SEARCH · Search PubMed
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
4-Methyl-7,11-heptadecadienal [1] and 4-methyl-7,11-heptadecadienoic acid [2] were isolated as new compounds from liquid cultures of Sporothrix flocculosa and Sporothrix rugulosa. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycospersici, Trichoderma viride, and Bacillus subtilis.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Sporothrix schenckii is a pathogenic fungus for man and animal. Its perfect form is not yet known. Many studies have been made to compare this fungus to ascomycetes belonging to the genus Ceratocystis. This paper summarizes some important data about the ecology and the epidemiology of the fungal complex Sporothrix-Ceratocystis. Previous results obtained by several groups of workers are strongly in favor of a relationship between the two genera. The epidemiological studies carried out in different areas have shown that Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras are frequently isolated from the same fragments of plants such as pine or eucalyptus. According to the time and areas, it appears that there is or there is not a relation between the presence of the fungus on the plants or in the soil and the disease. The former case is well illustrated by the epidemic of the Transvaal between 1940 and 1944. Sporothrix schenckii has been found to be present either in endemic areas like Guatemala (around the Ayarza Lake) or in Alsace, or in Corse where no case has been reported for a long time. In France, except for the curious epidemic observed between the years 1903 and 1912, no or very rare cases have been observed although Sporothrix schenckii is abundant in the soil and injuries with contaminated materials are probably extremely frequent. The presence or even the abundance of the fungus in nature is not enough to explain the development of the disease. Some not well known factors are necessary. So as for all disease, the immunological reaction of the host is important and the defects of these mechanisms must be suspected.
Domestic cats were infected with third-stage Brugia malayi in such a way that the parasites were restricted to the regional lymphatics of one hind limb. Later, these cats were exposed on the same leg to the yeast phase of Sporothrix schenckii. Edema and fibrosis were more extensive in cats infected with both Brugia and Sporothrix than in cats with either of these organisms alone. Lesions tended to appear earlier, more consistently and progressed more rapidly in cats with dual infections than in Sporothrix controls. No septic lesions were seen in any Brugia controls. Dissemination of the organism was also greater in animals with dual infections than in those infected only with Sporothrix. On the basis of this study, it appears probable that in certain istances fungi, as well as bacteria, may play an important role in transforming a mild subclinical case of lymphatic filariasis into a serious medical problem and that a filarial infection may greatly exacerbate an existing Sporothrix infection.
Two fungal strains of the genus Sporothrix, isolated from industrial waste water, were characterized with respect to some morphological and physiological properties. After comparison with other species of the genus Sporothrix, the fungal strains are described as Sporothrix nivea, n. sp. Among 28 carbon sources tested, such as sugars, polysaccharides, alcohols, organic acids, and hydrocarbons, 23 are utilized. The most remarkable property of Sporothrix nivea is the utilization of both n-alkanes and methanol.
Some strains of Sporothrix schenckii and one strain of Ceratocystis stenoceras were investigated and the occurrence of the enzyme neuraminidase (= sialidase, N-acetylneuraminate glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) was proved not only by Warren's thiobarbituric acid assay but also by immunoelectrophoresis technique using monospecific antisera against 25 human glycoproteins, lipoproteins, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen and some other proteins (Table 1). There are also fibrinolytic and lipolytic enzyme activities in strains of Sporothrix chenckii corresponding with similar findings of other authors and also in the Ceratocystis stenoceras strain. The temperature optimum of production of neuraminidase seems to be lower than 37 degrees C (Table 2) and all strains failed to produce the enzyme after cultivation at 37 degrees C during some months. The findings of the existence of neuraminidase in the both species confirm also their close relationship. Because the occurrence of N-acylneuraminate was shown only in animals and in some microorganisms but not in plants it can be suggested that also Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras grow on animal or neuraminate containing microbial material but not on plants as it is assumed hitherto. Corresponding to this hypothesis the pathogenicity of Sporothrix schenckii and also the facultative pathogenicity of Ceratocystis stenoceras are to see in connexion with the action of neuraminidase and other enzymes metabolizing animal substrates. It can be concluded that neuraminidase is a possible additional pathogenic factor in sporotrichosis below 37 degrees C.
