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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of intercondylar notchplasty on the normal canine stifle.

This study evaluated the effect of notchplasty (enlargement of the intercondylar fossa) in stable and unstable canine stifles. Bilateral notchplasty and unilateral cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) transection were performed in 6 dogs. Exercise, consisting of walking 1.5 miles three times a week, began 1 month after surgery and continued until euthanasia 6 months after surgery. Evaluation methods included orthopedic examination, serial radiographs, thin section radiography, histopathology, and gross pathology. Notchplasty in the stable stifle did not cause lameness beyond 3 weeks, joint instability, or degenerative joint disease. In the stable stifle, smooth resurfacing of the notchplasty site with fibrous and osseous tissue occurred. Stifles with notchplasty and CrCL transection exhibited persistent lameness, instability, and degenerative joint disease. In CrCL deficient stifles osteophytes formed within the notchplasty site, resulting in a rough surface. Our observations indicated significant refilling in notchplasties of both stable and unstable stifles (P < .05). However, the intercondylar fossa (ICF) width 6 months after notchplasty was significantly smaller in unstable stifles compared with stable stifles (P < .05) indicating that greater refilling of the notchplasties occurred in the unstable stifles. In clinical cases, notchplasty should be larger than the desired final result to accomodate the partial refilling that occurs even in stable stifles.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Radiographic measurement of craniocaudal instability in stifle joints of clinically normal dogs and dogs with injury of a cranial cruciate ligament.

OBJECTIVE: To determine craniocaudal laxity of the stifle joint of dogs when joints were positioned in tibial compression or neutral position. SAMPLE POPULATION: 19 normal stifle joints in 10 clinically normal dogs, 29 stifle joints with varying injury to the cranial cruciate ligament (10 complete ruptures alone, 10 complete ruptures with concomitant damage to the medial meniscus, 6 partial ruptures alone, and 3 partial ruptures with concomitant meniscal tearing), and 19 unaffected contralateral stifle joints in those 29 dogs. PROCEDURE: Relative displacement of bony landmarks was measured on paired lateral radiographs (neutral and tibial compression positions). Two measuring techniques were customized for use in dogs. RESULTS: The first technique failed to distinguish results in normal stifle joints from those in stifle joints with partial deficiency of cranial cruciate ligaments. Significant differences were found for joints with complete rupture, compared with stifle joints in clinically normal dogs. The second technique detected differences between normal stifle joints and injured joints with partial or complete rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. Significant differences were not detected between joints with partial versus complete rupture. Adjusting data to account for size of dog did not improve results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A wide range in measurements of laxity was found for stifle joints with intact cranial cruciate ligaments. Differences in degree of damage to the ligament and medial meniscus cannot be deduced from the amount of relative displacement measured on radiographs. Pathologic changes to the cranial cruciate ligament will not necessarily induce detectable changes in laxity of stifle joints in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Rehabilitation of dogs with surgically treated cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifles by use of electrical stimulation of muscles.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effect of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on rate and degree of return to function of the limb and development of degenerative joint disease (DJD) after surgical creation and subsequent stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle. ANIMALS: 12 clinically normal adult large (19.5 to 31.5 kg) dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were anesthetized, and the right CrCL was severed via arthrotomy, destabilizing the stifle. After 3 weeks, the stifle was surgically stabilized. Three weeks later, 6 dogs were subjected to an EMS treatment protocol for the thigh muscles. At 5, 9, 13, and 19 weeks after stifle destabilization, treated (n = 6) and control (n = 6) dogs were evaluated for return of stifle function. Gross and histologic evaluations of the stifles were performed at 19 weeks after stifle destabilization. RESULTS: Treated dogs had significantly (P = 0.001) better lameness score than did control dogs. There was less palpable crepitation of the stifle in treated dogs (P = 0.06); treated dogs also had significantly (P = 0.01) fewer radiographic signs of bone changes. Thigh circumference was significantly (P = 0.02) larger in treated dogs. There was less gross cartilage damage (P = 0.07) in the EMS-treated dogs, but more medial meniscal damage (P = 0.058, cranial pole; P = 0.051, caudal pole). CONCLUSIONS: Improved lameness scores, larger thigh circumference, and decreased radiographically apparent bony changes observed for the treated group of dogs support the hypothesis that dogs treated by EMS after surgical stabilization of the CrCL-deficient stifle had improved limb function, with less DJD, than did dogs treated with the currently accepted clinical protocol of cage rest and slow return to normal activity. However, results of force plate evaluation did not support the hypothesis. Increased meniscal damage in dogs treated by EMS may be cause for concern.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Anatomical and functional communications between the synovial sacs of the equine stifle joint.

