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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Effectiveness of ribosomal fractions of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae and the membrane fraction of Kp (Ribomunyl) in the prevention of clinical recurrences of infectious rhinitis. Results of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study.

A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of an immunostimulant, Ribomunyl, in the prevention of recurrences of infectious rhinitis in adults. This trial involved 327 patients (168 Ribomunyl treated and 159 placebo cases) with an average of 4.3 +/- 1.8 rhinitis episodes per patient recorded during the year preceding the study. The main criterion of efficacy was the cumulative number of recurrences of infectious rhinitis during a 6-month follow-up period, as analyzed by standard tests. An additional analysis of relative risk of recurrences used multivariate failure for time data. Ribomunyl was effective throughout the study period, starting from the first month of treatment: a mean of 1.0 +/- 1.1 recurrences was recorded in the Ribomunyl group as compared to 1.5 +/- 1.4 recurrences in the placebo group; this indicated one-third fewer infections (P = 0.001). The protective effect of Ribomunyl on the relative risk for recurrences was estimated to be 0.58 by multivariate analysis (95% CI: 0.43-0.78, P = 0.0001). Analysis of secondary criteria also favored Ribomunyl: 38.5% less antibiotic courses per patient (0.8 +/- 1.3 vs 1.3 +/- 1.6; P = 0.002) and the number of days with antibiotics (5.6 +/- 9.3 vs 9.1 +/- 12.1; P = 0.002).

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2001

In vitro development of resistance to six quinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus isolates were exposed to subinhibitory MICs of ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, clinafloxacin, and gemifloxacin during a 10-day period. Subculturing led to resistance development, regardless of the initial potencies of the quinolones. None of the quinolones was associated with a significantly slower rate of resistance development.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1992

Antibacterial activity of cefixime against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae in the presence of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis.

We measured the sizes of the inhibition zones of oral beta-lactam antibiotics for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae in the presence of beta-lactamase-producing-Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis by the agar double-layer method. The sizes of the zones of amoxicillin for S. pneumoniae alone were the largest, followed in a descending order by those of cefixime and cefaclor. In the presence of 10(7) CFU/ml of M.(B.) catarrhalis, however, significant reduction of the sizes of the zones was seen with amoxicillin and cefaclor; inhibition with cefixime was nearly unchanged. Similar results were observed in those for S. pyogenes. These variable findings were attributed to the difference in stability of these drugs to the beta-lactamase produced by M.(B.) catarrhalis. When the susceptibility of H. influenzae in the presence of 10(8) CFU/ml of M.(B.) catarrhalis to cefixime, cefoteram, cefpodoxime, cefotiam and cefuroxime was examined, the sizes of the inhibition zones of all the drugs were reduced by the presence of 10(8) CFU/ml of M.(B.) catarrhalis, but those of cefixime were the largest of all the drugs tested. Our agar double-layer method is simple and useful for evaluating the influence of beta-lactamase-producing organism, as M.(B.) catarrhalis, on the disk susceptibility of other pathogens to antibiotics.

Cefixime↗
PubMed2004

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae collected from patients across the USA, in 2001-2002, as part of the PROTEKT US study.

BACKGROUND: The PROTEKT US (Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin in the United States) surveillance programme was started in 2000, to chart the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae from across the USA. METHODS: In 2001-2002 (Year 2 of PROTEKT US) 242 centres from 46 states and the territory of Puerto Rico submitted a total of 10 012 S. pneumoniae, 4508 S. pyogenes and 3296 H. influenzae isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTIs). Susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted using NCCLS methodology and criteria. RESULTS: Overall, 35.4% of S. pneumoniae were non-susceptible to penicillin (14.2% intermediate, MIC 0.12-1 mg/L; 21.2% resistant, MIC > or =2 mg/L) and 27.9% were resistant to erythromycin (MIC > or =1 mg/L) (0.2% intermediate, MIC 0.5 mg/L). A total of 105 (1.0%) isolates were resistant to levofloxacin (MIC > or =8 mg/L). More than 99.2% of isolates were susceptible to telithromycin (MIC < or =1 mg/L) irrespective of penicillin and/or erythromycin resistance. All S. pyogenes isolates were susceptible to penicillin (MIC < or =0.12 mg/L) and 5.7% were resistant to erythromycin (MIC > or =1 mg/L) (0.3% intermediate, MIC 0.5 mg/L). The MIC90 of telithromycin for S. pyogenes was 0.03 mg/L. A total of 27.5% of H. influenzae isolates were beta-lactamase producers. Overall, 27.8% were resistant (MIC > or =4 mg/L) and 1.1% were intermediate to ampicillin (MIC 2 mg/L). A total of 96.3% of H. influenzae isolates were susceptible to telithromycin (MIC < or =4 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a problem in the USA. The ketolide telithromycin continues to show high activity against common CARTI pathogens, including those resistant to beta-lactams and macrolides.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1983

