Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Staphylococcus”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

In vitro adherence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus aureus to human ureter.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus adhered to human ureteral epithelium in vitro. The levels of adherence, which were determined quantitatively with the scanning electron microscope, correlated well with bacterial hemagglutinating activities with sheep erythrocytes (r = 0.9459, P < 0.01). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the adhering bacteria and the hemagglutinating bacteria possessed similar pili-like structures on their cell surfaces. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus aureus did not adhere to the epithelium. Only S. aureus adhered markedly to the connective tissue of the ureter, and adhesion of this organism was direct via its cell wall. This adherence test system clearly showed up differences in the abilities of these staphylococcal species to adhere to the urinary tract.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed1990

Presence of an additional penicillin-binding protein in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus simulans with a low affinity for methicillin, cephalothin, and cefamandole.

The presence of an additional penicillin-binding protein (PBP) was demonstrated in methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, and S. simulans. In these four species, the apparent molecular mass of this protein was analogous to that of PBP 2' of methicillin-resistant S. aureus SR 1550-9. It exhibited a low affinity for methicillin, cephalothin, and cefamandole; and its synthesis was methicillin inducible. Peptide mapping of this PBP from the four species yielded identical results that were analogous to those obtained with S. aureus SR 1550-9. These results suggest that this protein is similar to, if not the same as, PBP 2' of S. aureus and that it is involved in methicillin resistance in the four species studied.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of the SmaI-digested chromosomes of Staphylococcus epidermidis and the closely related species Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus caprae.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to examine the chromosomal polymorphisms existing within and between four closely related members of the Staphylococcus epidermidis species group, S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis, and S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus. SmaI was chosen as the restriction endonuclease for this study because it generated only a few well-separated chromosomal fragments. Each of the species and subspecies showed distinct SmaI digest patterns. The strains examined in this study were collected over a 20-year period from various geographical locations. The results indicate that DNA fragment patterns are unique to each species and subspecies and represent a reasonably stable component in the chromosome structure. S. caprae and S. capitis demonstrated considerable conservation in chromosome structure as indicated by the large numbers of conserved SmaI digest fragments. The polymorphisms found within each species appear to be linked to the species' character variability. The genome size of each Staphylococcus strain was extrapolated from the SmaI digest fragment pattern obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The average genome size for S. epidermidis is 2,364 +/- 119 kb; for S. caprae strains from humans it is 2,600 +/- 157 kb and for S. caprae strains from goats it is 2,493 +/- 15 kb; for S. capitis subsp. capitis it is 2,456 +/- 71 kb; and for S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus it is 2,276 +/- 90 kb.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin in Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus warneri clinical strains: characterisation of glycopeptide susceptibility profiles and cell wall thickening.

The population analysis profile (PAP) method as well as analysis of autolytic activity and cellular ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterise Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus warneri clinical strains with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides. All strains showed heterogeneous profiles to vancomycin and teicoplanin by the PAP method. Subpopulations that grew in the presence of high concentrations of each drug were selected from the PAP as derivative strains. Their glycopeptide minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined and subsequently all parental and derivative strains were grown in one-half of the MIC of vancomycin or teicoplanin. An increase in cell wall thickness of all derivative strains was seen by TEM, with statistically significant values (P<0.01) compared with their respective parental strains. In general, variable rates of autolysis among the strains were observed. Cell wall thickness is an important factor involved in glycopeptide resistance and, in association with PAP results, confirmed the Brazilian coagulase-negative staphylococci clinical isolates as being heteroresistant to glycopeptides. Detection of these heteroresistant organisms is important in order to achieve more judicious use of vancomycin and teicoplanin in hospitals.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

Homology of mecA gene in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus simulans to that of Staphylococcus aureus.

A penicillin-binding protein of molecular weight 76,000 inducible by beta-lactams was detected in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus simulans. DNA from these strains hybridized to the mecA gene from Staphylococcus aureus; however, the chromosomal HindIII fragments containing the mecA genes were 3.4 kilobases in S. haemolyticus and 4.3 kilobases in S. simulans.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1993

Differential diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus from Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus by alphazurine A dye.

Staphylococcal bacterial suspensions were streaked on Trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood culture plates. Paper discs containing alphazurine A, a triphenylmethane dye, were placed on the inoculated plates which were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. A wide zone of inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus aureus was present around the paper discs. Growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was not inhibited.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2006

Screening of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Staphylococcus schleiferi isolates obtained from small companion animals for antimicrobial resistance: a retrospective review of 749 isolates (2003-04).

