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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Evaluation of planting date, sorghum hybrid, and insecticide treatment on sorghum midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) management in northeast Louisiana.

The combined effect of planting date, insecticide treatment, and host-plant resistance was studied in northeast Louisiana for management of the sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett), during 1994 and 1995. Significantly higher numbers of sorghum midges were observed visiting flowering spikelets of the midge-susceptible sorghum hybrid (Delta and Pine Land 'DP1552') than those of the midge-resistant sorghum hybrid (DeKalb 'DK-60'). Numbers of midges averaged 1.2 and 0.6 per flowering panicle in the susceptible and resistant sorghum hybrids, respectively, in 1994 and 1.8 and 1.0, respectively, in 1995. Midge densities increased significantly as the sorghum flowering season progressed. Sorghum midge reached peak densities during the first half of August in 1994 and 1995. The length of the flowering period in the early-planted (mid-March) sorghum was significantly longer compared with the flowering periods in the mid-April, mid-May, or mid-June planted sorghums. This resulted in prolonged exposure of flowering panicles to ovipositing midges and increased midge damage in the early-planted (mid-March) sorghum. Damage by sorghum midge was significantly higher in the early-planted (mid-March) sorghum hybrids than in the late-planted (mid-June) sorghum hybrids. The midge-susceptible hybrid produced highest yields when planted in mid-April and mid-May (optimum period) and lower yields when planted very early (i.e., mid-March) or late (i.e., mid-June). No significant differences were observed in yields for the resistant hybrid at any planting date in 1994. However, in 1995, significantly lower yields were recorded in resistant sorghum planted in mid-June. Levels of sorghum midge damage and sorghum seed yields in the untreated resistant hybrid were not significantly different than those observed in the insecticide-treated susceptible hybrid. Numbers of adult midges captured on sticky traps were positively correlated to numbers of visual estimates of ovipositing midge females visiting flowering spikelets.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Digestibility by dairy cows of monosaccharide components in diets containing either ground sorghum or sorghum grain treated with sodium hydroxide.

Five cows in midlactation and equipped with ruminal and abomasal canulas were fed two isonitrogenous diets composed of 46% sorghum grain, either ground or treated with 4% NaOH, plus 39% wheat silage and 15% supplements. The DMI were 16.3 and 15.8 kg/d for cows fed the diets containing ground sorghum and treated sorghum, respectively. The digestibility of NDF polysaccharides was higher for cows fed the treated sorghum, but the digestibility of neutral detergent soluble alpha-glucans (starch) was higher for cows fed ground sorghum. Digestibility of total carbohydrate was 79% for cows fed the diet containing ground sorghum and 67% for cows fed the diet containing sorghum treated with NaOH. Ruminal pH was higher in cows fed the diet with treated sorghum, but total ruminal VFA concentration was higher in cows fed the diet containing ground sorghum. Profiles of individual ruminal VFA and NH3 concentration were similar for both treatments. Flow of NAN through the abomasum of cows fed ground sorghum was higher than that of cows fed the sorghum treated with NaOH, and N absorption in the intestine followed a similar trend. The data indicated a possible advantage for dairy cows fed ground sorghum than for those fed grain treated with NaOH.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

[Antiphysiological and nutritional factor changes in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) seeds during germination].

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of germination on the nutritional quality of two commercial varieties of low tannin content Sorghum: brown sorghum without testa (ICSY-CM89513) and white sorghum (ISIAP Dorado). After 24 hours of germination the condensed tannin concentration (catechin equivalent) was reduced 60% and 40% for brown and white sorghum respectively. However, tannin levels increased up 100% at 96 h germination. Phytic acid concentration decreased about 90% in 96 hours for both varieties. The lysine concentration increased up 110% (72 h germination) and 129% (48 h) for white and brown sorghum respectively. The thiamine, niacin and riboflavin contents increased 73, 200 and 353% respectively for brown sorghum in 72 h and 15, 44 and 93% respectively for white sorghum in 48 h. The "in vitro" enzymatic digestibility was increased 39.3% (72 h) for brown sorghum and 100% for white sorghum. The albumin concentration increased 80% and 74% (72 h) for brown and white sorghum respectively. The Calculated Protein Efficiency Ratio indicated nutritional improvements with germination. The sprouting was a practical and simple process for providing better nutritional properties in sorghum seeds to be used as human food.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Physical mapping of the liguleless linkage group in Sorghum bicolor using rice RFLP-selected sorghum BACs.

