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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Streptobacillus moniliformis--a zoonotic pathogen. Taxonomic considerations, host species, diagnosis, therapy, geographical distribution.

Streptobacillus moniliformis (Sm), the causative agent of rat-bite fever and Haverhill fever in man, is also a pathogen in certain laboratory and domestic animals. With the introduction of modern maintenance systems, this microorganism seemed to be eradicated from laboratory animal units, but recent reports of Streptobacillus moniliformis (Sm) in colonies of laboratory rodents give evidence that this 'forgotten' bacterium can still be found even behind hygienic barrier systems. Although various national and international recommendations on microbiological screening include Sm, attempts to screen might fail because of insufficient knowledge about this remarkable bacterium. This article highlights these problems. As there is no recent review of Streptobacillus moniliformis, present knowledge of this zoonotic agent is summarized to include: description of the bacterium, its taxonomic position, host spectrum and clinical importance for animals and man, cultivation, diagnosis, antibiotic therapy, risk to laboratory personnel (occupational hazard) and geographical distribution.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Streptobacillus moniliformis endocarditis. Apropos of 2 cases].

The authors report two cases of endocarditis secondary to Streptobacillus moniliformis. A 41 year-old man, bitten by a rat, is hospitalized 5 weeks later for an endocarditis demonstrated by echocardiography, with massive aortic escape and hemodynamic failure requiring emergency valve replacement: after a favorable course, the patient dies suddenly 4 months later. A 63 year-old woman is admitted for a septicemic syndrome with sterno-clavicular arthritis which occurred 10 days after a rat bite; followed by a transient ischemic cerebral vascular accident; echocardiogram shows a clubshaped bulge of the distal end of the large mitral valve; the course is uneventful under antibiotherapy. In both cases, blood cultures isolate a Streptobacillus moniliformis. Infections secondary to Streptobacillus moniliformis are rare; this Gram negative bacillus, saprophyte of the rat's rhinopharynx, is transmitted to man, most of the time, by bite, and this causes a septicemia, the evolution of which is usually favorable. Complications, especially endocarditis, are exceptionally rare: only 12 cases are found in the world's literature. The evolution is always fatal in the absence of treatment which must include the association penicillin-aminoside. Prophylaxis of this disease is provided by penicillin antibiotherapy which should be systematic after a rodent's bite.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Streptobacillus moniliformis infection: 2 cases and a literature review.

Two cases of Streptobacillus moniliformis infection are reported in farmers bitten by rats during their work. One patient had a subcutaneous abscess requiring surgical treatment and the other streptobacillary rat bite fever. Streptobacillus moniliformis was isolated from pus and blood, respectively. An erythromycin course failed to eradicate the infection in the first patient. Both patients were successfully treated with penicillin.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Fatal Streptobacillus moniliformis infection in a two-month-old infant.

Streptobacillus moniliformis is an uncommon human pathogen contracted from exposure to rodents. It usually produces a mild, protracted illness (rat-bite fever, Haverhill fever, erythema arthriticum epidemicum) that has either a favorable response to antibiotic therapy or spontaneously resolves. This report describes a fatal case of Streptobacillus moniliformis in an infant bitten by a wild rat. The autopsy findings included an interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous endocarditis, mild mononuclear meningitis, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, erythrophagocytosis, and sinusoidal mononuclear cell infiltrates in regional lymph nodes and the liver. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the autopsy pathology findings of this agent.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1991

Isolation of Streptobacillus moniliformis from the middle ear of rats.

Streptobacillus moniliformis was isolated from the middle ear of 9 of 16 rats used for otological studies. Examination of rat sera for the presence of anti-Streptobacillus moniliformis antibodies using an ELISA technique resulted in 15 seropositive animals. The source of the S. moniliformis infection was not determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Streptobacillus actinoides (Bacillus actinoides): isolation from pneumonic lungs of calves and pathogenicity studies in gnotobiotic calves.

Pneumonic lungs of 56 calves were examined and 12 (21 per cent) of them yielded Streptobacillus moniliformis-like organisms. These organisms resembled those previously described as Bacillus actinoides or Actinobacillus actinoides. After intratracheal inoculation of cultures of two strains of these organisms, pneumonic consolidation developed in five out of six gnotobiotic calves and involved up to 16 per cent of the lung surface. Histological lesions of interstitial pneumonia were observed in the lungs of all six calves. Swellings at the site of the infection followed intradermal and subcutaneous inoculation of cultures of all strains in calves. Mice showed no signs of illness following intraperitoneal injection of three stains. The bacteriological findings suggested that a more appropriate name for these organisms would be Streptobacillus actinoides.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brain abscess due to Streptobacillus moniliformis and Actinobacterium meyerii.