Companion animal staphylococcal isolate antibiograms were screened retrospectively to determine the frequency of methicillin-resistant (MR) infection by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Staphylococcus schleiferi. Rates of MR were: S. aureus 35%, S. intermedius 17%, and S. schleiferi 40%. Frequency of isolation of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from dogs and cats was similar, whereas methicillin-resistant S. intermedius (MRSI) and methicillin-resistant S. schleiferi (MRSS) were significantly more common in dogs. MRSS was more commonly associated with superficial (skin and ear canal) infections, whereas MRSA was more commonly associated with deep infections. The MR strain resistance pattern to other classes of antibiotics was also investigated. MRSA was resistant to the most classes of antibiotics, followed by MRSI, while MRSS maintained the most favourable susceptibility profile. MR staphylococci may pose a significant risk to animal and public health. Therefore, to avoid selecting for resistant strains in cases of suspected staphylococcal infection, clinicians should consider culture and susceptibility testing early in the course of treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of RapiDEC Staph for identification of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

RapiDEC Staph is a test for presumptive identification of the principal human staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. The test includes control and test cupules for fluorogenic detection of coagulase and chromogenic substrates for alkaline phosphatase and beta-galactosidase. These tests identify S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus, respectively. Positive results with both chromogenic substrates provide a presumptive identification of S. xylosus or S. intermedius (S. xylosus-S. intermedius). Test cupules are inoculated with an organism suspension, and reactions are read after a 2-h incubation. RapiDEC-Staph was evaluated with 303 clinical and stock staphylococcal strains. Identifications were compared with those obtained by the tube coagulase test, a latex slide coagulase test (StaphAUREX), another commercial identification system (Staph-TRAC), and additional conventional tests. RapiDEC-Staph correctly identified 100% of 130 S. aureus strains, 70.3% of 74 S. epidermidis strains, and 81.3% of 32 S. saprophyticus strains. Four of five S. xylosus isolates were called S. xylosus-S. intermedius. Unidentified S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus strains were called "Staphylococcus spp." Among the 62 other coagulase-negative staphylococci, 4 were misidentified as S. epidermidis and 7 were misidentified as S. saprophyticus. While the sensitivity and specificity of the fluorogenic coagulase test for S. aureus were 100%, failure to detect alkaline phosphatase activity in several S. epidermidis isolates resulted in fewer correct identifications by the RapiDEC-Staph test for this species.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1982

Purification and characterization of three separate bacteriolytic enzymes excreted by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

As a further development of previous investigations showing that different staphylococcal species display different bacteriolytic activity patterns (lyogroups), the bacteriolytic enzymes excreted by three different Staphylococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus (lyogroup I), S. simulans (lyogroup II), and S. saprophyticus (lyogroup IV); have been purified and characterized. A representative strain from each species was grown in a preselected medium made of fully dialyzable products. Culture supernatants were collected in the appropriate growth phase. Two different affinity adsorbents were used for enzyme purification. One was obtained by coupling lysozyme-digested pure peptidoglycan from Micrococcus luteus to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B. The second affinity adsorbent used was chitin. The S. aureus bacteriolytic enzyme bound to the solubilized peptidoglycan but not to chitin, whereas the opposite was true for the S. simulans enzyme. The bacteriolytic enzyme from S. saprophyticus did not bind to either the Sepharose 4B-peptidoglycan resin or to chitin, and its purification was achieved by two ion-exchange chromatography steps combined with gel filtration. All three enzymes were purified to apparent homogeneity. Their subsequent characterization indicated that all acted as endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases. However, the three glucosaminidases differed significantly in their kinetics of activity and bacteriolytic spectrum against heat-killed cells of a variety of microorganisms. Very different values also resulted from molecular weight determinations: 80,000 for the S. aureus enzyme, 45,000 for the S. simulans enzyme, and 31,000 for the S. saprophyticus enzyme. Other important differences were observed in their stability, optimal pH and ionic strength for their activity, and their responses to temperature and divalent cations. These results confirmed the previous proposal that different staphylococcal species excrete different lytic enzymes.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of tests to detect oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus schleiferi, and Staphylococcus aureus isolates from canine hosts.

Multiple tests were compared to the reference standard PBP2a latex agglutination test for detection of mecA-mediated oxacillin resistance in canine staphylococci. Cefoxitin disk diffusion, using breakpoints for human isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., had low sensitivity for detection of oxacillin resistance in members of the Staphylococcus intermedius group.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Comparative characteristics of Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus lentus and Staphylococcus gallinarum isolated from healthy and sick hosts.

Of 136 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from healthy and sick human beings, goats, sheep, antelope and other animals, 88 (64.7%) were Staphylococcus sciuri and 35 (25.7%) were S. lentus and the remainder Staphylococcus gallinarum. The strains of S. sciuri were isolated from humans with boils and wounds, goats with pestes des petits ruminants (PPR) and dogs with nasal discharge. One isolate of S. gallinarum came from a fowl with chronic respiratory disease and 11 others were isolated from goats. The characteristics of S. sciuri, S. lentus and S. gallinarum isolated from different sources were similar.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1982

Common R-plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis during a nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus outbreak.

