three weeks, the neuroendocrine responses to stress were monitored. The secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone and prolactin were studied under basal conditions and after exposure to a novel environment. The activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) was studied in catheterized rats. Plasma catecholamines were measured in basal conditions, and in response to gentle handling or exposure to footshocks. Apart from a transient increase of the adrenocortical axis activity which disappeared 3 weeks after surgery, the lesion did not change either basal levels of the hormones measured or their response to stress, indicating that the noradrenergic input to the PVN conveyed by the VNAB is not necessary for a normal neuroendocrine stress response to occur.
Adrenergic Fibers↗
Genome-wide mapping of stress-responsive lncRNA, uc.104, reveals the chromatin-mediated regulation of stress and plasticity-related genes in the hippocampus of chronic restraint rats.
Chronic stress significantly impacts hippocampal function through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. While the roles of lncRNAs in stress-related transcriptional and epigenetic regulation have recently been recognized, their genome-wide functions controlling the transcriptional network remain largely unclear. Evidence indicates that the lncRNA uc.104 is involved in stress responses; however, its genome-wide chromatin interactions and gene regulatory effects are yet to be explored. To examine this, we combined chromatin isolation by RNA purification sequencing (ChIRP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the hippocampus from handled control and chronic restraint stress (CRS) rats. ChIRP-seq identified 6,664 uc.104 binding peaks under CRS, including 6,517 enriched and 149 reduced. Many peaks were mapped to intronic and promoter-proximal regions of protein-coding genes. Integration of ChIRP-seq with RNA-seq data revealed 1,839 differentially expressed genes associated with uc.104 binding sites, with 106 high-confidence overlaps. Several genes (Gabra3, Htr7, Irs1, Gpr37, Clu, Hspa1b, Ppp3r2, Nfasc, Pcdhac2, and Cysltr2) identified as regulatory targets of uc.104, have been directly implicated in stress responses, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation. Gene ontology and Synapse GO (SynGO) analyses revealed significant enrichment for processes involving dendritic spine formation, synapse organization, and pre- and postsynaptic signaling. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified hub genes, including EGFR, CDC42, IGF1R, CTNNB1, CALM1, CALM3, POLR2A, MDM2, TBP, and CSNK1E, several of which have been linked to stress-responsive pathways. Together, our findings reveal that uc.104 binding to chromatin near stress- and synapse-related genes may act as a regulator of stress-responsive transcriptional networks in the hippocampus. By linking uc.104 occupancy to stress and synaptic responsive genes, this study highlights uc.104 as a potential mediator of stress-induced hippocampal malfunctions.
Animals↗
Some aspects of adrenocortical stress response following stroke.
Stress response measured as the cortisol secretion rate as well as urinary 17 oxogenic steroid (17 OGS) and 17 oxosteroid (17 OS) excretion was investigated in a group of 28 patients with stroke (11 with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and 17 with ischemic cerebrovascular insult). Significantly higher cortisol secretion values were found in the group of patients who died (p less than 0.01). Similarly, the first day urinary 17 OGS excretion pointed to the greater adrenocortical response in patients who died (p less than 0.05). Urinary 17 OS excretion was normal or below normal in the majority of patients and no difference was found between either male or female patients who survived or died. Our findings indicate that adrenocortical changes which maximize the production of cortisol are operative soon after the onset of stroke. The cortisol secretion rate appeared to be a good indicator of the severity of the stress caused by stroke and may be useful in predicting the prognosis of the illness.
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
Establishment of a cBSA-mediated miRNA delivery system in Camellia sinensis and functional validation of the Cs-miR163/CsSK1 module in cold stress response.
Cold stress severely limits tea (Camellia sinensis) yield and quality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of plant cold responses; however, in vivo functional validation in tea plants is hindered by the lack of efficient genetic transformation and nucleic acid delivery systems. In this study, a cationized bovine serum albumin (cBSA)-mediated miRNA delivery system was established in tea plants. The cold-responsive miRNA Cs-miR163 and its target gene CsSK1 (a negative regulator of cold tolerance) were used as a model. Direct cleavage of CsSK1 mRNA by Cs-miR163 was confirmed by 5' RLM-RACE and GUS transient expression assays, and enhanced cold tolerance was demonstrated in Arabidopsis overexpression lines. The cBSA preparation protocol was optimized, yielding stable cBSA/miRNA complexes with high protective capacity across temperatures of 15-35 °C and pH 4.5-7.2. Delivery parameters were systematically evaluated; optimal conditions were determined as 2 mg/mL cBSA with 10 nM miRNA and solution uptake into 3-cm cuttings for 5 days, enhancing miRNA delivery efficiency by approximately 48-fold. Transmission electron microscopy provided direct ultrastructural evidence that cBSA/miRNA nanocomplexes are internalized into tea plant cells via adsorptive-mediated endocytosis involving electrostatic membrane adsorption, membrane invagination, and cytoplasmic release. Under optimized conditions, cBSA-mediated delivery of Cs-miR163 silenced CsSK1 expression by approximately 72%, reduced relative electrolyte leakage and ROS accumulation, and markedly enhanced cold tolerance. The regulatory role of the Cs-miR163/CsSK1 module was clarified, and the established system provides a promising strategy for functional genomics in woody plants that warrants further testing in additional species and tissues.
Camellia sinensis↗
Stress-response syndromes: a review of posttraumatic and adjustment disorders.