The anatomical and functional communications of the synovial sacs of the equine stifle joint were evaluated in 50 stifle joints of 25 horses. Femoropatellar joint (FPJ) sacs were injected with 50 ml of gelatin-based dye and horses were then walked for 50 m. Horses were subsequently killed, the stifle joints dissected and the location of the dye recorded. Twenty-three horses (46 joints) had clinically normal stifle joints and in this group, anatomical communications of the stifle joints were bilaterally symmetrical in each horse. In 15 of these 23 horses (65 per cent), direct anatomical communication between the FPJ sac and the medial sac of the femorotibial joint (FTJ) was demonstrated. The FPJ sac communicated with both the medial and lateral sacs of the FTJ in four of these 23 horses (17.5 per cent). There were no anatomical communications between the FPJ sac and either sac of the FTJ in the remaining four horses (17.5 per cent). Functional communication, which was established by finding dye in the FTJ sacs were anatomical communication with the FPJ sac existed, was demonstrated in 14 of 19 horses (74 per cent). Two horses were affected with degenerative joint disease of one stifle joint. In both of these joints the FPJ sac communicated with both the medial and lateral FTJ sacs. This distribution was different from that of the contralateral joint. When performing intra-articular anaesthesia of equine stifle joints, each synovial sac needs to be injected separately to ensure that anaesthesia of the appropriate synovial sac is obtained.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The surgical anatomy of the stifle joint in sheep.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a detailed description of the surgical anatomy of the stifle joint in sheep. STUDY DESIGN: The results from analysis of cadaveric dissections (14 stifle joints) and stifle radiographs (8 sets of mediolateral and craniocaudal radiographs) are presented. ANIMALS: Skeletally mature ewes of mixed breeds. CONCLUSIONS: Although the anatomy of the ovine stifle joint is similar to that of the human knee joint, a number of unique features were identified. These included the presence of the tendon of the m. extensor digitorum longus on the craniolateral aspect of the stifle joint, the absence of a cranial meniscofemoral ligament (ligament of Humphrey) in the caudal joint space, and attachment of the patellar tendon to the cranial pole of the patella (rather than to the distal pole, as in humans). The implications of these differences are discussed with reference to the suitability of the ovine stifle as a surgical model for the human knee joint.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of the instantaneous centers of rotation of the stifle before and after repair of torn cruciate ligament by use of the over-the-top technique in dogs.

Seven dogs with torn cruciate ligament were used to evaluate the "over-the-top" repair procedure, using instantaneous center of rotation (ICR). Normal and cruciate-torn stifles of dogs were radiographed before surgery, using an image intensifier videotape system. The injured stifle was reradiographed 6 weeks after surgery. Images of the stifles were photographed from video monitor. Photographs were analyzed by a digitizer hooked to a computer to find the ICR at various angles. Data were analyzed, using multivariate analysis of variance. Relative to those of normal stifles, ICR of the damaged stifles were located significantly (P less than 0.05) proximal and caudal. After surgery, the ICR were still proximal and caudal, but not significantly so. We conclude that the cruciate-torn stifle deviates significantly from normal and that such deviation is restored to normal limits by use of the over-the-top procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Three-dimensional kinematics of the intact and cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle of dogs.