Physical mapping of BACs by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to analyze the liguleless (lg-1) linkage group in sorghum and compare it to the conserved region in rice and maize. Six liguleless-associated rice restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to select 16 homeologous sorghum BACs, which were in turn used to physically map the liguleless linkage group in sorghum. Results show a basic conservation of the liguleless region in sorghum relative to the linkage map of rice. One marker which is distal in rice is more medial in sorghum, and another marker which is found within the linkage group in rice is on a different chromosome in sorghum. BACs associated with linkage group I hybridize to chromosome It, which was identified by using FISH in a sorghum cytogenetic stock trisomic for chromosome I (denoted It), and a BAC associated with linkage group E hybridized to an unidentified chromosome. Selected BACs, representing RFLP loci, were end-cloned for RFLP mapping, and the relative linkage order of these clones was in full agreement with the physical data. Similarities in locus order and the association of RFLP-selected BAC markers with two different chromosomes were found to exist between the linkage map of the liguleless region in maize and the physical map of the liguleless region in sorghum.

Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors↗
PubMed2001

Phenolic compounds in a Sahelian sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotype (CE145-66) and associated soils.

CE145-66 is an improved early-maturing grain sorghum genotype, increasingly grown by farmers in the Sahelian part of Senegal. This genotype is known to have negative effects on the following groundnut crop, because of the release of allelopathic phenolic compounds into the soil. We have assessed the synthesis of phenolics in sorghum vegetative parts and the variations in synthesis between years and sites. Total phenols and phenolic acids in the aerial parts and roots of flowering sorghum plants from 52 farmers' fields at two sites (Sagnanème and Médina) in Senegal in 1996 and 1997 were measured. Thirty-eight soil samples, collected after the sorghum harvest, from sorghum rows and interrows also were analyzed for their phenolic content. Total phenols reached 1.1-1.5% of root dry weight and 1.1-2.2% of aerial parts dry weight, with little variation between sites, and large variability between years, presumably due to climatic conditions. Eight phenolic acids and three associated aldehydes were identified by HPLC, with p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids the most abundant. Their totals reached 2.9-3.2 mg/g in 1996 and 2.6-2.8 mg/g in 1997 for the aerial part; and 3.3-3.6 mg/g in 1996 and 2.8-3.3 mg/g in 1997 for roots. In soils under sorghum rows, the mean water-soluble total phenols increased from 4.6 in 1997 to 6.7 micrograms/g in 1998 in Sagnanème, and from 3.8 in 1997 to 5 micrograms/g in 1998 in Médina. The concentrations of total phenols and phenolic acids were higher in rows than in interrows. All the phenolic monomers identified in vegetative parts were recovered in associated soil samples, with vanillic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids the most abundant. Finally, variability in plant phenolic content seemed more due to climatic than to cropping or soil factors, as differences between years appear more important than differences between or within sites.

Flavonoids↗
PubMed1979

Protein quality in cereals and pulses. 3. Bioassays with rats and chickens on sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), barley and field beans (Vicia faba L.). Influence of polyethylene glycol on digestibility on the protein in high-tannin grain.

