Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Socialism”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Differential effects of social support and social network on physiological and social outcomes in men and women with type II diabetes mellitus.

Patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were advised to comply with a complex behavioral regimen of diet and exercise. The relationship between social support satisfaction and social support network size was evaluated using the Social Support Questionnaire for 32 men and 44 women with a confirmed diagnosis of NIDDM. Control of diabetes, as measured by the glycosylated hemoglobin assay, was significantly correlated with social support satisfaction for women but negatively correlated with social support satisfaction for men. Social support network size differentially predicted success in a program for men and women. For women, network size was significantly correlated with failure to attend sessions and with failure to complete a diary. For these women, network size was not significantly correlated with weight loss, which was the goal of the program. For men, network size was correlated with increases in weight, cholesterol, and triglycerides over an 18-month period. We conclude that social support network size and satisfaction have different functions for men and women faced with a serious chronic illness. Network size adversely affects success in a program, whereas social support satisfaction has some benefits for women. The direction of the influence of social network may be determined by the similarity or dissimilarity of network norms to the desired behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Social support and stress: the role of social comparison and social exchange processes.

This paper first presents four different conceptualizations of social support: social integration, satisfying relationships, perceived helpfulness and enacted support. Then, classic and contemporary social comparison theory and social exchange theory are analysed as they are two theoretical perspectives that are particularly useful in understanding social support. These perspectives are employed to explain three seemingly paradoxical phenomena in the domain of social support: (1) the fact that support sometimes has negative effects; (2) the fact that the occurrence of stress itself can sometimes decrease the availability of support resources; and (3) the phenomenon that people believe that they give more support than they receive, and that there is more support available for them than for others.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Social class, mental illness, and social mobility: the social selection-drift hypothesis for serious mental illness.

The assumptions and methods of previous studies of the social selection-drift hypothesis for serious mental illness are examined by using comtemporary log-linear methods for social mobility analysis. The null hypothesis of no difference in intergenerational social mobility between seriously mentally ill and general population control groups cannot be rejected in previous studies by Birtchnell (1971), Goldberg and Morrison (1963), Langner and Michael (1963), and Turner and Wagenfeld (1967). The findings of this study suggest that previous empirical support for intergenerational social mobility differences is an artifact of not controlling for group differences in origins and destinations when collapsed origin-by-destination tables are analyzed. This study suggests that intergenerational social mobility differences between seriously mentally ill and general population groups in previous studies provide very little, if any, empirical support for social selection-drift processes in serious mental illness.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Effects of ovariectomy, social instability and social status on female Macaca fascicularis social behavior.

The effects of ovariectomy, social instability and social status on affiliative and agonistic behavior were studied in 44 females housed in 10 unimale groups. Five of the groups contained ovariectomized females and five groups contained intact females. The membership among three groups of intact females (n = 13) and three groups of ovariectomized females (n = 13) was reorganized every three months (unstable), and the other groups were left undisturbed (stable) for the 22 month study. The behavior of each female was recorded during 160 (stable) or 190 (unstable) 15 min focal observations of each subject. The social status of each female was determined by outcomes of agonistic interactions. It was hypothesized that the effects of social instability and status would be more pervasive than the effects of ovariectomy. It was found that ovariectomy reduced interfemale affiliation and increased male-female agonism. Social instability increased submissions to males and females and time spent alone, and decreased interfemale affiliation. Dominant animals were more aggressive and less submissive than subordinates. Thus, ovariectomy influenced both isosexual and heterosexual social interaction, implying mediation of these behaviors, at least in part, by ovarian hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Social workers and physicians--partners in social psychiatry? Assumptions and reality in a social psychiatry model institution].

With the reform of psychiatric and psychosocial care services, new professional groups, apart from the traditionally medical professions, have increasingly found their way into everyday therapy. Social workers in particular have gained significance in complementary fields of treatment. An empirical survey of the everyday situation in a comprehensive community mental health service system focusing on the therapist-couple "physician" and "social worker" collaborating to guarantee continuity of care for long-term treatment, yielded three results: 1. The dual-therapistsystem was convincingly effective for nearly half of the total number of patients; the other patients were attended generally by one therapist, while the second therapist took an active part in treatment only sporadically. 2. Analysis considering the two professional groups involved showed a significant pre-dominance of the physicians, both on a qualitative basis in their function as being the primary therapist as well as in strictly quantitative terms concerning the relations of all therapeutic activities. 3. A comparison of two extreme groups "doctor-patients" and "social worker-patient" revealed significant differences in features of their respective social and clinical case histories. In the course of treatment we found a rapid focusing on and acceptance of the medical therapeut. These results, which also reflect the conflict between social psychiatric claims and everyday reality, are discussed with regard to the self-perception of the professional groups involved and the practice of our department and the cooperative institutions, as well as the expectations of the patients and their relatives, and finally with reference to the various exclusively medical-oriented treatment models which still dominate contemporary psychiatric praxis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Alcohol and social influences: yielding among male social drinkers to social pressure.