Joint motion was measured for the intact and cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)-deficient stifle in five large dogs using an instrumental spatial linkage and radiophotogrammetry. The linkage was directly attached to the bones using modified bone plates. Motion data were presented in terms of a clinical coordinate system. Stifle kinematics were highly reproducible for a given dog. For intact stifle kinematics, the swing phase included flexion-extension, internal-external rotation and abduction-adduction, while stance-phase kinematics included only flexion-extension. Loss of the CCL altered joint kinematics over the entire gait cycle. At the swing-stance transition, the CCL-deficient stifle demonstrated an abrupt cranial subluxation of the tibia which was sustained throughout stance. At the beginning of the swing phase the CCL-deficient joint returned to the cranial-caudal alignment seen in the intact joint. The dog's stifle was shown to be CCL-dependent during stance. The dog compensated for CCL loss by reducing the external limb load and by carrying the limb in greater flexion throughout the gait cycle, but was unable to prevent joint subluxation during stance. Stifle kinematics are greatly altered following CCL loss. It is the repetitive, mechanical, dynamic subluxation in a CCL-deficient joint which may be the cause of joint degeneration.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low-field magnetic resonance imaging of the canine stifle joint: normal anatomy.

Low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on the stifle joints of four normal adult mongrel dogs using a 0.064 Tesla scanner. Markers were placed on each stifle joint to serve as reference points for comparing gross sections with the images. A T1-weighted sequence was used to image one stifle joint on each dog in the sagittal plane and the other stifle joint in the dorsal plane. The dogs were euthanized immediately following MRI and the stifle joints frozen intact. Each stifle joint was then embedded in paraffin, again frozen, and sectioned using the markers as reference points. On T1-weighted images, synovial fluid had low signal intensity (dark) compared to the infrapatellar fat pad which had a high signal intensity (bright). Articular cartilage was visualized as an intermediate bright signal and was separated from trabecular bone by a dark line representing subchondral bone. Menisci, fibrous joint capsule, and ligamentous structures appeared dark. In the true sagittal plane, the entire caudal cruciate ligament was often seen within one image slice. The patella was visualized as an intermediate bright signal (trabecular bone) surrounded by a low intensity signal (cortical bone). The trochlea and the intercondylar notch were difficult areas to analyze due to signal volume averaging of the curved surface of these areas and the presence of several types of tissues.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A retrospective evaluation of stifle osteoarthritis in dogs with bilateral medial patellar luxation and unilateral surgical repair.

The effects of surgical and nonsurgical therapy on the development of osteoarthritis were compared in 12 dogs with bilateral medial patellar luxation and unilateral surgical repair. Evaluations included severity of lameness and patellar luxation, ligamentous stability, range of motion, and radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis before surgery and at a mean of 33 months after surgery. Stifles without surgical treatment served as controls for the contralateral stifles with surgery. All stifles treated surgically had reduced patellofemoral joints, normal range of motion, and improved limb use. Osteoarthritis progressed significantly and comparably in both groups of stifles. Progression of osteoarthritis was not correlated with luxation grade, body weight, or interval from surgery to follow-up. Age at surgery was correlated positively with severity of osteoarthritis in the stifles treated surgically.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Feline stifle disease.

The feline patient has an excellent prognosis for return to normal stifle function with all but the most severe knee injuries. Thorough physical and radiographic evaluation of the stifle predicts successful management of stifle injury. By understanding the mechanics of injured structures, the surgeon can integrate repair methods that maximize the chances of the stifle returning to normal function.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sonography of the canine stifle.

When diagnosing disease of the stifle in dogs ultrasonography is a good addition to clinical and radiological examination. Radiology can evaluate the bony aspects of the joint and their relationship to each other. In contrast, sonography allows visualization of the soft tissue. For most evaluations the 7.5 MHz linear scanner is suited best. Normal stifles of 58 dogs of different breeds were evaluated using a standardized examination procedure. This procedure had been derived from that used in humans. The stifle is divided into several regions which are examined and evaluated. These are the suprapatellar, infrapatellar, lateral, caudal and medial region. One hundred twenty seven patients which had problems associated with the stifle joint were examined sonographically after a clinical and radiographic exam. Osteochondrosis dissecans, ruptured cranial cruciate ligament, meniscal damage, arthritis, tumor, post surgical conditions, injuries of the patella, patellar ligament or tibial tuberosity and luxating patella were examined sonographically and the findings recorded.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Multiple ligamentous injuries of the canine stifle joint: a study of 12 cases.