1. Two preceding papers in this series describe the application of microbiological and other in vitro tests in the evaluation of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), field beans (Vicia faba L.) and barley, and in assessing the influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) on the nutritional availability of the methionine. The present paper gives for comparison the results of bioassays on some of the same test samples. Net protein utilization (NPU) in rats was measured by the nitrogen balance method, and N digestibility in chickens by the ileal analysis procedure. 2. In rat tests on sorghum, N in grain of high-tannin varieties was poorly digested. Supplementation of the test diets with 0.1 g PEG 4000/g protein gave a large improvemnet, which was partly offset by an apparent decrease in biological value (BV). With chickens N digestibility was even lower, and was similarly improved with PEG 4000. Treatment of high-tannin grain with ammonia solution was also effective in improving N digestibility. 3. With low-tannin sorghum the amino acid digestibilities were uniformly high and were not affected by addition of PEG to the test diet. With high-tannin sorghums they were low and less uniform, and were much improved by PEG 4000. 4. With field beans, the influence of the seed-coat tannin on protein utilization was much less pronounced than with sorghum. In chickens there was a significant effect (P less than 0.05) of PEG 4000 on N idgestibility in a high-tannin variety. With rats the effect was smaller and not significant. 5. In four samples of barley. N digestibility was high (0.87--0.96) and was not further improved by PEG 4000. The BV of a high-lysine cultivar proved marginally inferior to that of a normal variety. Possible reasons for this are discussed. 6. Over all, the results were closely consistent with those from microbiological tests with Streptococcus zymogenes.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Associative effects of sorghum silage and sorghum grain diets.

A metabolism trial was conducted to quantitate associative effects between sorghum silage and sorghum grain, and to identify responsible factors. Diets were formulated by mixing ground sorghum grain (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% of diet dry matter) with sorghum silage and were adjusted to 15.0% crude protein with soybean meal. Cannulated Beefmaster-cross steers (300 kg) were adapted to diets for 14 d followed by 5 d of fecal collection during which digestibility of components was determined. Intake of digestible dry matter and digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber increased with increases in diet grain content (linear effect: P less than .01, P less than .01, P less than .05, respectively; quadratic effect: P less than .05, P less than .005, P less than .06, respectively). Digestibilities of starch, crude protein and hemicellulose were not significantly affected by grain level. Ruminal pH averaged 6.0 and was not significantly affected by grain level or time of sampling. Ruminal in situ digestion of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber at 48 h decreased (linear contrast, P less than .001) with increasing grain content. Rate of passage of liquid digesta was not affected by grain level in the diet. The rate of passage of particulate digesta decreased linearly (P less than .005, orthogonal contrast) with increasing levels of grain. Low levels of sorghum grain (15 and 30%) improved digestibility and intake of digestible dry matter of sorghum silage-based diets, whereas higher rates of grain supplementation (45 and 60%) did not result in further improvement.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2026

Advances in Understanding Salt Stress Effects on Growth and Productivity in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench).

Salinity is a growing problem for cereal cultivation because it imposes multiple stresses, including osmotic, ionic, nutritional, and oxidative constraints, on the crop. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is considered a climate-smart C4 cereal for food, feed, fodder, forage, and bioenergy, but recent studies indicate that salinity continues to hinder establishment, biomass formation, reproductive growth, and yield. This review compiles the literature on the impacts of salinity on sorghum from 2021 to 2026, with a focus on germination, vegetative growth, physiological and biochemical responses, ion homeostasis, genetic control, productivity, mitigation, and future breeding priorities. In total, 160 records were identified, 118 records were screened after duplicate removal, and 44 recent sources were included in the synthesis. Across comparable sorghum studies, saline/NaCl treatments of approximately 60-200 mM commonly reduced germination by about 20-40%, root and shoot elongation by 25-50%, and biomass by 20-55%, while tolerant genotypes generally maintained higher K+/Na+ balance, 40-60% greater biomass retention, or two- to five-fold stronger ion homeostasis indicators than sensitive lines under similar conditions. Salt stress also lowers leaf expansion, chlorophyll stability, gas exchange, dry matter accumulation, panicle fertility, and grain filling. Tolerant genotypes show greater antioxidant potential, osmotic adjustment, photosynthetic stability, and root system resilience. Recent omics and genome-wide association studies suggest that salinity tolerance in sorghum is polygenic and involves genes related to ion transport, stress signalling, antioxidant regulation, osmolyte metabolism, and growth maintenance. This review recommends a shift from descriptive trait lists to full-cycle field validation, multi-trait selection indices, and integrated packages combining breeding with seed priming, soil water management, amendments, and beneficial microorganisms.

