The early history of radiological physics: "a fourth state of matter".
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Beta Particles↗
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Why Japan surpasses the United States in the matter of overmedication.
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Humans↗
Experimental spongy degeneration of the white matter induced by 6-aminonicotinamide intoxication.
Spongy state and degeneration of the white matter in the 6-aminonicotinamide intoxicated rats were studied neuropathologically and electromicroscopically. Young albino rats, four weeks of age, received 0.1% of 6-aminonicotinamide solution intraperitoneally as a single dose of 10 mg/Kg of body weight. Four hours after the administration, paralysis of the hind limbs occurred in the rats. Neuropathological investigations revealed a characteristic spongy and degenerative change of white matter as well as gray matter of the central nervous system. Corpus callosum, cerebellar cortex, and optic nerves showed edematous and spongy degeneration in the early stage of the experiment. Ultrastructural changes of myelin sheath were initially seen in the vicinity of severely damaged oligodendrocytes. The vacuoles in the myelin, i.e. intramyelinic vacuoles, were formed by splitting between the innermost myelin lamellae and axon. Axons remained usually unchanged in the early stage. The pathogenesis of ultrastructural changes of the white matter in the 6-aminonicotinamide intoxication was discussed.
6-Aminonicotinamide↗
Medicare patients: geographic differences in hospital discharge rates and multiple stays.
Marked regional variations are found in patterns of use of short-stay hospitals by Medicare patients. Variations found in the rate of hospitalization, as measured by the number of discharges per 1,000 enrollees, and on the upward trend in that rate are the focus here. The data indicate that reductions in length of stay are offset by the rising number of admissions. An examination of multiple stays--a major factor in the number of discharges--shows that States with high rates of discharges have high percentages of patients with multiple stays. Furthermore, in these States the percentage of multiple stays is high, no matter what the diagnosis. In other States, the rate is low for all diagnoses. These findings suggest that options exist for the provision of care for the same or similar conditions and that geographic patterns appear in the use of those options. An urgent need exists for research to establish the variables affecting utilization and to explore ways of changing some of the patterns of delivering services.
Aged↗
Fluorescence Loss After Photoactivation (FLAPh): A Pulse-Chase Cellular Assay for Understanding Kinetics and Dynamics of Viral Inclusions.
Influenza A virus (IAV) relies on host cellular machinery for replication. Upon infection, the eight genomic segments, independently packed as viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs), are released into the cytosol before nuclear import for viral replication. After nucleocytoplasmic transport, the resulting progeny vRNPs reach the cytosol, accumulating in highly mobile and dynamic viral inclusions that display liquid properties. Being sites postulated to support IAV genome assembly, the biophysical properties of IAV inclusions may be critical for function. In agreement, imposing liquid-to-solid transitions was demonstrated to impact viral replication negatively. Therefore, screening for host factors or compounds able to alter the material properties may provide the molecular basis for how influenza genomic complex forms as well as identify novel antivirals. Conventional techniques employed to investigate biomolecular condensates' material properties include fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, raster image correlation spectroscopy, single molecule or microrheology particle tracking, and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP). These approaches allow measuring molecular dynamics in systems that do not move very much. However, the analysis of highly mobile intracellular condensates, such as IAV inclusions, poses significant challenges as these structures not only constantly move within the cell but also exchange material, fusing, and dividing, rendering the quantitation of internal rearrangements and diffusion coefficients of molecules within condensates inaccurate. As an alternative, we opted for measuring the kinetics and the exchange of material between IAV inclusions using the Fluorescence Loss After Photoactivation (FLAPh) technique. It involves pulse photoactivation of individual or pools of viral inclusions in the cell, and chasing over time in photoactivated and non-photoactivated regions. This approach is suitable for quantifying the movement and spatial distribution of components within inclusions over time, enabling the determination of both the distance and speed from a specific cellular location. As a result, this method allows the quantification of decay profiles, half-lives, decay constant rate, and mobile and immobile fractions in viral inclusions. It, therefore, enables high throughput screenings for compounds or host factors that affect this dynamism and indirectly allows assessing the material properties of IAV inclusions.
Humans↗
The Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale and the Hamilton Depression Scale.
