[Laboratory diagnosis of protozoan and parasitic infections. 2. Helminthiasis. i. Spirurida infections].
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Taxonomy and distribution of a Crassicauda species (Nematoda: Spirurida) infecting the kidney of the common fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linné, 1758).
Nematode parasites were found in the kidney of common fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus Linné, 1758) captured in the North Atlantic Ocean (Denmark Strait area). These were identified as Crassicauda boopis Baylis, 1920, on the basis of morphologic and morphometric descriptions of this species' posterior end. The cephalic end of this parasite was described for the first time, however, and was indistinguishable from that of Crassicauda pacifica Margolis and Pike, 1955, a species whose posterior portion is unknown. It was also found that the eggs, size, host, and site of infection of both C. boopis and C. pacifica are indistinguishable. This established the synonymy of C. boopis with the more recently named taxon, C. pacifica. In light of previous descriptions of Crassicauda infections in balaenopterids, this implied that C. boopis should at present be considered a renal parasite of fin whales, and perhaps other rorquals, throughout the world's oceans.
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Tetrameres columbicola (Nematoda: Spiruridae) infection of pigeons: ultrastructure of the gravid female in glands of the proventriculus.
The light and electron microscopies of Tetrameres columbicola gravid females in sections of the parasitized proventriculus of pigeons were studied. By light microscopy, the most conspicuous structures in the sectioned parasite were the intestine, ovary, and especially the uterus that contained numerous eggs. By electron microscopy, there was a thick mat of pigment-coated microvilli on the surfaces of the intestinal epithelial cells. The germinal zone of the ovary contained nonmembrane-bound oocytes, but oocytes were confined by a membrane in the growth zone of the ovary. The core of the spermatheca contained oocytes and the periphery harbored sperm. In this location, the unfertilized oocyte had pseudopods; sperm had invaginations of the plasma membrane. After fertilization, there was proliferation of ribosomes within the oocyte. Embryonating eggs in the uterus had thick shells and were partially enveloped by elongations of the uterine epithelial cells. Surfaces of the epithelial cells were pleated and they had electron opaque areas at the points of the pleats. Larvae in eggs had a well developed annulated cuticle and muscular layer. Somatic muscle cells had tailed appendages that protruded into the pseudocoelom. The single layer of cells beneath the hypodermis had lateral processes at the base of the cells that interdigitated with similarly elongated processes of adjacent muscle cells. Striated fibers were present in the central portion of the cells.
Animals↗
Prevalence and epidemiology of the major gastrointestinal parasites of horses in Perth, Western Australia.
A survey was conducted on the prevalence of the major gastrointestinal parasites in 140 horses necropsied in Perth, Western Australia, during 1979 to 1982. Adult Strongylus vulgaris were found in 22.5 per cent of horses and verminous arteritis in 62.9 per cent. The peak worm prevalence was in November to January (summer). S edentatus had a similar prevalence and seasonality but S equinus was not found in this survey. Draschia megastoma and Habronema muscae were found in 66.2 per cent and 35.3 per cent of horses respectively. Infection is probably acquired in summer when 8 per cent of the Musca domestica in the vicinity of the stables carried third stage spiruroid larvae. Gasterophilus intestinalis and G nasalis occurred in 36.4 per cent and 22.1 per cent of the horses respectively and 52.1 per cent of horses were infected with one or both species. The peak prevalence of G intestinalis larvae occurred in December with a trough in February-April; the peak prevalence of G nasalis was in May with a trough in November-December. Parascaris equorum was found in 9.9 per cent of the horses and in 21.3 per cent of those less than three years old. Anoplocephala perfoliata was found in 4.9 per cent of the horses and most of these were in older horses.
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Radiodiagnostic method for studying swimbladder inflammation caused by Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea).