During a 7-month period in 1978 to 1979, 31 patients and personnel at a Kentucky hospital were colonized or infected with a Staphylococcus aureus strain resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, methicillin, penicillin, and tetracycline. S. epidermidis with similar antibiotic resistance patterns had been isolated in this hospital in the year before the S. aureus outbreak. A 32-megadalton R-plasmid, pUW3626, mediating resistance to penicillin and gentamicin, was present in these isolates and in coisolated S. epidermidis from the same outbreak. By colony hybridization, pUW3626 was homologous to gentamicin R-plasmids from staphylococci isolated in other geographic areas. Our studies suggest that the emergency of antibiotic resistance in S. Aureus may result from genetic transfer from S. epidermidis as well as from the interhospital spread of resistant staphylococci.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Novel plasmid-borne gene qacJ mediates resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in equine Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus intermedius.

We identified a novel plasmid-borne gene (designated qacJ) encoding resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in three staphylococcal species associated with chronic infections in four horses. qacJ was located on a 2,650-bp plasmid (designated pNVH01), a new member of the pC194 family of rolling-circle replication plasmids. The 107-amino-acid protein, QacJ, showed similarities to known proteins of the small multidrug resistance family: Smr/QacC (72.5%), QacG (82.6%), and QacH (73.4%). The benzalkonium chloride MIC for a qacJ-containing recombinant was higher than those for otherwise isogenic recombinants expressing Smr, QacG, or QacH. Molecular epidemiological analyses by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggested both the clonal spread of a qacJ-harboring Staphylococcus aureus strain and the horizontal transfer of pNVH01 within and between different equine staphylococcal species. The presence of pNVH01 of identical nucleotide sequence in different staphylococcal species suggests that recent transfer has occurred. In three of the horses, a skin preparation containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide had been used extensively for several years; this might explain the selection of staphylococci harboring the novel QAC resistance gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Biochemical and physical properties of the endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Biochemical and physical properties of the pure bacteriolytic enzymes excreted by three different Staphylococcus species (S. aureus, S. simulans, and S. saprophyticus) were investigated. Although the three enzymes have previously been shown to share the same specificity of action (endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity), their biochemical features clearly indicated that they were three different enzymes, confirming what had previously been suggested by the different lytic-activity patterns displayed by each species and the different procedures needed to achieve purification of each enzyme. Very different values resulted from molecular weight determination: 80,000 for the S. aureus enzyme, 45,000 for the S. simulans enzyme and 31,000 for the S. saprophyticus enzyme. Other important differences were observed in their kinetics of activity on Micrococcus luteus purified cell walls; their stability; their bacteriolytic spectrum against heat-killed cells of various microorganisms; and their response to physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, divalent cations, chelating agents, thiol compounds, and glucose derivatives.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1991

Staphylococcus cohnii subspecies: Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. cohnii subsp. nov. and Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticum subsp. nov.

Two major subspecies of Staphylococcus cohnii, namely S. cohnii subsp. cohnii, from humans, and S. cohnii subsp. urealyticum, from humans and other primates, are described on the basis of a study of 14 to 25 strains and 18 to 33 strains, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization studies conducted in our laboratory in 1983 (W. E. Kloos and J. F. Wolfshohl, Curr. Microbiol. 8:115-121, 1983) demonstrated that strains representing the different subspecies were significantly divergent. S. cohnii subsp. urealyticum can be distinguished from S. cohnii subsp. cohnii on the basis of its greater colony size; pigmentation; positive urease, beta-glucuronidase, and beta-galactosidase activities; delayed alkaline phosphatase activity; ability to produce acid aerobically from alpha-lactose; and fatty acid profile. The type strain of S. cohnii subsp. cohnii is ATCC 29974, the designated type strain of S. cohnii Schleifer and Kloos 1975b, 55. The type strain of S. cohnii subsp. urealyticum is ATCC 49330.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci from animals with particular reference to bovine Staphylococcus aureus, porcine Staphylococcus hyicus, and canine Staphylococcus intermedius.

Besides their role as commensals on the skin and mucosal surfaces, staphylococci may be involved in a wide variety of diseases in animals. Staphylococcal infections in animals are mainly treated with antimicrobial agents and as a consequence, staphylococci from animal sources have developed and/or acquired resistance to the respective antimicrobial agents. Resistance statistics obtained from national monitoring programmes on staphylococci from cattle and pigs, but also from surveillance studies on staphylococci involved in diseases in dogs are reported and reviewed with regard to their comparability. This review mainly focusses on the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci of animal origin. Particular attention is paid to resistance to those antimicrobial agents which are most frequently used in veterinary medicine, but also to antimicrobial agents, such as chloramphenicol and mupirocin, which are used in specific cases for the control of staphylococcal infections in pets and companion animals. In addition, plasmids and transposons associated with the respective resistance properties and their ways of spreading between members of the same or different staphylococcal species, but also between staphylococci and other gram-positive bacteria, are described.

Animals↗