Thirty men participated as paid volunteers in an experiment exploring whether alcohol intoxication makes a person more or less likely to yield to social pressure. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a Control, a Placebo, or an Alcohol group. The alcohol dose was 0.8 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight. Subjects first estimated the length of a line, then received feedback from either a male or a female reference group (social pressure), and finally made a second estimation. This procedure was repeated 30 times. The analysis indicated that the only effect of intoxication was to become more resistant in terms of number of yieldings to social pressure, provided the feedback came from a male reference group. Locus of control in terms of internality significantly predicted number of yieldings for the Alcohol group, although the analysis indicated no significant differences between groups as to mean locus of control scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Popular and rejected children's social reasoning: linking social status and social knowledge.

The relationship between children's social status/sex and their moral judgements was examined. Sixty-four second- and third-grade children (33 boys, 31 girls) who were identified as popular or rejected by peer sociometric measures were shown pictures of children engaged in moral and second-order transgressions. The children were asked to rate each event on (a) the degree of seriousness for other and self, (b) the amount of punishment for other and self, and (c) rule alterability. The children were also asked for justification of the transgressions (why they thought the transgressions were wrong). The popular and rejected children differentiated between moral and second-order transgressions based upon criterion ratings and justifications. Differences emerged between the popular and the rejected children's ratings and justifications for moral transgressions, suggesting that children's moral judgements are related to social experiences associated with peer acceptance and rejection.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Short-term responses of plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucocorticoid and testosterone titers to social and non-social stressors in male guinea pigs of different social status.

The short-term effects on norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), glucocorticoid (CS) and testosterone (T) levels of (a) taking blood samples, and (b) an agonistic encounter in an experienced fighter's home cage were examined in 15 male guinea pigs living in large heterosexual colonies for 8 to 19 months. Four tests were performed 1 month apart. In the 1st, 2nd and 3rd test 3 blood samples were taken from each male in a strange room within 30 min (sampling times were designated as 0, 20 and 30 min, respectively). In the 4th test blood samples were taken on the same time schedule, however, the males were given 10 min agonistic encounters 10 min after the initial blood sampling. The main findings were as follows: in response to taking blood samples and fighting CS and NE titers increased significantly, whereas E values did not change in a significant way. T titers decreased 10 min after the agonistic encounter. The % changes of NE, E, CS and T at 20 and 30 min did not differ whether an agonistic encounter took place or only blood samples were taken. According to their behaviors displayed in the colonies the males were divided into high (N = 6) and low (N = 9) ranking individuals. When only blood samples were taken the males' social status was only reflected by a tendency towards higher T levels in high ranking males, however not by NE, E and CS titers. High ranking males showed lower NE titers than low ranking males directly after the agonistic encounter. No further relationships between long-term social status and short-term endocrine responses were found. According to their behaviors displayed during the agonistic encounters the males were divided into fighters (F) (5 out of 6 high and 3 out of 9 low ranking individuals), and non-fighters (NF) (1 high, 6 low ranking individuals). F and NF did not differ in T and CS values, NE titers, however, were significantly higher in NF compared with F before, directly after the encounter as well as 10 min later. E was significantly higher in NF than in F directly after the encounter. One month before the contest prospective NF showed higher NE levels at 0, 20 and 30 min sampling times than prospective F when only blood samples were taken. These findings point to a more important role of catecholamines than CS and T in guinea pig intermale agonistic encounters. NE responsiveness may have predictive value for the behavior in contest situations.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Social contact behavior of elderly females living alone from the social psychology viewpoint--a survey. IV: Are there factors which determine social contact behavior?].