The nematode Anguillicola crassus appeared in Europe about 15 yr ago, and has subsequently become recognised as a cause of major pathological lesions in the swimbladder of the European eel Anguilla anguilla. The radiographic method reported in this paper showed be a useful complement to diagnostic methods that have so far been based exclusively on fish dissection. Using this method, the infection of the swimbladder and the severity of its pathological changes can be assessed in a reliable manner without causing damage to the fish. By analysing radiographs of 45 eels from Lake Balaton, 5 stages of swimbladder lesions were distinguished. The method enables the examiner to draw conclusions on the air, worm and exudate content of the swimbladder; however, data on thickening of the swimbladder wall can be obtained only indirectly. The radiograph also provides information on the air and worm content of the pneumatic duct. Results obtained by radiography showed good agreement with dissection findings. Radiographic results are compared with pathological findings obtained from fish dissections separately for each severity grade of infection.
Air Sacs↗
Some helminth parasites of the American bald eagle.
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Acanthocephala↗
HABRONEMIASIS AND CORYNEBACTERIUM "CHEST" ABSCESS IN CALIFORNIA HORSES.
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Abscess↗
Common internal parasites found in the stomach, large intestine, and cranial mesenteric artery of thoroughbreds in Kentucky at necropsy (1985 to 1986).
A total of 278 Thoroughbreds (less than 1 to 31 years old) were examined at necropsy (July 9, 1985, to Feb 2, 1986) in Kentucky for various internal parasites. Examination was not made of all the horses for each of the parasites. Specific parasites recovered from the stomach of foals (n = 30) and yearlings and older horses (n = 96) and percentage (in parentheses) of each age category infected, respectively, were as follows: Gasterophilus intestinalis 2nd instar (53% and 32%) and 3rd instar (37% and 24%); G nasalis 2nd instar (7% and 8%) and 3rd instar (7% and 10%); Habronema spp immature (7% and 13%); H muscae (3% and 8%); Draschia megastoma (3% and 5%) and lesions (0% and 2%); and Trichostrongylus axei (0% and 3%). Parasites in the large intestine included Anoplocephala perfoliata, which was found in the cecum of 30% of the foals (n = 87) and in 60% of the yearlings and older horses (n = 186). Probstmayria vivipara and immature Oxyuris equi were not found in the colon and rectum of any of the horses (n = 53 foals and n = 101 yearlings and older); mature O equi were not sought. Examination of the cranial mesenteric artery for Strongylus vulgaris revealed immature and/or mature specimens in 9% of foals (n = 87) and 14% of yearlings (n = 44); lesions of S vulgaris were present in 25% of foals (n = 87) and 34% of yearlings (n = 44).
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Biology of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) eyeworms in naturally infected definitive hosts.
Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) eyeworm causes ocular infection in carnivores and humans in the Far East; this infection has been recently reported also in Europe--northern and southern Italy--in dogs, cats and foxes. The natural vector/s of T. callipaeda is/are unknown and the development of the nematode in its definitive hosts is limited to an experimental trial on dogs. To contribute new insights into the development of T. callipaeda in the definitive host in field conditions, eyeworms were collected from naturally infected dogs from an area with a high prevalence of infection (up to 60.14%) in the Basilicata region of southern Italy, from January 2002 to December 2003. Conjunctival secretions were also collected and examined for the presence of immature stages. The presence of blastomerized eggs throughout the period--except for the months from May to November--indicates a seasonality in the reproductive activity of T. callipaeda, coinciding with the presence/absence of the vector. In fact, 1st-stage larvae were found in the lachrymal secretions of dogs in summer (June--July 2002 and 2003), ready to be ingested by flies feeding about the eyes. The evidence of 4th-stage larvae in March 2002 and April, July and October 2003 may be accounted for by the presence of flies that act as intermediate hosts of T. callipaeda from early spring to early autumn. The presence of immature stages in October indicates an overlapping generation of nematodes and a 2nd cycle of vector infection. This basic knowledge of the development of T. callipaeda will hopefully help future epidemiological studies to identify the intermediate hosts and define the likely risk for vectors in field conditions.
Animals↗
Reproductive aspects of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera:Culicidae) infected with Wuchereria bancrofti (Spirurida: Onchocercidae).