Antibiotic sensitivity of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Branhamella catarrhalis isolated from upper respiratory tract infections in Sweden.

Isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Branhamella catarrhalis were collected from five laboratories in different geographical areas in Sweden. Nine hundred and fortyfour strains were tested by the agar dilution method for susceptibility to seven oral antibiotics: phenoximethylpenicillin, ampicillin, cefaclor, erythromycin, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol. The H. influenzae and B. catarrhalis strains were also tested for beta-lactamase production. Of the H. influenzae strains, 8% were beta-lactamase-producing, while 35% of B. catarrhalis strains produced beta-lactamase. The latter value is higher than has earlier been reported in Sweden. Five S. pneumoniae strains showed decreased sensitivity to penicillin, and 9.5% of the S. pneumoniae strains showed a decreased sensitivity to one or more of the seven antibiotics tested. The S. pyogenes strains were sensitive to all the antibiotics tested with the exception of 4% of the strains, which showed a decreased sensitivity to doxycycline.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Genetic relationships between clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus mitis: characterization of "Atypical" pneumococci and organisms allied to S. mitis harboring S. pneumoniae virulence factor-encoding genes.

The oral streptococcal group (mitis phylogenetic group) currently consists of nine recognized species, although the group has been traditionally difficult to classify, with frequent changes in nomenclature over the years. The pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae), an important human pathogen, is traditionally distinguished from the most closely related oral streptococcal species Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis on the basis of three differentiating characteristics: optochin susceptibility, bile solubility, and agglutination with antipneumococcal polysaccharide capsule antibodies. However, there are many reports in the literature of pneumococci lacking one or more of these defining characteristics. Sometimes called "atypical" pneumococci, these isolates can be the source of considerable confusion in the clinical laboratory. Little is known to date about the genetic relationships of such organisms with classical S. pneumoniae isolates. Here we describe these relationships based on sequence analysis of housekeeping genes in comparison with previously characterized isolates of S. pneumoniae, S. mitis, and S. oralis. While most pneumococci were found to represent a closely related group these studies identified a subgroup of atypical pneumococcal isolates (bile insoluble and/or "acapsular") distinct from, though most closely related to, the "typical" pneumococcal isolates. However, a large proportion of isolates, found to be atypical on the basis of capsule reaction alone, did group with typical pneumococci, suggesting that they have either lost capsule production or represent as-yet-unrecognized capsular types. In contrast to typical S. pneumoniae, isolates phenotypically identified as S. mitis and S. oralis, which included isolates previously characterized in taxonomic studies, were genetically diverse. While most of the S. oralis isolates did fall into a well-separated group, S. mitis isolates did not cluster into a well-separated group. During the course of these studies we also identified a number of potentially important pathogenic isolates, which were frequently associated with respiratory disease, that phenotypically and genetically are most closely related to S. mitis but which harbor genes encoding the virulence determinants pneumolysin and autolysin classically associated with S. pneumoniae.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1986

A survey of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Salmonella spp., Bordetella bronchiseptica and Sendai virus in guinea pig colonies in Japan.