In the Transvaal, two epidemiologic patterns of Sporothrix infection occur in man. Evidence gathered from nature, the clinic and the laboratory suggests that these patterns are not the result of either a fixed strain specificity or a random mutation. The differences represent a developmental trend, determined by environmental factors, which gradually transform the wild strains of Sporothrix schenckii into variants resembling the earlier descriptions of Sporothrix beurmannii. This change, moreover, is regular and predictable.
Hyphae from 30 isolants of Sporothrix and Ophiostoma species were washed, dried and pyrolyzed at 350 degrees C. Pyrolysis products were separated on a Carbowax column heated 7.5 degrees C/min to and maintained for 50 min at 160 degrees C. Hydrogen flame detector responses were recorded graphically. Fifteen clinical isolants of S. schenckii from geographically separated sources produced qualitatively identical pyrograms. S. foliorum, 8 avirulent S. schenckii and other Sporothrix species isolants from soils, and Sporothrix states of 6 Ophiostoma species yielded pyrograms readily distinguished from each other and from those of virulent S. schenckii. Taxonomic and clinical implications of the pyrograms are mentioned.
Sporotrichosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous inflammation involving bones and joints. The organisms are difficult to demonstrate in direct smears and in histiologic sections, but they grow readily on routine fungal culture media. The cases of two patients, one with sporothrix arthritis and one with sporothrix arthritis and osteitis, are presented. The latter patient underwent ten surgical procedures over a period of 6 1/2 years and was treated for tuberculous arthritis without a definite diagnosis before fungal cultures were obtained and Sporothrix schenckii isolated.
The largest recorded epidemic of sporotrichosis in the United States occurred in 1988 and involved a total of 84 cases in 15 states. All cases were associated with Wisconsin-grown sphagnum moss. Twenty-one clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii and 69 environmental isolates of Sporothrix spp. from the epidemic were characterized and compared. The environmental isolates were recovered from 102 samples of sphagnum moss and other material by using direct plating techniques. Characteristics examined included macroscopic and microscopic morphology, conversion to a yeast phase, exoantigen reactions, and virulence in mice. On the basis of these studies, eight environmental isolates were identified as S. schenckii, five were identified as Ophiostoma stenoceras, and the remainder were identified as Sporothrix species. The environmental isolates of S. schenckii were recovered from moss samples from one Pennsylvania nursery and from three New York State Soil and Water Conservation districts, but none were recovered from moss directly from the bogs in Wisconsin.
Sporothrix tenosynovitis is difficult to distinguish from rheumatoid arthritis--the organisms are scarce in biopsy specimens, and both diseases cause a granulomatous synovitis which can affect multiple joints, have associated subcutaneous nodules, similar radiographic findings, and respond to heat and salicylates. This report describes a patient treated for over 2 years as having rheumatoid arthritis. Multiple tenosynovectomy specimens revealed granulomatous synovitis with sterile cultures. Eventually a fungal culture was positive for Sporothrix. This report discusses the histopathologic features of Sporothrix synovitis, and stresses the importance of repeated fungal cultures from patients with granulomatous synovitis unresponsive to steroids.
The morphological and physiological characters of the species of Blastobotrys, and of a number of similar species of Sporothrix, Trichosporiella and Candida were studied. Blastobotrys is defined as having mother cells (primary conidia) which form distinct, secondary conidia. Sporothrix has non-catenulate conidia, or the conidia are catenulate without marked differentiation of conidia of first and second order. Trichosporiella is delimited from Candida by a stronger coherence between hyphal cells, arthroconidia being absent. Four new Blastobotrys species are described, and two unnamed species; two new combinations are proposed in Trichosporiella. Related species in other genera are briefly discussed. A new Stephanoascus teleomorph is described in two strains originally identified as Sp. fungorum. Two diagnostic keys to the described taxa, using either morphological or physiological characters, are given.
Transmission electron micrographs of septa in Blastobotrys species invariably showed central micropores. Septa of species of Sporothrix, however, exhibited three types of pores: micropores which were central if single, or scattered; central simple pores with Woronin bodies; dolipores. The results confirm the heterogeneity of the genus Sporothrix.