This study reports on the relationship between Wuchereria bancrofti infection and female body size, intake of blood and fecundity in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, vector of this filarial parasite in Recife (Brazil). Adults from field collected larvae were infected via a membrane feeding procedure, using blood with parasitaemia ranging from 724-6,000 mf/ml. A positive correlation was observed between mosquito size (measured by wing length) and egg production in uninfected females. However, this relationship did not exist in W. bancrofti infected mosquitoes. This change is unlikely to be the result of changes in blood ingestion as no significant difference was found when infected and uninfected females were compared. Variation in egg production observed between trials could not be associated with parasite density in the blood. These results suggest infection with W. bancrofti may disrupt the relationship between mosquito size and egg production during the first gonotrophic cycle of C. quinquefasciatus such that fecundity is sometimes reduced. However, this overall affect is variable and many groups of mosquitoes do not respond in this way.
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Parasites of the stomach in donkeys of the highveld of Zimbabwe.
Fourteen donkeys from a communal area of the Zimbabwean highveld were examined for stomach parasites during July and November of 1986 and January and April of 1987. All 14 animals were infected. Habronema muscae occurred in 12, Draschia megastoma in 11, H. majus in 9, Trichostrongylus axei in 9, Gasterophilus intestinalis in 14 and G. nasalis in 1 donkey. The lowest level of infection was in January for the helminths and in April for Gasterophilus larvae. The peak burdens of parasites were in July for Habronema spp. and in November for D. megastoma and Gasterophilus larvae. Infections with spirurid worms and Gasterophilus develop mainly from the middle of the rainy season to the beginning of the dry season (January to May/June). G. intestinalis seems to have an annual cycle.
Animals↗
Anthelmintic activity of paste and drench formulations of oxfendazole in horses.
Oxfendazole was administered in paste or drench formulations to groups of five horses carrying naturally acquired worm burdens. At a dose rate of 10 mg/kg the efficacy of either formulation appeared similar. One hundred per cent of the adult populations of the following genera was removed: Parascaris, Oxyuris, Strongylus (S edentatus, S vulgaris), Triodontophorus and Trichostrongylus axei. Efficacy against adult small strongyles, adult Habronema microstoma and immature Oxyuris equi was in the region of 96 to 99 per cent. The level of efficacy against immature small strongyles was at least 74 to 75 per cent, against fourth stage larvae of S vulgaris in the mesenteric arteries between 83 and 88 per cent and against fourth stage S edentatus in flank lesions between 97 and 99 per cent. Early fifth stage sheathed S vulgaris larvae in arteries were less susceptible. The drug failed to remove very young parascaris and habronema and had no effect against Anoplocephala perfoliata and various instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and G nasalis. Hatching tests on strongyle eggs passed in the faeces indicated that 24 hours must elapse before all become sterile.
Administration, Oral↗
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from Zion National Park, Utah.
An epizootic of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IK) was studied opportunistically in free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from Zion National Park, Utah (USA), from November 1992 to March 1994. Moraxella sp. and Chlamydia sp. were isolated from the conjunctiva of two of seven deer. In addition, Thelazia californiensis occurred on the conjunctivas of six of seven deer. Based on field observations, adults appeared to be affected clinically at a higher incidence during both years as opposed to juveniles. Corneal opacity was the most apparent clinical sign from 1992 to 1993. However, in the following year, blepharospasm and epiphora were noted more often. We were also able to document the clinical recovery of three affected deer. In addition, Moraxella sp. was recovered from the eyes of a clinically unaffected deer 1 year after the epizootic occurred.
Animals↗
Canine ocular thelaziosis in Europe.
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Animals↗
Attempts to analyse Anguillicola crassus infection and the humoral host response in eels (Anguilla anguilla) of Lake Balaton, Hungary.