S. pneumoniae, S. zooepidemicus, Salmonella spp., B. bronchiseptica and Sendai virus were examined in a total of 45 guinea pig colonies (17 institutional and 28 breeder's colonies) of Hartley strain, and found to be positive in 6, 3, 5, 20 and 14 colonies, respectively. Sendai virus was highly prevalent among guinea pigs, showing so high rates positive as 80 to 100% of animals obtained from 11 of the 14 contaminated colonies. B. bronchiseptica was also shown to be prevalent within contaminated colonies by indication of rates positive more than 40% of animals examined in 14 of the 20 colonies. Infection rates of other 3 pathogens, however, ranged from lower than 20% to higher than 80% according to colonies. All strains of Salmonella isolated in this survey were identified as S. typhimurium and those of S. pneumoniae as serotype 19F.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Risk factors and course of illness among children with invasive penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Streptococcus pneumoniae Working Group.

OBJECTIVES: To assess differences in risk factors, clinical presentation, and course of illness between children infected with penicillin-sensitive and drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP). DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study conducted in Uruguay and Argentina using information from a hospital-based surveillance system. Hospitalized children 5 years of age and younger who had S pneumoniae isolated from a normally sterile site between June 1993 and October 1996 were eligible. Hospital records were linked with surveillance data. Both stratified univariate analysis and logistic regression was completed. RESULTS: Of the 380 children eligible for the study, 274 records (72%) were available for review. Ninety-nine children (36%) had DRSP; 46 showed intermediate susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.12-1.0 microg/mL) and 53 showed high-level resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration >/=2.0 microg/mL). Children with meningitis were less likely to have DRSP than those with other forms of invasive disease (relative risk = 0. 5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-0.9). Risk factors associated with DRSP were use of penicillin or ampicillin in the 3 months before illness (odds ratio = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5-5.7) and possession of private medical coverage (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2-5.0). Response to therapy, including response to penicillin or ampicillin among children with nonmeningeal invasive disease, course of illness, and clinical outcome did not differ significantly between children infected with penicillin-susceptible or penicillin-resistant isolates. CONCLUSION: In this study, previous use of penicillin or ampicillin and private medical coverage were associated with having DRSP. Children with nonmeningeal invasive disease responded equally well to penicillin regardless of the penicillin susceptibility of their pneumococcal isolate.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed2006

[Two cases of pelviperitonitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae].

Streptococcus pneumoniae is known to be a common component of the indigenous flora of the oropharynx. Pneumococci are most notable for their role in causing otitis, sinusitis, meningitis, and inflammation of the respiratory tract. Meanwhile, Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrate a wide potential of virulence and they have been isolated from various clinical specimens, for example, in arthritis. This paper describes two cases of pneumococci being found in pelviperitonitis. A Streptococcus pneumoniae strain was found to be sensitive to ampicillin, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, oxacillin, trimethyl/sulfa.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effect of dietary fish oil on survival after infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae or Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Dietary fish oil is believed to have a beneficial effect in various infections and in autoimmune disorders. This effect may correspond to an altered immune response. In order to discover whether the effect of dietary fish oil is different in various infections, we studied the survival of mice fed fish oil or corn oil supplemented diets and infected in the lungs with either Klebsiella pneumoniae or Streptococcus pneumoniae. 120 NMRI mice were divided into 4 groups, of which 2 groups were fed a fish oil supplemented diet and 2 a corn oil supplemented diet. After 6 weeks the mice were infected in the lungs with Klebsiella pneumoniae (fish oil groups and corn oil groups) or with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 (both groups). The survival rate was monitored. The experiment was performed twice. The survival of the mice fed fish oil enriched diet and infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae was significantly better compared with the mice fed corn oil enriched diet (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0013). No difference was found between the mice fed corn oil enriched diet or fish oil enriched diet and infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 (p = 0.74 and p = 0.15). Our results indicate that dietary fish oil has a beneficial effect on survival of mice after experimental pneumoniae when infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae, but not after infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia. During the past decade, the prevalence of penicillin resistance in S pneumoniae has increased dramatically, with resistance rates approaching 45% in some areas of the United States. Streptococcus pneumoniae has also acquired resistance to other commonly used antimicrobials, including cephalosporins, macrolides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. While vancomycin and the newer quinolones are currently highly active against most strains of S pneumoniae, reduced susceptibilities to these agents have been identified in some strains. Prior use of antimicrobial agents is the major risk factor for colonization and infection with antibiotic-resistant strains. beta-Lactam antibiotics remain the treatment of choice for infections caused by susceptible S pneumoniae. The optimum therapy for penicillin-resistant strains remains unclear. Appropriate empirical therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia depends in part on the community-specific resistance patterns of S pneumoniae to various antibiotics. In this article, we provide an overview of the development of S pneumoniae resistance to commonly used antibiotics and discuss the implications of the development of resistance on treatment decisions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Clinical implications and treatment of multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading bacterial cause of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Prior to the 1970s this pathogen was uniformly susceptible to penicillin and most other antimicrobials. However, since the 1990s there has been a significant increase in drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) due, in large part, to increased use of antimicrobials. The clinical significance of this resistance is not definitely established, but appears to be most relevant to specific MICs for specific antimicrobials. Certain beta-lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone), the respiratory fluoroquinolones, and telithromycin are among several agents that remain effective against DRSP. Continued surveillance studies, appropriate antimicrobial usage campaigns, stratification of patients based on known risk factors for resistance, and vaccination programmes are needed to appropriately manage DRSP and limit its spread.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1998

[Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae].

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common pathogen in children that in recent years has shown a progressive rise in resistance to the usual antibiotics and also to the new third generation cephalosporins. We report a review of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated at our hospital from pediatrics patients in whom we observed an increased incidence of resistance to cefotaxime significantly related with the rise in resistance to penicillin. The resistance of penicillin-resistant strains to various antibiotics was analyzed and the following results were obtained: cefotaxime, 0% susceptible, 83% intermediate and 17% resistant; erythromycin, 16,7% susceptible, 8,3& intermediate and 75% resistant; vancomycin, 100% susceptible; chloramfenicol, 16,7% susceptible and 83,3% resistant; and cotrimoxazole, 100% resistant.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase gene of trimethoprim-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates resistant to several antimicrobial agent classes including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole have been reported with increasing frequency throughout the world. The MICs of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1:19) for 259 clinical isolates from South Africa were determined, and 166 of these 259 (64%) isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (MICs > or =20 mg/liter). Trimethoprim resistance was found to be more strongly correlated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance (correlation coefficient, 0.744) than was sulfamethoxazole resistance (correlation coefficient, 0.441). The dihydrofolate reductase genes from 11 trimethoprim-resistant (MICs, 64 to 512 microg/ml) clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were amplified by PCR, and the nucleotide sequences were determined. Two main groups of mutations to the dihydrofolate reductase gene were found. Both groups shared six amino acid changes (Glu20-Asp, Pro70-Ser, Gln81-His, Asp92-Ala, Ile100-Leu, and Leu135-Phe). The first group included two extra changes (Lys60-Gln and Pro111-Ser), and the second group was characterized by six additional amino acid changes (Glu14-Asp, Ile74-Leu, Gln91-His, Glu94-Asp, Phe147-Ser, and Ala149-Thr). Chromosomal DNA from resistant isolates and cloned PCR products of the genes encoding resistant dihydrofolate reductases were capable of transforming a susceptible strain of S. pneumoniae to trimethoprim resistance. The inhibitor profiles of recombinant dihydrofolate reductase from resistant and susceptible isolates revealed that the dihydrofolate reductase from trimethoprim-resistant isolates was 50-fold more resistant (50% inhibitory doses [ID50s], 3.9 to 7.3 microM) than that from susceptible strains (ID50s, 0.15 microM). Site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that one mutation, Ile100-Leu, resulted in a 50-fold increase in the ID50 of trimethoprim. The resistant dihydrofolate reductases were characterized by highly conserved redundant changes in the nucleotide sequence, suggesting that the genes encoding resistant dihydrofolate reductases may have evolved as a result of inter- or intraspecies recombination by transformation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