PRISMA↗
PubMed1991

Niacin status of humans as affected by eating decorticated and whole-ground sorghum (Sorghum gramineae) grain, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.

Niacin utilization to humans from whole grain ground sorghum flour and decorticated grain ground sorghum flour was studied. During two, randomly-arranged experimental periods of 14 days each, the 10 healthy adult subjects ate constant, laboratory controlled diets which included 28 g per day of either a ready-to-eat cereal prepared from whole-ground-sorghum flour or one prepared from decorticated (polished) sorghum flour. All subjects received both experimental treatments, made complete collections of urine and stools, and gave fasting blood samples at the ends of both experimental periods. Although the whole ground cereal contained higher amounts of niacin than did the decorticated cereal, urinary losses of N-methylnicotinamine were higher when the decorticated cereal was fed than when the whole ground cereal was used. Blood serum levels of nicotinamide and N-nicotinamide were higher when the whole ground cereal was fed than the feeding of the decorticated cereal was given. Therefore, it appears that the niacin of whole ground sorghum is absorbed but then the need for niacin is either increased or its urinary excretion is inhibited.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Effect of cooking on protein digestibility of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)].

The changes in protein digestibility that occur during cooking have interested many scientists. In this study the effect of cooking sorghum in water on the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) was evaluated using sorghum grains not containing tannin (SST), and grains containing detoxified tannin (SPD). The results were compared with rice and maize. The effect of sulfites present in the water used for cooking was also determined. The IVPD of sorghum excent of tannins before cooking was 71.1% smaller (p < 0.05) than that obtained for com (80.8%), polished rice (90.6%) or sorgum with detoxified tannins (80.4%). After cooking in water the IVPD decreased to 23.1%, 66.3%, 3.1% and 3.2% for SST, SPD, polished rice and corn endosperms, respectively. The IVPD of SST and SPD treated with 0.1M sodium bisulfite was 65.2 and 50.1%, which corresponds to a decrease in IVPD of 8.0 and 37.7%, respectively. Similar results were obtained when 0.1M sodium metabisulfite is added to the cooking media. These findings demonstrate that sulfites inhibit the sudden decrease of the IVPD of cooked sorghum grains, and suggest that these compounds may block the formation of disulfide bridges (-S-S-) among the gamma-kafirins molecules located on the surface of the sorghum protein bodies or possibly other factors involved which will be later studied.

Dietary Proteins↗
PubMed2000

Acetonitrile as a buffer additive for free zone capillary electrophoresis separation and characterization of maize (Zeamays L. ) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) storage proteins.

An improved method for separating and characterizing maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) storage proteins by free zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE) was developed. Previous electrophoretic methods for analyzing these proteins required high concentrations of urea to maintain protein solubility during separation. To overcome disadvantages of urea, we developed a FZCE method that mimicked reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) in that it used high levels of acetonitrile (ACN) at low pH. The optimized FZCE buffer system consisted of 80 mM phosphate-glycine buffer, nominal pH 2.5, containing 60% ACN and a cellulose derivative to dynamically coat capillary walls. Resolution was similar to or higher than that previously achieved by FZCE buffers utilizing 8 M urea as a buffer additive. ACN concentrations of at least 50% were necessary to achieve acceptable separations; this ACN concentration is approximately that necessary to extract these storage proteins. ACN was equally effective as traditional ethanol solvents and 8 M urea for solubilizing maize and sorghum proteins. The ACN-based FZCE buffer system gave high repeatability (<0.3% relative standard deviation, measured over 15 consecutive injections) for migration time. Subclasses of maize and sorghum storage proteins were identified, and genotypes of each cereal were successfully differentiated using ACN-containing buffers. This FZCE method may be applicable for the analysis of other hydrophobic proteins without the use of urea.