Since the introduction of Anguillicola crassus into Europe, anguillicolosis has been a considerable problem in several countries. From 1991, periodical eel mortality occurred in Lake Balaton, Hungary. However, eels with a worm burden of 20 to 50 parasites did not show severe swimbladder lesions, which observation cast doubts on the primary aetiological role of the parasite in the eel kill. In order to study the pathology of the infection, from the spring of 1996 until October of the same year, 51 eels were collected from two regions of Lake Balaton and examined for swimbladder changes. To detect humoral antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed, using cuticular-oesophageal worm antigen. The results of the test show the applicability of the method. However, no direct correlation was found between antibody levels or the intensity of infection and the swimbladder lesions. The low level of specific antibodies and the increasing severity of swimbladder changes in the autumn suggest that parasite-induced immunity is insufficient to prevent reinfection.
Air Sacs↗
Human thelaziosis--a neglected parasitic disease of the eye.
The oriental eyeworm, Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae), infects a range of definitive hosts, such as dogs, cats, foxes, rabbits, and humans. This parasite usually lives under the nictitating membrane of the eye, where the adult females release first-stage larvae into the lachrymal secretions; these larvae are subsequently ingested by the intermediate arthropod host within which they develop to the infective, third-stage larvae. The latter larvae are then deposited into the eyes of the definitive host. Recently, T. callipaeda has been reported to infect dogs, foxes, and/or cats in Europe (Italy, France, and Germany). Human thelaziosis (HT) is considered to be an underestimated parasitic disease, whose prevalence appears to have increased in poor socioeconomic settings in many Asian countries, including China. In humans, the disease can be subclinical or symptomatic, exhibiting epiphora, conjunctivitis, keratitis, excessive lachrymation, corneal opacity, and/or ulcers. Knowledge about HT is presently fragmentary and mainly limited to clinical case reports. This article provides a background on the parasite and its life cycle, reviews cases of human thelaziosis, summarizes key aspects regarding the diagnosis of thelaziosis, and proposes future research and methods of control of the disease in humans, particularly in Asia.
Animals↗
Fever in travelers returning from tropical areas: prospective observational study of 613 cases hospitalised in Marseilles, France, 1999-2003.
BACKGROUND: Febrile travelers may pose a diagnostic challenge for Western physicians who are frequently involved in the assessment of these patients but unfamiliar with tropical diseases. Evaluation of this situation requires an understanding of the common etiologies, which are associated with the demographics of travelers and the destinations. METHODS: We conducted a 5-year prospective observational study on the etiologies of fever in travelers returning from the tropics admitted to the infectious and tropical diseases unit of a university teaching hospital in Marseilles, France. RESULTS: A total of 613 patients were enrolled, including 364 migrants (59.4%), 126 travelers (20.6%), 37 visitors (6%), 24 expatriates (3.9%), and 62 patients (10.1%) who could not be classified. Malaria was the most common diagnosis (75.2%), with most cases (62%) acquired by migrants from the Comoros archipelago and who had traveled to these islands to visit friends and relatives. Agents of food-borne and water-borne infections (3.9%) and respiratory tract infections (3.4%) were also frequently identified as the cause of fever. Other infections included emerging diseases such as gnathostomiasis, hepatitis E infection and rickettsial diseases, as well as common infections or exotic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Although we have identified here various causes of imported fever, 8.2% of the fevers remained unexplained. An improved approach to diagnosis may allow for the discovery of new diseases in travelers in the future.
Adult↗
Subconjunctival cyst associated with Thelazia gulosa in a calf.
A large subconjunctival cyst of 4 weeks' duration was surgically excised from the left eye of a 7-month-old Simmental calf. Two white, partially mineralized, approximately 1-cm-long, fertile female nematodes subsequently identified as Thelazia gulosa were found embedded in the cyst wall. Thelazia spp are generally regarded as nonpathogenic or mildly pathogenic in cattle in North America, despite reported infection rates ranging from 12.2 to 34.2%. Additionally, parasitic subconjunctival nodules associated with Thelazia spp rarely have been reported in the past, and cyst formation has not been described. It was postulated that in this calf, immature or adult worms may have penetrated normal tissue barriers, or entered via an earlier conjunctival wound, and created an inflammatory response with subsequent cyst formation.
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