Multiple ligamentous injuries of the canine stifle are uncommon. In this study, they affected mainly adult, male, working or sporting dogs and occurred secondary to severe trauma, or where chronic joint infection had weakened the supporting structures. Rupture of the cranial cruciate, caudal cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments was the most common injury observed and this occurred after catching the limb in a fence or gate. Reconstruction of the collateral and cranial cruciate ligaments, and careful repair of damaged menisci and joint capsule, was an effective method of treatment for medium- and large-size dogs. Reconstruction of the caudal cruciate ligament and postoperative limb support was not found to be essential. All dogs with subluxated stifles had good to excellent limb function with minimal loss of mid-thigh circumference or stifle joint range of motion at follow-up. Less favourable results were achieved where there was stifle joint luxation with extensive disruption to secondary joint restraints.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Stifle joint luxation in the cat: treatment using transarticular external skeletal fixation.

Extra-articular suturing techniques and transarticular external skeletal fixators were used to repair traumatic luxation of the stifle joint in four cats. Rupture of the cranial cruciate, caudal cruciate and medial collateral ligaments, together with injury to one or both menisci, were the most common injuries observed. The method of stifle repair was successful in all cases, but serious complications occurred when cats with transarticular external fixators were not kept confined indoors. Complications consisted of pin loosening and disruption of the fixator, or fractures through proximal or distal pins. Transarticular external skeletal fixation was considered to be a simple and effective method of maintaining short-term joint stability to allow healing of injured soft tissue structures. The apparatus facilitated early weightbearing and, on removal, allowed for the return of near-normal stifle function. Careful pin insertion and owner compliance in enforcing confinement are essential in minimising complications associated with immobilising the stifle joint using transarticular external skeletal fixation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mechanical comparison of materials used for extra-capsular stabilisation of the stifle joint in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The mechanical properties of three materials (No. 2 polypropylene, No. 5 polybutilate-coated multifilament polyester and 18, 27 and 36 kg test monofilament nylon leader material) commonly used for extra-capsular stabilisation of the stifle in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency were determined. The ability of No. 5 polybutilate-coated multifilament polyester and 36 kg test monofilament nylon leader material, when placed as extra-capsular sutures, to mitigate cranial drawer was evaluated in hindlimbs of cadavers. DESIGN: An in vitro mechanical study. ANIMALS: Seven pairs of hindlimbs harvested from adult greyhound dogs recently euthanased for other reasons. PROCEDURE: Samples of each material, including samples of 27 kg test leader material that had been sterilised by one of three methods (ethylene oxide, one or five cycles in an auto-clave), were loaded to determine tensile and stress relaxation properties. The effect of cyclic loading on a No. 5 polybutilate-coated multifilament polyester and 36 kg test leader material was also determined. Using the harvested hindlimbs, cranial drawer was measured before and after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament and on the first and twelfth cycle following extra-capsular stabilisation with either No. 5 polybutilate-coated multifilament suture or 36 kg test leader material. RESULTS: Leader material was found to have the most suitable mechanical characteristics for use as extracapsular stabilisation of the cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle. Of the sterilisation methods, ethylene oxide was found to have the least detrimental effects on the handling and material characteristics of the leader material. Stifles stabilised with 36 kg test leader material had significantly less drawer than those stabilised with No. 5 polybutilate-coated multifilament polyester suture. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Monofilament nylon leader material would appear to have suitable mechanical properties for extra-capsular stabilisation of the cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle. If possible the material should be sterilised using ethylene oxide.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Subchondral cystic and related lesions affecting the equine pedal bone and stifle.