In a study of 18 patients with manic symptomatology and 31 patients with melancholic symptomatology the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale (BRMS) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS) have been compared. The results showed that the inter-observer reliability of the BRMS was adequate compared with the HDS. Both scales are constructed for assessing the severity of manic or melancholic states, and no difference was found in the total BRMS or HDS score between the various diagnostic groups, when the patients were classified by an index of the course and symptomatology otive disorder, using the Multi-axial Classificetion System for Affective Disorders (MULTI-CLAD). The homogeneity of the BRMS seemed more adequate than that of the HDS, when each item was correlated to the corresponding total score. Although the homogeneity of the BRMS needs to be evaluated by other statistical models than correlation analysis, our results seem to indicate that the improvement in assessing manic-melancholic states quantitatively is a matter of redefining items or incorporating new items in the melancholic rather than the manic part of these rating scales.
Adult↗
Phagocytosis. Clinical disorders of recognition and ingestion.
Tentative conclusions concerning the role of recognition and ingestion of microorganisms by phagocytes in host defense and the consequences of disorders of phagocytosis can be derived by correlating a) knowledge about recognition and ingestion derived from studies in vitro, b) investigations of the clearance of particulate matter from the circulation of animals and man, and c) analyses of the behavior of phagocytes in patients susceptible to recurrent pyogenic infections. Deficiency of the major serum recognition-conferring (immunoglobulins and complement proteins that deposit a fragment of C3 on microbes) prevents the optimal clearance of virulent encapsulated pathogens by fixed mononuclear phagocytes. Confrontation of phagocytes with particulate matter appearing in pathologic states (viruses, immune complexes, damaged erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies) diverts them from their normal task of clearing opsonized encapsulated microorganisms. Corticosteroids impair the phagocytic capacity by an unknown mechanism. Major impediments to progress in this field are inadequate assays for phagocytosis and the difficulty in measuring phagocytosis in the intact organism.
Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
[Effect of plant residues on the parasitic activity of soilborne pathogens and the saprophytic microflora of the soil. III. Influence of rye and rape grown as winter catch crop on the incidence of Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron (author's transl)].
In a five-years field trial, the influence of two winter catchcrops, rye and rape, upon the incidence of Cercosporella herpotrichoides has been studied. The winter catch-crops had been repeated three times, followed either by stubble-crop or without in fall of the fourth year. The variants (blocks) had been completed by two variants without catch-crop, either carefully cultivated or overgrown with weeds. Each of the four blocks had been divided three times to be grown with three different crop sequences containing 80%, 60% (with the insusceptible corn), or 40% haulm fruit, respectively. Each of the 12 variants had been divided into two parts by continuous fallow stripe, one part being artificially infested with the pathogen in the beginning (1st winter wheat). In the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year, only spring crops were grown, followed by winter wheat in the 5th year. The final exploration resulted in a medium to heavy degree of infection, being significantly higher in the 80% cereal crop sequence than in the 60% and 40% sequences. Concerning the catch-crops, infection in the rye variants was equal or significantly lower than in the carefully cultivated variants without catch-crop. On the other hand, infection of the rape variants had become significantly higher than that of the catch-crop-free ones, about as heavily as in the weed-infested variants. From fall 1966 to summer 1969, the development of the saprophytic soil microflora and several other edaphic parameters had been investigated. Remarkable differences in intensity of disintegration have been observed under the influence of the main crops, cereals or potatoes, respectively, but no differences could be stated resulting from the matter of disintegration--residues of rye or rape--, which might interpret the contrasting effects on the pathogen. Too, no indication for antagonistic activity of bacteria or actinomycetes has been noted. The results are compared with known facts of Cercosporella and of other soil borne pathogens. The difference in biology of Cercosporella on the one hand, and of root infecting fungi on the other hand seems to be most important to explain the results obtained.
Actinomycetales↗
"Hyperfrontal" distribution of the cerebral grey matter flow in resting wakefulness; on the functional anatomy of the conscious state.
Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with the intra-arterial 133 Xenon clearance technique using a multidetector device in 11 patients undergoing carotid angiography (with normal findings). During the flow studies the patients were awake and strict resting conditions were observed. The patients did not move or speak, and sensory stimulation were kept at a minimum. It was confirmed that the distribution of the grey matter blood flow showed a hyperfrontal pattern, the flow in frontal regions being significantly (20-40%) higher than in postcentral, occipital and temporal regions. There were no technical factors or morphological features of the telencephalon which could explain this difference. It was also shown that the distribution of the white matter flow and the relative weight of the grey matter corresponded in general to hemisphere morphology. Since in normal nervous tissue the blood flow is regulated by the neuronal activity, the following interpretation is given of the main finding. The hyperfrontal flow distribution of the grey matter (cortical) flow during resting wakefulness shows that there is a high activity in frontal "efferent" (motor-behavior) regions. At the same time there is a low activity in post-central and temporal "afferent" (sensory-gnostic) cortical areas. The high frontal activity suggests that in the resting conscious state--unaccompanied by movements, speech or behavioral reactions--the brain is active with an anticipatiory "simulation of behavior". The low postcentral flow, on the other hand, may possibly be related to a global inhibition of the sensory input. Several clinical as well as general biologic arguments are forwarded to support this interpretation. It is further pointed out that the hyperfrontal distribution of the resting activity in the cerebral cortex correlates to the resting EEG, in which lower frequencies (the alpha rhythm) predominate in postcentral and temporal regions where there is a low flow/activity, and high frequencies in frontal areas where the blood flow is high. This is in agreement with the finding that the blood flow and metabolism of the brain correlate to the EEG frequency content.
Aged↗
[Therapy of traumatic brain edema with spironolactone (author's transl)].
In 30 patients with severe brain injury a double-blind study was performed. The effectiveness of the aldosterone-antagonist Aldactone pro injectione was examined in therapy of traumatic brain edema. The results indicate elimination of sodium and water from brain cells and white matter. Concomitantly faster improvement of state of consciousness was observed.
Adolescent↗
Night sleep organization in patients with severe hepatic failure. Its modifications after L-dopa treatment.
20 subjects with severe hepatic failure have been studied by means of all night polygraphic sleep recordings. Base night recordings have been made, as well as registrations after treatment with drugs that are known to improve the clinical conditions of these patients, especially concerning the psychic performances. Base night recordings show sleep disruption, with a large amount of wakefulness at the beginning of the registrations and during the night itself; sleep stages are strongly reduced, especially REM sleep. After L-dopa treatment, these negative patterns are furthermore enhanced and the percentage incidence of the REM stage is very low; nevertheless, this behaviour goes side by side with a light improvement in psychological performances. On the contrary, therapy with lactulose seems to improve the neuropsychiatric state and the sleep organization; as a matter of fact, wakefulness is lower in the night records after lactulose treatment, whilst the percentage incidence of sleep stages tends back toward normality; REM sleep has clearly risen.
Adult↗
Problems of child health in a Peruvian shanty town.
The basic child-health problems in the shanty towns of Lima are protein-calorie malnutrition and infectious disease. The background of social, economic and cultural conditionsa are related to these main health problems. The basic problems are poverty, lack of sewage disposal and running water, and the maldistribution of public expenditure between city and countryside on one hand and curative and preventive medicine on the other. Despite official statistics, which show a steadily decreasing infant mortality rate in Peru, and all other Latin American countries, it seems that the Infant Mortality Rate is almost twice the official states rate. Health education, particularly in nutritional matters, is not adapted to indigenous foods and customs, but attempts to promote westernized conceptrs. Medical care in Peru is by large directed to the needs of the middle class, and the middle class by and large dictates the type of medical care available.
Child↗
[Effects of high doses of morphinomimetics (fentanyl and fentathienyl) on the cerebral circulation in normal subjects].
The effects of large doses of morphinomimetics on the cerebral circulation were studied in 12 normal subjects (fentanyl 16 microgram/kg in 6 patients and fentathienyl 1.9 microgram/kg in 6 others). Mean hemispheric flow (corrected to a pCO2 of 40) changed from 50.8 +/- 4.4 ml/100 g/min in the conscious state to 50.3 +/- 25.1 under the influence of fentanyl, and flow in the grey matter from 78.8 +/- 10 to 84.3 +/- 65 ml/100 g/min. Mean flow changed from 49 +/- 3.1 ml/100 g/min in the conscious state to 55.5 +/- 10 under the influence of fentathienyl, flow in the grey matter increasing from 75 +/- 9 to 81.8 +/- 14.4. Whilst there was no variation in mean flow rates under the influence of morphinomimetics, individual behaviour was very variable, in particular in the case of fentanyl, the changes produced by fentathienyl being much more homogeneous. There was no obvious modification in the distribution of regional flow by these morphinomimetics. Individual variations in flow correlated perfectly with individual variations in cerebral oxygen consumption. Vascular reactivity to CO2 was increased b morphinomimetics. In one subject, fentanyl produced a very marked increase in cerebral blood flow (+ 104 p. 100) for which no explanation could be found.