Some factors, which are important with regard to the contact behaviour of elderly women living alone, are reported and discussed: biographical sign, professional and social status as well as informations on the actual health status. Finally the essential results of the statistical intercorrelation of all involved variables are represented.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Different social network and social support characteristics, nervous problems and insomnia: theoretical and methodological aspects on some results from the population study 'men born in 1914', Malmö, Sweden.

A representative sample of 68-year-old men in the Swedish city of Malmö, were interviewed in detail regarding their social network, social support and social influence as a part of an extensive examination of their health status. Emphasis in this paper is put on the definition and operationalization of different social network, social support and social influence characteristics included in a tentative model. The reliability and validity of the different social network, social support and social influence indices are analyzed and discussed. The relation between the different indices and marital status and social class are analyzed implying that men living alone and men in the lowest social class have the most insufficient social network, social support and social influence. The indices were then used in an analysis of nervous problems and insomnia. Social anchorage, social participation and contact frequency, all subconcepts of social network, had independent associations with mental health in this cross-sectional study. The addition of the social network, social support and social influence indices to social class and marital status gives a more differentiated and thereby a more valid picture of the association between the psychosocial environment and this type of mental health problems.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Social environment and health--a social epidemiological frame of reference.

Growing interest in epidemiological studies and prevention has led to increased awareness of the importance of the social environment to health. In this field of research, which might be designated social epidemiology, there is today extensive research into the possible association between different types of social factors and ill-health in the population. This article presents a social epidemiological frame of reference and some social factors of importance when one is studying the relationships between the social environment and health. Important social factors in the model are social stratification, social network, social support and life-style factors. Two other main categories of social factors in the model are circumstances and events related to social stratification or occupation and social network respectively. These may be factors in the external or internal work environment and variables describing the general activity level of the individual or different types of stressful social network-related life events. Other important factors in the model are physiological and clinical factors and three different types of health indicator. In the field of social epidemiological research, there is an increasing need for the development of theoretical models and frameworks as support in the analysis of social factors and health. These could be based on experience and tradition in both epidemiological research and the social sciences.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1992

Studies of hospital social stays in the frail elderly and their relationship to the intensity of social work intervention.

The elderly frequently suffer long lengths of hospital stay (LOS). These long stays are often associated with long social care stays which occur when patients no longer require acute care and are awaiting post-discharge services. In this study, actual acute care LOS and social care LOS were studied specifically in hospitalized frail elderly. Our data demonstrate that frail elderly receiving only acute care do not suffer markedly prolonged total LOS (TLOS). However, in hospitalized frail elderly patients who experience acute care and social care stays, social care LOS accounts for over half of all hospital days. When patients were grouped and studied according to the type of post-discharge services being sought by the health care team, significant differences in acute LOS and social care LOS were noted. Subgroups of patients were also identified among the various groups which differed significantly in their LOS parameters. Patients who required more than one discharge plan during the course of hospitalization experienced the longest hospital stays of all groups, and spent almost 70% of these days receiving non-acute social care. In a study of the relationship between the intensity of social work intervention and social care LOS in the frail elderly, a statistically significant relationship was noted between the timing and frequency of social work intervention and the actual length of social care stays. Early and frequent social work interventions were associated with significantly shorter social care LOS. We conclude that the study of TLOS should include acute LOS and social care LOS to obtain a reliable measure of the course and cost of hospital care for the frail elderly. The study of social care subgroups may facilitate future investigations to define the social care problems which contribute most to TLOS, and the patient populations which should be most heavily targeted for early and intensive social work intervention.

Aged↗
PubMed2025

The Relationship Among Range Adaptation, Social Anhedonia, and Social Functioning: A Combined Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Resting-State fMRI Study.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Social anhedonia is a core feature of schizotypy and correlates significantly with social functioning and range adaptation. Range adaptation refers to representing a stimulus value based on its relative position in the range of pre-experienced values. This study aimed to examine the resting-state neural correlates of range adaptation and its associations with social anhedonia and social functioning. STUDY DESIGN: In study 1, 60 participants completed resting-state magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fMRI scans. Range adaptation was assessed by a valid effort-based decision-making paradigm. Self-reported questionnaires was used to measure social anhedonia and social functioning. Study 2 utilized 26 pairs of participants with high (HSoA) and low levels of social anhedonia (LSoA) to examine the group difference in range adaptation's neural correlates and its relationship with social anhedonia and social functioning. An independent sample of 40 pairs of HSoA and LSoA was used to verify the findings. STUDY RESULTS: Study 1 showed that range adaptation correlated with excitation-inhibition balance (EIB) and ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) functional connectivity, which in turn correlating positively with social functioning. Range adaptation was specifically determined by the EIB via mediation of ventral-medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivities. Study 2 found HSoA and LSoA participants exhibiting comparable EIB and vPFC connectivities. However, EIB and vPFC connectivities were negatively correlated with social anhedonia and social functioning in HSoA participants. CONCLUSIONS: EIB and vPFC functional connectivity is putative neural correlates for range adaptation. Such neural correlates are associated with social anhedonia and social functioning.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Social skills and the stress-protective role of social support.