Acetonitriles↗
PubMed1979

Protein quality in cereals and pulses. 2. Influence of polyethyleneglycol on the nutritional availability of methionine in sorghum (Sorghum vulgar Pers.), field beans (Vicia faba L.) and barley.

1. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG 4000) was examined for its influence on relative nutritional value (RNV) and available methionine in sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), field beans (Vicia faba L.) and barley, as measured microbiologically with Streptococcus zymogenes. The results were assessed in relation to the content of tannins in the test samples. 2. In grain of hybrid sorghum the RNV averaged 87 (range 79--92) for six low-tannin varieties and 41 (30--53) for eleven high-tannin varieties. The corresponding available methionine values averaged 17.0 (15.7--18.9) and 8.9 (6.7--11.0) g/kg protein. Addition of PEG 4000 to the test samples increased the average RNV of the high-tannin varieties from 41 to 78, and the average available methionine content from 8.9 to 16.2 g/kg protein. 3. With seed of ten coloured flowered varieties of field beans, treatment with PEG gave a small but consistent increase in the available methionine content, which resulted from the inactivation of tannins in the testa. 4. In twenty-three samples of barley grain, treatment with PEG had no effect on the values obtained for available methionine. 5. Treatment of high-tannin sorghum grain with ammonia has been reported to inactivate the tannins and increase the nutritional value for rats and chicks. This finding was confirmed. The present study showed that ammonia and PEG 4000 were equally effective in enhancing the nutritional quality as measured in the microbiological tests.

Dietary Proteins↗
PubMed2000

Genetic variation in wild sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ssp. verticilliflorum (L.) Moench) germplasm from Ethiopia assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).

The extent and distribution of genetic variation in wild sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ssp. verticilliflorum (L.) Moench) collected from five different geographical regions in Ethiopia were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for 93 individuals representing 11 populations. Nine decamer primers generated a total of 83 polymorphic bands with 8-12 bands per primer and a mean of 9 bands across the 93 individuals. The amount of genetic variation among the populations (H = 0.37) and among the geographical region (H = 0.44) was low to moderate, despite the high degree of polymorphic bands per primer. Similarly, the mean genetic distance (0.08) among populations as well as among regions of origin (0.04) of the population was found to be low. The low genetic variation may be due to the reduced population size of the wild sorghum in Ethiopia because of habitat change. Partitioning of the genetic variation into between and within the population as well as between and within the regions of origin revealed that 75% and 88% of the variation was found within the populations and within the regions, respectively. Cluster analysis of genetic distance estimates further confirmed low level of differentiation of wild sorghum populations both on population and regional bases. The implications of the results for genetic conservation purposes are discussed.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed2000

Molecular mapping of QTLs conferring stay-green in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench).

Drought resistance is of enormous importance in crop production. The identification of genetic factors involved in plant response to drought stress provides a strong foundation for improving drought tolerance. Stay-green is a drought resistance trait in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) that gives plants resistance to premature senescence under severe soil moisture stress during the post-flowering stage. The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control the stay-green and chlorophyll content in sorghum. By using a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) map, developed from a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, we identified four stay-green QTLs, located on three linkage groups. The QTLs (Stg1 and Stg2) are on linkage group A, with the other two, Stg3 and Stg4, on linkage groups D and J, respectively. Two stay-green QTLs, Stg1 and Stg2, explaining 13-20% and 20-30% of the phenotypic variability, respectively, were consistently identified in all trials at different locations in two years. Three QTLs for chlorophyll content (Chl1, Chl2, and Chl3), explaining 25-30% of the phenotypic variability were also identified under post-flowering drought stress. All coincided with the three stay-green QTL regions (Stg1, Stg2, and Stg3) accounting for 46% of the phenotypic variation. The Stg1 and Stg2 regions also contain the genes for key photosynthetic enzymes, heat shock proteins, and an abscisic acid (ABA) responsive gene. Such spatial arrangement shows that linkage group A is important for drought- and heat-stress tolerance and yield production in sorghum. High-resolution mapping and cloning of the consistent stay-green QTLs may help to develop drought-resistant hybrids and to understand the mechanism of drought-induced senescence in plants.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1994

[Chemical and nutrition evaluation of whole sorghum flour (Sorghum bicolor, L. Moench), complementation with bean and milk whey, application in baking].