Adolescent↗
Brain stimulation for the suppression of the intractable pain.
Stimulation of the brain has been shown to effectively suppress the clinical pain states due to central nervous system lesions. The effective stimulation site is within the somatosensory system. Stimulation in the periventricular gray matter can produce profound analgesia and effective clinical relief of chronic pain states when they are due to lesions involving the peripheral structures. This system probably is effected by activating a descending tract in the dorsal lateral fasiculus of the spinal cord impinging upon neurons in lamina 5 and lamina 1 of the dorsal bone. Stimulation in this system has not been found to be effective in patients with central lesions, which might have been anticipated in view of the anatomical relationships presented.
Brain↗
Local cerebral glucose uptake in awake and halothane-anesthetized primates.
Local glucose consumption within specific brain structures in awake and halothane-anesthetized primates was studied using a quantitative autoradiographic technique for glucose (14C-deoxyglucose). In both awake and anesthetized animals, significant heterogeneity (one-way analysis of variance) in uptake of glucose was found in the cortex, subcortical grey matter, and brainstem nuclei. No significant variability was found for any of the white matter areas sampled under either experimental condition. Halothane produced significant decreases in glucose metabolic rates in the occipital cortex, brainstem nuclei, cerebellar cortex, cerebellar white matter, and anterior commissure, compared with the awake state. The greatest decrease in cerebral metabolic rate was found in the occipital lobes of halothaneanesthetized animals. Results of this study suggest that neurophysiologic and behavioral changes that occur with anesthetic agents can, for the first time, be correlated with alterations in local cerebral glucose metabolism.
Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
The nursing officer's guide to management. 10. Money matters.
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Economics, Nursing↗
Diffuse brain damage of immediate impact type. Its relationship to 'primary brain-stem damage' in head injury.
In a neuropathological analysis of 151 fatal non-missile head injuries, there were 19 cases with focal lesions in the dorsolateral quadrant of the brain-stem in the corpus callosum, and histological evidence of diffuse damage to white matter. Eight of these cases had not experienced a high intracranial pressure during life. All 19 cases had been rendered unconscious at the moment of impact and had remained so or in the persistent vegetative state until death. It is therefore concluded that diffuse damage to white matter may occur as a primary event at the moment of impact, that is, it is one type of immediate impact damage to the brain. It is also concluded that this type of damage is the pathological basis of 'primary brain-stem injury' since in no patient thought clinically to have sustained 'primary brain-stem injury' were abnormalities confined to the brain-stem. Since no patient with this type of brain damage recovered consciousness after injury, it is probable that diffuse damage to white matter is the most important single factor governing the outcome in a patient who sustains a non-missile head injury.
Adolescent↗
A spatially resolved genomic-molecular atlas of human white-matter microstructure.
Human white matter has been linked to inherited variation, circulating molecular state and brain disease, but these layers have rarely been mapped onto the same tract anatomy. Here we measured genetic effects along 6,090 atlas-aligned fiber pathways sampled at 609,000 locations in 72,185 UK Biobank participants, and integrated proteomic and metabolomic profiles within the same anatomical frame. Genetic effects were not whole-tract properties: each locus formed a spatial footprint along fiber trajectories, ranging from single locations to broad multi-tract patterns and reflecting regional polygenicity rather than tract heritability. This map identified 258, 186 and 298 previously unreported loci for fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity and axial diffusivity; spatial patterns replicated in adults and 157 of 315 FA loci replicated in adolescence in ABCD. Mendelian randomization linked localized genetic effects to neurodegenerative and psychiatric traits, with Alzheimer's disease showing directional effects across 12 of 17 tracts. Multi-omic analyses identified 97 proteomic and 161 metabolomic associations, with the broadest signals from lipid metabolites including linoleic acid and phosphatidylcholines. The strongest lipid-metabolite and genetic signals converged in the corpus callosum, placing inherited variation, disease risk and systemic lipid metabolism on the same localized tract segments.
Journal Article↗