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Results for “Social Values”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Medical science and social values.

Social Values, no less than medical science, have shaped the medical management of the pain of childbirth. Nineteenth century feminists fought for greater use of anesthesia in obstetrics at a time when physicians held back for fear of its effects on labor, hemorrhage, rates of infection and the condition of the child. A century later, after physicians became comfortable with the use of anesthesia, a new generation of feminists challenged the use of such drugs, once again citing social considerations. The personalities of colorful and charismatic obstetricians such as James Young Simpson and Grantley Dick-Read played a strong part in the outcome of each confrontation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Drunks, livers, and values. Should social value judgments enter into liver transplant decisions?

The idea that social value judgments should enter into the distribution of scarce resources has been debated for many years. The question of transplanting livers into alcoholic patients, even if they do not constitute a technically worse group than do nonalcoholics, is used to examine this issue. The paper concludes that (a) "social worth," as a criterion for distribution of scarce resources, is morally precluded in allocations directly involving the patient-physician relationship; (b) social worth criteria may be useful in macroallocation decisions prior to resorting to a lottery approach or to a market approach; (c) social worth criteria may be more legitimately applied when it comes to transplanting organs than in the distribution of other resources. Social worth criteria constitute an expression of communal value and are prone to the evolution of communal sensitivities and to growth.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

'He hath the French pox': stigma, social value and social exclusion.

Goods and resources are finite, and social forces heavily pattern their distribution. One of the principal mechanisms for shaping the distribution of resources is by regulating entitlement to community membership itself. By restricting groups' membership of community, so access to social goods and resources diminishes, which in turn has a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of the excluded groups. It is argued here that community membership is determined on the basis of the perceived social value of groups and individuals and stigmatisation is the marking of individuals and groups who are 'unworthy' of social investment. Using the notion of reciprocity we show how groups may be stigmatised and socially excluded as a mechanism for protecting limited social resources from exploitation. This perspective provides an empirically testable framework for the understanding of stigma and social exclusion that goes beyond the largely descriptive work that currently populates the field. We illustrate the process of stigmatisation and social exclusion and discuss how this suggests new styles of intervention, as well as new directions for research.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

What is the value of social values? The uselessness of assessing health-related quality of life through preference measures.

BACKGROUND: The use of preference-based measures in the evaluation of health outcomes has extended considerably over the last decade. Their alleged advantage over other types of general instruments in the evaluation of health related quality of life (HRQOL), supposedly lies in the fact that preference measures incorporate values or utilities that reflects the value of social preferences through health states. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of social preference weights or utilities makes any real difference when calculating scores for the Euroqol (EQ5-D) questionnaire, a HRQOL preference-based measure. METHODS: Responses to the EQ5-D of a sample of 10,972 patients from 10 countries enrolled in an observational study of the treatment of schizophrenia in Europe were used for this purpose. Two different methods of scoring the EQ-5D where compared: 'weighting the items' of the questionnaire through the UK official weight coefficients, and 'non-weighting the items'. Pearson's, Spearman's, and two-way mixed parametric intraclass correlation coefficients were used to estimate the association of the scores obtained in both ways. RESULTS: The association between weighted and unweighted Euroqol scores was extremely high (Pearson's r = 0.91), as was the association between their ranks (Spearman's rho = 0.93). The intraclass correlation coefficient obtained (0.89) also suggested that the concordance between the score distributions was prominent. CONCLUSIONS: A non-weighted approach to score the EQ5-D is enough to explain a high proportion of variance in scores obtained through the use of utilities. The differential contribution of weights based on population preference values is therefore minimal and, in our opinion, negligible.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1994

The effect of self-presentation on social value orientation.

Social-value orientations in interdependence situations are expected to be influenced by self-presentational concerns because in contrast to proself orientations (individualism and competition), prosocial orientations (cooperation, altruism, equality, and maximin) tend to make a more positive impression on others. In the present study, the influence of self-presentation on social orientation was inhibited by means of a bogus pipeline procedure. Dutch University students in a bogus pipeline condition displayed less prosocial and more proself orientations than students in a condition in which no bogus pipeline was used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Evaluating values: social structures and handling values (author's transl)].

Expectations regarding justice and legislation have been lagging behind developments in society. The (enforcement of) the law is no longer a matter of morals but rather of efficiency and is one of (several) means available to the state to make the population do (and omit) what it considers to be necessary because of 'Sachzwang'. In the final (technocratic) stage (Ellul) of the technological phase, the control of social processes is the main objective, implying, among others, making all positions and professions official and making all actions uniform. In his cyclic theory of the law, Ellul describes the appearance of groups having entirely new values as a counter-force. These are sub-cultures which turn away from thinking in terms of economic efficiency, i.e. they refuse to take part in those types of performance on which technocracy is base ('Leistungsverweigerung', Böll). To get to know which part is merely protest and which are germs for the future, the evolutionary phase will have to be considered in addition to the cyclic phase. Of particular importance is the fundamental sociological law (Steiner) which implies that there is a trend in society, which is marked by the fact that institutions are increasingly becoming only acceptable to the extent to which they are conductive to the individual development of members. Whatever the concrete forms of future social structures may be, if they are to maintain themselves, they will have to possess the basic characteristic of individual development without power.

