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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mutagenic effect of several pesticides on durum spring wheat].

Spraying of spring wheat plants during vegetation with herbicides of 2,4-D group and ethrel increased chromosome aberrations in meiosis 2.8-5, 3.6-4.1 times. The insecticides, chlorophos and phtalophos, in a little higher dosage than it is usually practised increased the spontaneous level of chromosome aberrations 3.1-5.5 times. Phtalophos also induced chlorophyll mutations. These results testify to the necessity of keeping strictly to the established normative doses, because of overdosage is of potential genetic danger to spring wheat crops.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1987

Relative nutritional availability to rats of selenium in Finnish spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fertilized or sprayed with sodium selenate and in an American winter bread wheat naturally high in Se.

A Finnish national programme to fertilize crops with sodium selenate led us to compare the nutritional availability to rats of selenium in two Finnish spring wheats (Triticum aestivum L.), either fertilized or sprayed with sodium selenate, with that in an American winter bread wheat naturally high in Se. Weanling male rats were given a Se-deficient Torula yeast diet for 4 weeks followed by either continued depletion or repletion for 4 weeks with graded levels of Se as sodium selenite (standard) or wheat (test food). Plasma and liver Se levels and plasma and liver glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSH-Px) activities were used as criteria of body Se status. The availability of Se under these conditions was calculated with the point-slope technique at two dietary levels of Se (Expt 1) and with the slope-ratio method (Expt 2). In the point-slope assay, the level of dietary Se fed had a considerable effect on the apparent availability values obtained which made interpretation of the results difficult. In the slope-ratio assay, no difference in the availability of Se from the various wheats was observed when plasma or liver Se levels were used as the response criteria. The Se in the fertilized wheat was somewhat more available than that in the sprayed wheat when plasma or liver GSH-Px activities were the response criteria. Overall, availability values (%) derived by averaging all four response criteria were 86, 77 and 73 for the fertilized and sprayed Finnish wheats and the American wheat respectively (sodium selenite 100). These results show that wheat is a relatively available source of Se to rats regardless of whether its Se content is naturally high or is increased by fertilization or spraying.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Demonstration of inflammatory cell population changes in rat lungs in response to intratracheal instillation of spring wheat dust using lung enzymatic digestion and centrifugal elutriation.

The inhalation of grain dust by grain workers is responsible for a large number of pulmonary pathophysiologies. These problems may be acute or chronic and may be mediated by the chronic activation of the immune system. Constant inflammatory states in the lung may eventually lead to tissue damage and respiratory deficit. This study was designed to measure the changes in the relative number of inflammatory cells in peripheral blood, bronchoalveolar spaces, and lung interstitium that occur in response to intratracheally instilled airborne spring wheat dust in rats. It was found that 6 h after instillation with dust, neutrophils were present in greater numbers in the blood and bronchoalveolar spaces than in lung interstitium. After 24 h, there appeared to be a larger number of neutrophils in the lung interstitium in dust-instilled animals than in saline-instilled controls. These results indicate that intratracheal instillation of grain dust initiates an acute inflammatory reaction, and that there is an initial influx of neutrophils into the air spaces of the lung followed by transit of these cells into the lung interstitium.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The influence of decreased temperatures on meiotic disorders in spring wheat].

An effect of low temperature (0-2 degrees C) on meiosis was studied in different varieties from various ecological zones. It is shown that the Mexican varieties are most sensitive to the effect of low temperature. The percentage of sterile pollen and disturbances in anaphase I in them are the highest. The local varieties with respect to these characters are more resistant to the effect of low temperature.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1975

Variation of cadmium concentration in Swedish wheat and barley. An indicator of changes in daily cadmium intake during the 20th century.

In order to evaluate whether or not an increase in daily cadmium intake may be taking place, 75 wheat samples (spring wheat and fall wheat) harvested from the same "nonpolluted'' farm fields between the years 1916 and 1972 were analyzed. The individual scatter was large but a significant (Psmaller than.05) tendency toward increasing concentration with time was evident for fall wheat. A similar tendency was found for spring wheat, through not a statistical significance. This increase may be explained by general air contamination or the cumulative effect of fertilizers. There was a clear covariation in cadmium concentrations of differenc genotypes of wheat and barley harvested in the same year despite yearly variations in average concentration.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1988

Polymorphism and inheritance of gliadin components controlled by chromosome 6A of spring durum wheat.

The gliadin composition of 78 spring durum wheat varieties has been studied by one-dimensional (Al-lactate, pH 3.1) and two-dimensional (first dimension, Al-lactate, pH 3.1; second dimension, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel) electrophoresis. Analysis of hybrids has shown that all components of the alpha zone of gliadin spectra are inherited together as blocks and are, probably, coded for by a cluster of tightly linked genes located on chromosome 6A. Fourteen variants of gliadin blocks have been identified, which can be classified into five families on the basis of component composition. All families but one have analogues among chromosome 6A-controlled blocks of bread wheat. The results indicate that some of the genome A diploid genotypes that were ancestors of durum wheats were also ancestors of bread wheats and that polyploid wheats were produced by repeated allopolyploidization events, as has been suggested earlier.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1985

Effects of feeding white Leghorn hens diets that contain deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)-contaminated wheat.