The chemical characteristics nutritive value and technological properties of the whole sorghum flour for consumption were studied. The chemical analyses indicated 11.5% of protein, 2.7% of fat, 1.3% of fiber and 72% of carbohydrate. Major mineral in the flour were sulphur 0.25%, phosphorus 0.21%, potassium 0.15%, magnesium 0.07% and calcium 0.03%. The amino acid analyses showed lysine as the first limiting amino acid (score 31.3%) and as the second treonine (score 61.5%). The essential fatty acid contents in the oil were linolenic acid 36.2%, linolenic acid 1.4% and trace of arachidonic acid. The tanin content was 0.04%. PER and CEA were increased when the whole sorghum flour was supplemented with exception of digestibility. It was concluded that whole sorghum flour is a good source of calories in the diet (359 Cal/100g) and the protein responded positively to complementing with Phaseoulus vulgaris flour, dried milk whey and synthetic lysine. The bread baked with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of composite flour (wheat-sorghum) showed good volume, good external and internal characteristics and a high percentage of acceptability, by a panel of degustation testers.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Tannic acid content in sorghum (Sorghum bicolour M.): effects of processing.

Some simple treatments were employed to reduce the tannin content in locally consumed sorghum grain. The treatments included overnight soaking of sorghum in 2% NaHCO3, soaking in different alkalis, ammoniation and autoclaving. Of the above treatments, ammoniation was best for complete removal of tannins. Soaking the seeds in alkalis was also effective. Soaking the sorghum seeds for 18 hours in mixed salt solution (containing 1.5% NaHCO3 + 0.5% Na2CO3 and 0.75% citric acid in w/v ratio) was also found to be effective.

Alkalies↗
PubMed1983

Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor): evidence for a gene duplication.

Two sets of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) bands are regularly observed in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor): set I is a permanent triplet; set II is variable, as either two or three bands. A faint set III is detected only when extracts from seeds subjected to anaerobiosis are run in neutral pH gels. Dissociation-reassociation experiments reveal that the central band of the set I triplet is a heterodimer of the other two. Full-sib progeny analysis from self-fed plants shows that the set II bands are doublets, with heterozygotes having only three apparent bands instead of four because of the similar mobilities of the fast-migrating isozyme specified by the slow allele and the slow isozyme specified by the fast allele. We propose a three-locus model as the best explanation of these patterns. Set I consists of the products of two loci and their intergenic heterodimer. Set III is specified by a third locus. Set II isozymes are the intergenic heterodimers of the two set I loci and the set III locus. This explanation is similar to that of Schwartz and Freeling for maize but suggests that the evolution of Sorghum includes a gene duplication of the homologue of the Adh-1 locus in Zea.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1997

Characterization of the bacterial flora of Sudanese sorghum flour and sorghum sourdough.

The microflora of a Sudanese sorghum flour, a spontaneously fermented sourdough and a long-term sourdough produced in a Sudanese household by consecutive re-inoculations, was studied. The dominant contaminants of sorghum flour were Gram-negative, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria with counts of about 10(5) cfu g-1. The spontaneously fermented sorghum sourdough showed a bacterial succession from Gram-negative, catalase-positive contaminants to Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lact. reuteri. The total bacterial count reached about 10(10) cfu g-1 and the pH dropped from 6.4 to 3.35 in about 42 h. In this phase, only the Latter two species remained dominant in a ratio of 1:1. From the Sudanese long-term dough, seven strains of Lactobacillus were isolated, representing the dominant flora. Sequence comparison of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were used to clarify their phylogenetic positions. Five strains were classified as Lact. vaginalis and could be regarded as heterogeneous biovars of this species. The other two strains could be assigned to Lact. helveticus. RAPD-PCR and sugar fermentation patterns were useful in differentiation of these strains.

Bacteria↗