Hyaline, non pigmented microconidia of Sporothrix schenckii were harvested and allowed to form germ tubes in a basal medium with glucose at pH 4.0 and 25 degrees C. These conditions supported only the development of the mycelial form of Sporothrix schenckii in a reproducible, synchronized manner which allowed further analysis of the early cellular events occurring during the germination of the conidia. The relationship between macro-molecular synthesis (DNA, RNA and protein synthesis) and nuclear division, hyphal growth and septum formation were established. Following inoculation, protein synthesis was observed after 10 minutes followed by RNA synthesis, after 1 h and DNA synthesis after 2 h. The first nuclear division was observed during the 9 to 12 h interval after inoculation. Germ tube formation slightly preceeded nuclear division and was first evidenced 9 h after the induction of germination but was not completed until 12 h after inoculation. Septation was first observed in the germ tubes 0.25 micron from the mother cell-germ tube function 9 h after induction of germination.
Antibiotic-decontaminated and untreated conventional mice were inoculated intragastrically with 10(7) viable cells of Sporothrix schenckii to compare the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) colonization. In control mice, S. schenckii was completely eliminated from the GI tract by 12 h post-inoculation. Antibiotic-treated mice also failed to become colonized with this fungus, however, higher population levels of Sporothrix cells remained in the GI tract for a longer period of time before being eliminated. The ability of S. schenckii to disseminate from the lumen of the bowel to infect other organs was also tested. Results indicate that the gastrointestinal tract is not a portal of entry into the host for S. schenckii.
Protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in the control of proliferation and differentiation of a wide range of cell types, and fungi are no exception. Previous results reported by us on the effects of the phorbol ester, 12-myristate-13-acetate phorbol (PMA) and other PKC effector molecules, on dimorphism in Sporothrix schenckii suggested the presence of this enzyme in the fungus and its involvement in the control of morphogenetic transitions. The work summarized here confirms the presence of PKC in yeast and mycelium extracts of S. schenckii. Different isoforms of this enzyme were found to be present in the yeast and mycelium forms of the fungus and were identified by Western blot analysis using affinity purified anti-PKC isoforms specific antibodies: the gamma and zeta isoforms were detected in both the yeast and mycelium forms of the fungus, while the beta isoform was only detected in the yeast form. The presence of PKC was confirmed biochemically by measuring total enzyme activity in both forms of the fungus. No significant differences were observed for the PKC activity level recorded for both the mycelium and yeast forms of the fungus (p < or = 0.05). These data confirm the presence of PKC activity in Sporothrix schenckii and constitutes the first evidence concerning the differential expression of PKC isoforms in the mycelium and yeast forms of a dimorphic fungus, supporting the possible involvement of this important signal transduction enzyme in the control of morphogenesis in this fungus.
A yeast-like fungus isolated from a granulomatous and ulcerative skin lesion in a mongrel cat was mycologically examined. The isolate was identified as Sporothrix schenckii from the morphological findings and its pathogenicity in a mouse, confirming the first case of feline sporotrichosis in Japan. Fortunately, no transmission to humans occurred in this case, however the risk of humans contracting Sporothrix schenckii infection increases with the increase in the number of animals with sporotrichosis. Consequently when handling such animals protective clothing such as gloves should be worn to reduce the risk of transmission of the fungus through open wounds.
An attempt was made to identify the genotypes of 31 Sporothrix schenckii strains and the relationship between the genotypes, the geographic distributions and clinical manifestations using restriction fragment length polymorphic analysis. The total DNA was extracted by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. The polymorphisms were detected by hybridisation of ApaI-digested Sporothrix genomic DNA with a probe amplified from the small subunit ribosomal DNA and adjacent internal transcribed spacer regions. The band patterns manifested by Southern blotting were explored to investigate the genotypes of the 31 strains of S. schenckii collected from five different areas in China. Of the data from the 31 strains of S. schenckii studied, 15 individual patterns (DNA type A-O) were recognised. Type A-C accounted for 51.61% of all the strains. The DNA typing of S. schenckii by Southern blotting was highly sensitive and highly distinguishable. We also found a significant correlation between DNA patterns and different geographic areas and clinical manifestations.