A short-term (10 weeks, Experiment 1) and a long-term experiment (24 weeks, Experiment 2) were done to determine effects of incorporating either white winter wheat, naturally contaminated with 1 mg deoxynivalenol (DON)/kg, or spring wheats, containing up to 6.5 mg DON/kg, into the diets of White Leghorn hens. Based on chemical analysis, the diets in Experiment 1 contained less than .05 to .7 mg DON/kg, while those in Experiment 2 contained from .2 to 4.9 mg/kg. Incorporation of winter or spring wheat in the experimental diets had no effect (P greater than .05) on feed intake and efficiency, egg production and yield, the number of soft shell and cracked eggs observed in the laying house, body weight at the completion of the experimental period, fertility, hatchability of fertile eggs, and the proportion of malformed embryos and pips. In addition, presence of DON-contaminated wheat did not influence (P greater than .05) the organ weight to body weight ratio for a randomly selected sample of hens necropsied at the completion of each experiment. There was little evidence of lesions in the oral cavity, esophagus, proventriculus and gizzard, hemorrhaging in the viscera or skeletal muscles, or of changes in the appearance of spleen, heart, and kidney. However, the livers from DON hens were fatty in appearance. Furthermore, vomiting (emesis), diarrhea, or changes in behaviour were not apparent and mortality, normally very low, was not increased during either experiment. Inverse linear relationships were obtained in Experiment 1 between dietary DON concentrations and egg weight (P less than .05), shell weight and thickness (P less than .01), and percent shell (P less than .05). Although egg and shell variables measured in Experiment 2 were not significantly influenced (P greater than .05) by DON treatment, trends towards lower values with higher dietary DON levels were evident. Egg specific gravity, nondestructive deformation, and quasistatic compression fracture strength of the egg's shell were not influenced (P greater than .05) by dietary DON levels. The results from these experiments indicate that laying hens can tolerate diets containing up to 5 mg DON/kg from white winter or spring wheat for extended periods of time without serious adverse effects on health and productivity.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

Survey of U.S. wheat for ochratoxin and aflatoxin.

A total of 291 hard red winter wheat samples, 286 hard red spring wheat samples, and 271 soft red winter wheat samples were analyzed for the presecne of ochratoxin and aflatoxin. Samples in all grades came from those collected during crop years 1970-1973 for grade determinations by the Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Sensitivity limits of the analytical method as carried out were 1-3 ppb aflatoxin B1 and 15-30 ppb ochratoxin A. No aflatoxin was detected in any sample. Three samples of hard red winter wheat (Grades U.S. No. 4 and 5 and Sample Grade) contained ochratoxin A (trace, 35, and 25 ppb, respectively). Eight of the hard red spring wheats contained ochratoxin A (15-115 PPB); these were in Grades U.S. No. 4 and 5 and Sample Grade.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gene expression during cold and heat shock in wheat.

Translatable messenger RNAs expression was compared in cold- and heat-stressed winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Fredrick' and 'Norstar') and spring wheat (T. aestivum L. 'Glenlea'). Polyadenylated RNA isolated from the crown and leaf tissues was translated in a wheat germ cell free system and the acidic and basic in vitro products were resolved by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. The results showed that low temperature stress rapidly induced two groups of mRNAs. The first group was transient in nature and consists of 18 mRNAs that reached their highest levels of induction after 24 h of low temperature exposure and then decreased to undetectable levels. The second group consists of 53 mRNAs that were also induced or increased rapidly, but maintained their levels of expression during the 4 weeks required to induce freezing tolerance. Among those, at least 34 were expressed at higher levels in the freezing tolerant winter wheat compared with the less tolerant spring wheat. This suggests a possible relation between the expression of these mRNAs and the capacity of each genotype to develop freezing tolerance. In the case of heat shock, 50 mRNAs were induced or increased after 3 h at 40 degrees C. Among these, the expression of only six mRNAs was altered in a similar manner in the three genotypes by both treatments. The remaining mRNAs code for typical heat shock proteins which are different from those induced by low temperature. None of these mRNAs has been associated with the development of freezing tolerance. These results suggest that heat and cold stress are controlled by different genetic systems.

Autoradiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biological value of Mironovskaya-808 winter wheat grown using the herbicide simazine].

The biological value of spring wheat Mironovskaya-808 grown with the use of simazine which was introduced into soil prior to appearance of shoots at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha has been studied. The organoleptic parameters evaluated by the method of closed testing and physicochemical parameters characterizing the corn quality (protein fat, gluten and ash content, moisture, acidity) of experimental samples did not differ from those of the reference sample. Relative biological value of wheat grown with the use of simazine at a dose of 1.0 kg/ha evaluated by the test-object Tetrahymena pyriformis was slightly higher as compared to the control. The effect of test wheat samples on some parameters of protein metabolism was also studied in male rats (the content of protein and its fractions in blood serum, liver and brain as well as activity of enzymes participating in protein metabolism regulation: aminotransferases of blood serum and liver, catepsins, histidase and tryptophan oxygenase of the liver). According to the data obtained no adverse effect of spring wheat Mironovskaya-808 grown with the use of simazine on the above parameters of protein metabolism was recorded in test animals.

Alanine Transaminase↗