This paper deals with a case of brain abscess due to Streptobacillus moniliformis (the cause of the streptobacillary type of rat-bite fever) and Actinobacterium meyerii. Brain abscesses due to these micro-organisms are rare. The possible causative mechanisms in this particular case and the diagnostic and therapeutic management of brain abscesses in general are discussed.

Actinomycosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Streptobacillus moniliformis endocarditis in an HIV-positive patient.

Streptobacillus moniliformis is the causative agent of rat bite fever, with endocarditis being a rare but well-documented complication. We report the case of an HIV-positive man who acquired S. moniliformis endocarditis through a rat bite. No predisposing cardiac lesion was known. He was treated with ceftriaxone 2 g/day i.v. for 3 weeks, gentamicin 120 mg/day i.v. for 2 weeks and penicillin 24x10(6) units/day for 1 week. At the end of the antibiotic therapy he suffered a generalized Candida albicans infection, which was treated with fluconazole for 1 week. He was subsequently discharged in a satisfactory condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Streptobacillus moniliformis isolated from blood in four cases of Haverhill fever.

During February, 1983, an outbreak of an unusual febrile illness occurred in over 130 children attending a boarding school in Chelmsford, Essex. The clinical features included fever, an erythematous rash that was most prominent on the hands and feet, arthralgia, and the subsequent development of a sore throat. The nature and distribution of the rash varied considerably between patients and at different stages of illness. At first a viral aetiology was regarded as most likely. When Streptobacillus moniliformis was later isolated from the blood of 4 of the patients with moderately severe illnesses it became apparent that an outbreak of Haverhill fever had occurred at this school. The most probable source of the outbreak was raw milk, since all 4 patients had consumed raw milk at the school shortly before the onset of symptoms and there was no evidence of person-to-person spread of infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Outbreak of fever caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis.

A large outbreak of streptobacillary fever, confirmed by the isolation of Streptobacillus moniliformis from blood culture, affected 304 people, 43% of the total population of 700 in a boarding school. Raw milk initially appeared to be the vehicle of infection, but detailed epidemiological investigation showed significant statistical associations between the development of illness and the consumption of both milk and water. Further analysis showed that the association with water was independent of that with milk and that water was therefore more likely to have been the vehicle of infection. Opportunity for contamination of water by rats existed, although contamination was not confirmed by the isolation of S moniliformis from either rats or the water supply.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Streptobacillus moniliformis endocarditis: case report and review.

A 46-year-old man with rat-bite fever due to Streptobacillus moniliformis that was complicated by endocarditis is reported. Other unusual features of this case include septic arthritis with prominent involvement of the sternoclavicular joint and the absence of a rash. Sixteen cases of streptobacillary endocarditis have previously been described. This condition occurs most often in the setting of previously damaged heart valves, usually as a result of rheumatic heart disease. Echocardiography demonstrated valvular vegetations in two of the four cases in which it was performed. Embolic phenomena are rare, and therapy with adequate doses of penicillin is usually curative.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Isolation of presumptive Streptobacillus moniliformis from abscesses associated with the female genital tract.

We report three cases in which Streptobacillus moniliformis was isolated from abscesses. Abscess material in each case contained small, pleomorphic, gram-negative to gram-variable bacilli. Anaerobic blood agar cultures yielded pinpoint colonies adjacent to small gray-white colonies. The pinpoint colonies did not gram stain, and the gray-white colonies varied from gram-variable coccobacilli to long, curly, gram-variable rods. The pinpoint colonies microscopically resembled L-forms on Dienes-stained agar preparation. Subculture to serum-supplemented thioglycolate broth demonstrated "puff ball" colonies. Fatty acid profiles obtained with use of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry showed major peaks for C16:0, C18:2, C18:1, and C18:0 fatty acids, a profile characteristic of S. moniliformis. Results of biochemical testing of each isolate were equivocal. S. moniliformis, bacterial L-forms, and common isolates from genital tract abscesses are discussed.

Abscess↗
PubMed1980

Amnionitis with intact amniotic membranes involving Streptobacillus moniliformis.