Twenty-nine horses were examined over a period of 8 years and found to have cystic lesions in the stifle (14 cases) or pedal bone (15 cases). The lesions are described and illustrated with radiographs. In the stifle 12 lesions were found on the femoral condyles (11 medially and one laterally) and 10 were typical subchondral cysts. One lesion was observed in the tibia and 3 in the patella. Bone cysts wee found unilaterally in the pedal bone (14 in the forelimbs and one in the hindlimb). All but 2 of the horses with lesions in the stifle or pedal bone were lame. The only treatment was rest. For the stifle lesions, the prognosis was reasonable for young horses but poor for those over 4 years of age; for the pedal bone lesions the prognosis was guarded. Trauma is advanced as the most likely major aetiological factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Methods and errors in measurements of synovial fluid volume in stifles with low volume and high viscosity synovial fluid. An experimental study in goats.

Synovial fluid (SF) volume was calculated using various methods in the stifles of goats, in which the cranial cruciate ligament had been transected on one side. Measurements were performed prior to surgery and again 4, 8, and 18 weeks following surgery, by measuring the dilution of an injected radioactive tracer diluted by the SF. Later, 7 months following surgery, SF volume measurements using simple arthrocentesis were performed on stifles in 9 of the goats, and the SF that could not be aspirated, was calculated using 2 indirect methods simultaneously on identical fluids in 3 of these goats. SF was also collected directly during staged arthrotomy of the stifles in 4 goats. There were conflicting results between methods, but the resulting calculated SF volumes seemed to be larger in the operated stifles compared to the controls for all the methods at about the same degree. The 2 indirect methods used to calculate the fluid remaining in the joints following arthrocentesis gave disparate volume calculations. The experiments revealed sources of error in all methods. Direct methods failed to acquire the total fluid volume, and indirect methods were subject to improper mixing and escape of the injected fluid or synovial fluid or both. It was concluded that none of the methods could be used to measure the "true" volume of SF, if such a concept exists and can be defined. None of the methods were considered reliable to compare volumes in different type of joints containing this type of fluid. It was, however, concluded that all the methods gave indication of increased SF volume present on a relative basis when paired joints were compared.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Ultrasonographic examination of the stifle region in cattle--normal appearance.

The stifle region of 18 healthy cattle (14 cows, four bull calves) and the stifles of five bovine cadavers were examined using 7.5 MHz linear or convex and 5 MHz sector transducers. The normal ultrasonographic appearance of soft tissues and bony structures was studied.The homogeneously echogenic patellar and collateral ligaments, the combined tendon of the long digital extensor and peroneus tertius muscles, the popliteus tendon, the anechoic articular cartilage of the femoral trochlea, the echogenic menisci and the hyperechoic bone surfaces were imaged successfully in all cattle and cadavers. The boundaries of the joint pouches only became partially identifiable, when small amounts of anechoic fluid were present in the medial and lateral femorotibial joint pouches. After experimental filling in cadavers, the distended synovial cavities were imaged as clearly demarcated, anechoic areas. Measurement values of cross-sectional diameters of the ligaments, tendons and the popliteal lymph node, the width of normal joint pouches, where visible, and articular cartilage thickness are presented. The established results should serve as reference data for ultrasonography of bovine stifle disorders.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of immobilization on cartilage formation after periosteal grafting in the rabbit stifle.

Autogenous periosteal grafts were harvested and placed in the trochlear grooves of the stifles of 32 rabbits. Postoperative immobilization periods of 0, 7, and 14 days were compared. Grafted areas were evaluated for gross appearance, histologic morphology, attachment of cartilage to subchondral bone, cartilage depth, chondrocyte density, proteoglycan presence, collagen fiber orientation, and mitotic activity. Nonimmobilized stifles had increased gross coverage of subchondral bone, better histologic quality, increased safranin O stain uptake, and more normal collagen fiber orientation at 60 days than stifles immobilized for 7 ir 14 days. Postoperative immobilization did not affect attachment of the graft to the subchondral bone.

Animals↗