Cross-sectional analyses of data collected from a large sample of incoming college freshmen were used to determine whether the perceived availability of social support protects persons from stress-induced depressive affect; whether social competence, social anxiety, and self-disclosure are responsible for the stress-protective effect of perceived social support; and whether these social skill measures discriminate among persons for whom support will help, hinder, or be ineffective in the face of stress. Prospective analyses based on the original testing (beginning of school year) and 11- and 22-week follow-ups of a randomly selected subsample were used to determine how the same social skill factors influence the development and maintenance of support perceptions and of friendships. Evidence is provided for a stress-buffering role of the perceived availability of social support. The stress-buffering effect is unaffected by controls for the possible stress-protective influences of social anxiety, social competence, and self-disclosure. Although these social skill factors do not discriminate among persons for whom support will help, hinder, or be ineffective, they are prospectively predictive of the development of both social support and friendship formation. These prospective relations between social skills and the development of perceived availability of social support are only partly mediated by number of friends.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human social activity under conditions of relative social isolation].

The differences in using a "social isolation" concept in the psychological literature are presented. The term of "relative social isolation" is clarified. A relationship between human adaptation to the relative social isolation environments and the development of his social qualities and social activities is presented. The "social context", dictating motivation attitudes of a man to the isolation situation, emotional experiences, self-appraisal of activity is of crucial importance for evaluating the real environments of relative social isolations. Social activity of a personality is studied as the relations of a man with the conditions of his activity. The results of studying the dynamics of the psychic state of a man during individual and group isolation are compared. It is concluded that social activity of man and his functional state are interrelated. The particular manifestations and direction of the changes in the social activity of the subject depend on the duration of isolation and are determined first of all by social significance and meaningful and balanced work for a person as well as by the amount and frequency of direct and mediated social contacts under specific conditions of relative social isolation.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Social context, social abstention, and problem recognition correlated with adult female urinary incontinence.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to describe types of social contexts and abstention from social activity in women reporting urinary incontinence (UI); to identify social contexts and social abstention specifically associated with clinical UI subtypes; to relate clinical type of UI, social context and social abstention to individual problem perception. DESIGN AND SETTING: A self-administered postal questionnaire was sent to a random population sample comprising 3,114 women aged 30-59 in the Municipality of Aarhus, Denmark. RESPONDERS: A total of 2,631 women (84.5%) responded with a slight decrease in response rate by age. The present study group consists of 511 women (19.4% of the responders) who reported period prevalent UI for at least one of the years 1985-1987. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Eighty-six percent of the study group members reported stress UI and 50% urge UI, so that 42% had both (mixed stress and urge UI) and 6% none of them (unspecific UI). Forty-six percent indicated the workplace and 66% the home as principal sites of UI occurrence. Thirty-one percent had experienced UI in specific situations such as during anxiety, sexual intercourse, or sleep. Nineteen percent had abstained from social activities, 17% from non-intimate social activity and 6% from sexual intercourse. Fourteen percent perceived UI as a social problem and 60% as a hygienic problem. Indicators of stress UI were associated with UI occurring at the work-place and during sexual intercourse which, in turn, both were correlates of abstention from non-intimate social activity. Urge UI was associated with episodes of UI occurring at home and in specific situations such as during anxiety and sleep. The experience of UI during sexual intercourse was related to all types of abstention. The perception of UI as a social or hygienic problem depended on the duration since first UI episode as well as social context and abstention. CONCLUSIONS: The everyday life consequences of UI are widespread and may cause serious relational problems for the individual. Stress UI manifests itself as a somatic condition leading to abstention from sport and other non-intimate social activities. Urge UI and the role of the experience of UI during sexual intercourse should be further investigated also from psycho-somatic and psycho-social coping points of view.

Absenteeism↗