A 23-year-old black woman was admitted to the hospital in premature labor with intact amniotic membranes. The patient was afebrile and did not have any obvious signs of infection. Gram stain of the amniotic fluid, obtained via transabdominal amniocentesis, revealed the presence of gram-negative rods. The bacterium was identified as Streptobacillus moniliformis, the agent of rat-bite fever.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of media with and without 'Panmede' for the isolation of Streptobacillus moniliformis from blood cultures and observations on the inhibitory effect of sodium polyanethol sulphonate.

Fastidious anaerobe broth and brain-heart infusion cysteine broth supplemented with 'Panmede' (a papain digest of ox liver) 2.5% supported the recovery of five Streptobacillus moniliformis strains from simulated blood cultures. Other media tested in parallel--brain heart infusion cysteine broth without 'Panmede' and Brewer's thioglycollate broth--were unreliable. Sodium polyanethol sulphonate (Liquoid) 0.05%, inhibited five isolates of S. moniliformis, including isolates from patients with Haverhill Fever. Occasionally, Liquoid 0.025% was also inhibitory and a heavy inoculum of one strain, NCTC11194, was completely inhibited by Liquoid 0.012% in simulated nutrient-broth blood cultures. These results suggest that the choice of media included in each blood-culture set is critical for the optimal isolation of S. moniliformis. Brain-heart infusion cysteine broth supplemented with 'Panmede', or commercially available fastidious anaerobe broth, without Liquoid, is recommended.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1986

Characterisation and antibiotic susceptibilities of Streptobacillus moniliformis.

The characteristics of seven strains of Streptobacillus moniliformis, including four isolates from a recent outbreak of Haverhill fever, are reported. Acid production from carbohydrates was uniform apart from variable reactions with mannose and salicin. Enzymatic reactions determined by the API ZYM system and fatty-acid profiles were generally consistent and may be of value in the rapid identification of S. moniliformis. Penicillin was the most active of the antibiotics tested in vitro, which supports its use as the drug of choice in the treatment of Haverhill fever.

Acids↗
PubMed1987

Numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns of Streptobacillus moniliformis strains from human, murine and avian infections.

A total of 31 cultures representing 22 different strains of Streptobacillus moniliformis has been characterised by unidimensional SDS-PAGE of cell proteins. The isolates were from sporadic and outbreak cases of human infection in the USA, UK and France, as well as mouse, turkey and rat isolates from various countries. The protein patterns, which contained 40-50 discrete bands, were highly reproducible and were used as the basis for a numerical analysis. Three clusters were obtained at the 86% similarity (S) level and these were further divided to give a total of seven clusters at the 90% S level. S. moniliformis strains, irrespective of the original host or geographical location of isolation, had a characteristic protein profile that enabled them to be easily distinguished from allied unclassifiable organisms. The analysis showed that Haverhill fever strains can be clearly distinguished from rat-bite fever strains. Protein-band differences amongst the latter strains corresponded with different geographical locations. We conclude that high resolution PAGE combined with computerised analysis of protein profiles provides the basis for typing clinical isolates of S. moniliformis. Seven PAGE types were identified and reference strains for each have been designated as a basis for future studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Polyarthritis in wild mice (Mus musculus) caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis.

Mice trapped on farms in south-eastern Queensland had chronic abscessating osteoarthritides mainly involving the carpi and tarsi. Pleomorphic bacteria were shown by silver staining to be plentiful within lesions. Streptobacillus moniliformis was isolated from the joints, and streptobacillary polyarthritis was diagnosed. Other lesions observed included subcutaneous and hepatic abscesses.

Abscess↗
PubMed1981

Clinical microbiological, and histological manifestations of Streptobacillus moniliformis-induced arthritis in mice.

Intravenous inoculation of Streptobacillus moniliformis into mice resulted in an infection in which the predominant feature was progressive polyarthritis that rendered some joints immobile within 6 months. No migration of arthritis from joint to joint or remission and exacerbation were apparent. Viable organisms were apparently removed by the host from blood, liver, and spleen within 28 days post inoculation but persisted in joints for approximately 6 months in some animals. Specific antibody was detectable by complement fixation 7 days post-inoculation and persisted throughout the course of the disease. The inflammatory responses, which was initiated by the appearance of neutrophils in the joint space within 24 h of inoculation, culminated in obliteration of the joint space by fibrosis and exostosis.

Animals↗