The signs and symptoms of response to a stressful life event are expressed in two predominant phases: the intrusive state, characterized by unbidden ideas and feelings and even compulsive actions, and the denial state, characterized by emotional numbing and constriction of ideation. In this review of stress-response syndromes, the author outlines those phases, discusses the DSM-III diagnoses for stress-response disorders, and considers the mutual etiologic effects of stressful life events, psychiatric disorders, and preexisting conflicts or functional deficits. Guidelines for brief dynamic psychotherapy for patients who need more than transient support are presented.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Structural and functional characterization of peanut expansin proteins identifies AhEXPA3 as a stress-responsive regulator of seed germination.
Expansins are cell wall-associated proteins that play important roles in plant growth, development, and environmental responses, yet their structural features and functional significance in peanut remain insufficiently understood. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification and characterization of 70 expansin proteins in cultivated peanut. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into four subfamilies (EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB), with conserved motif patterns and subgroup-specific exon-intron structures. Collinearity and evolutionary analyses revealed that segmental duplication mainly drove peanut expansin family expansion, with most duplicated gene pairs subsequently undergoing purifying selection. Promoter analysis identified abundant cis-regulatory elements associated with light responses, hormone signaling, and stress responses. Expression profiling indicated that many AhEXP genes were differentially expressed during seed germination and in response to abscisic acid (ABA), salt, and osmotic stresses. Among them, AhEXPA3 was identified as a stress-responsive expansin protein with marked transcriptional induction under abiotic stress conditions. Subcellular localization analysis suggested that AhEXPA3 exhibits an endoplasmic reticulum-associated localization pattern. Functional assays further demonstrated that heterologous expression of AhEXPA3 inhibited seed germination and early seedling establishment under stress conditions in both Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. These findings support a negative regulatory role of AhEXPA3 in stress-responsive seed germination and broaden current understanding of expansin protein function in legumes.
Germination↗
Advances in CRISPR multiplex gene editing to map and modify stress-responsive transcription factor networks for crop improvement.
The development of CRISPR multiplex genome-editing (MGE) tools is rapidly transforming plant functional genomics and accelerating crop improvements. By simultaneously targeting two or more DNA loci, it allows scientists to precisely edit multiple genes at the single-nucleotide level, within the target genome. Simultaneous manipulation of multiple targets has revolutionized the functional elucidation studies, particularly the dissection of complex genetic pathways. Due to its superior precision and feasibility, CRISPR-MGE is widely accepted and has largely replaced alternative editing tools such as TALENs and ZFNs. Several CRISPR-MGE strategies, including the use of individual expression cassettes, tRNA-processing enzymes, Csy4 or ribozymes, have been successfully deployed in plants. Recent advancements, such as Cpf1, transgene-free methods, or ultra-multiplexing approaches, have further refined the technology into a powerful, efficient, and robust toolkit. MGE enables complex genome editing, including multiple-gene knockouts, base alterations, transcriptional regulation, metabolic engineering, or their combinations. Consequently, it is ideal for elucidating the function of transcription factors that are key molecular players in regulating diverse plant responses, especially in stress pathways. Several stress-responsive TFs have been functionally characterized via CRISPR-MGE, and more advanced tools are being employed. This review evaluates multiplexing tools, their diverse applications, and the current progress toward developing advanced MGE tools. Ultimately, we provide evidence to encourage the use of advanced MGE tools for functional characterization studies of stress-responsive TFs, thereby highlighting their potential to accelerate crop improvement.
Gene Editing↗
Coping, ineffectiveness of coping and the psychoendocrinological stress responses during in-vitro fertilization.
The psychoendocrinological stress responses during in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) were investigated in 40 women as a function of a 'coping-ineffectiveness of coping' construct. The results demonstrate an important dissociation between emotional and endocrine stress responses and the existence of relatively independent dimensions of arousal (emotional, prolactin, cortisol). The emotional stress response, i.e. state anxiety levels, are for 34-59% predicted by chronic ineffectiveness of coping, and this both before (anticipation) and after (recovery) the stress of oocyte retrieval (OR) and embryo transfer. The effect of anticipatory stress, i.e. in the follicular phase and before oocyte retrieval or embryo transfer, on prolactin and cortisol release is more important in women with a high chronic ineffectiveness of coping while the effect of oocyte retrieval itself is more important in women who are effective copers. Other prolactin concentrations, i.e. after OR or ET, are for 14-26% predicted by low palliative coping and high avoiding. Other cortisol concentrations, i.e. after OR or ET, are for 13-19% predicted by comforting ideas. The advantages of this 'coping-ineffectiveness of coping' construct are weighed against the 'effectiveness of defenses' construct described by Wolff et al. Psychosom Med 1964; 26: 406-413. It is suggested that these personality dependent stress responses are important for conception rates in spontaneous cycles as well as in stimulated cycles.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Abnormal forms of the herpes simplex virus immediate early polypeptide Vmw175 induce the cellular stress response.
Induction of the major stress response in chick embryo fibroblasts, which follows infection at 38.5 degrees C with the herpes simplex virus mutant tsK, was investigated. Synthesis of cellular stress proteins occurred only when the mutant form of an immediate early polypeptide, Vmw175, was overproduced. Infection with mutant in 1411, which has an amber (TAG) termination signal inserted between codons 83 and 84 of the gene encoding Vmw175 and therefore specifies a truncated portion of the polypeptide, failed to stimulate stress protein synthesis. The results suggested that the presence of abnormal forms of Vmw175 at high concentrations was the signal for induction of the stress response in tsK-infected cells.
Animals↗