Culture↗
PubMed2005

A social-value analysis of postmaterialism.

The author investigated the relationship between social values and R. Inglehart's (1971, 1981, 1990) Postmaterialism concept. In his theory, Materialism and Postmaterialism are basic value dimensions motivated by a person's need for security and short-term survival (on the one hand) and the desire to address needs that transcend material concerns (on the other). The aim of the present study was to attempt to locate Postmaterialism relative to politically nonspecific social values. Participants were 161 New Zealand university undergraduate men and women who completed P. R. Abramson and R. Inglehart's (1995) Postmaterialism scale and a 56-item Social Values Inventory (S. H. Schwartz, 1992). Analyses of Postmaterialism scale scores and aggregated scores reflecting the motivations underlying different groups of social values supported the hypothesis that Postmaterialism, as measured by this scale, is positively related to values associated with Self-Direction and Universalism motivations and negatively related to Security motivations. The results indicate that previous research had been limited to the application of values representing only a small part of the overall values space.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Self-benefiting in the allocation of scarce resources: leader-follower effects and the moderating effect of social value orientations.

Previous research on the allocation of scarce resources suggests that people who are assigned to higher positions (e.g., leaders) are more likely to make self-benefiting allocations than people who are assigned to lower positions (e.g., followers). In this article, the authors investigated the proposition that these findings would be moderated by people's social value orientations. In two experimental studies, the authors assigned participants either to the role of leader or follower and assessed the participants' social value orientations. In agreement with predictions, the findings show that position effects are moderated by social value orientation. Social value orientations only affected the allocation behavior of the leaders: Proself leaders allocated more resources to themselves than did prosocial leaders. Additional analyses indicate that these effects are mediated by feelings of entitlement.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Share and Share Alike or Winner Take All?: The Influence of Social Value Orientation upon Choice and Recall of Negotiation Heuristics.

Two experiments test the hypothesis that social value orientation influences choice and recall of heuristics in individuals preparing for negotiation. Consistent with predictions, Study 1 shows that in the preparation phase, negotiators with a prosocial value orientation choose more cooperative heuristics (e.g., "equal split is fair") than competitive heuristics (e.g., "your gain is my loss") while negotiators with a competitive social value orientation do the reverse. Negotiators with an individualistic social value orientation do not discriminate in their choice between cooperative and competitive heuristics. Study 2 shows that following preparation, prosocial negotiators recall more cooperative than competitive heuristics while individualists and competitors do the reverse. Additional measures suggest that prosocial negotiators prefer cooperative heuristics because these are seen as morally appropriate, whereas individualists and competitors prefer competitive heuristics because these are seen as effective. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Generativity and moral development as predictors of value-socialization narratives for young persons across the adult life span: from lessons learned to stories shared.

Little research so far has examined storytelling as a channel of value socialization. In the present study, 129 adults from 3 age groups (18-26, 28-50, 60-75) were asked to tell stories for adolescents about 2 of their past value-learning experiences. Generative concern (D. P. McAdams & E. de St. Aubin, 1992) and moral reasoning stage level were also assessed. Stronger generative concern was predictive of a greater sense of having learned important lessons from these past events, of stronger adult value socialization investment, and of more engaging narratives for adolescents as judged by a panel of uninstructed raters. Higher levels of moral reasoning were positively related to generative concern and to a stronger sense of past lessons learned. Generativity appears important to the project of value socialization across the adult life span.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Communal orientation and individualism: factors and correlations with values, social adjustment, and self-esteem.

Contemporary personality structures in the West reportedly are dominated by a problematic self-contained individualism, whereas a community-oriented ensembled individualism is presumed to be more adaptive. With the present sample of American undergraduates, an Individualism scale (Bales & Couch, 1969) was used to measure self-contained individualism, and the Communal Orientation Scale (Clark, Ouellette, Powell, & Milberg, 1987) was used to measure ensembled individualism. Results showed that both instruments predicted a belief in equalitarianism, but individualism was more likely to be associated with interpersonal maladjustment and poor self-esteem. Neither the full scales nor any of their factors displayed significant inverse correlations with each other, thus confirming the existence of negative correlates for self-contained individualism but also demonstrating that the two individualisms are not wholly incommensurable, as has been argued in the past.

Adult↗