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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Physiological adaptations to soccer specific endurance training in professional youth soccer players.

BACKGROUND: Improved oxygen uptake improves soccer performance as regards distance covered, involvements with the ball, and number of sprints. Large improvements in oxygen uptake have been shown using interval running. A similar physiological load arising from interval running could be obtained using the soccer ball in training. OBJECTIVES: The main aim was to study physiological adaptations to a 10 week high intensity aerobic interval training program performed by professional youth soccer players, using a soccer specific ball dribbling track. METHODS: Eleven youth soccer players with a mean (SD) age of 16.9 (0.4) years performed high intensity aerobic interval training sessions twice per week for 10 weeks in addition to normal soccer training. The specific aerobic training consisted of four sets of 4 min work periods dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track at 90-95% of maximal heart frequency, with a 3 min recovery jog at 70% of maximal heart frequency between intervals. RESULTS: Mean VO2max improved significantly from 63.4 (5.6) to 69.8 (6.6) ml kg(-1) min(-1), or 183.3 (13.2) to 201.5 (16.2) ml kg(-0.75) min(-1) (p<0.001). Squat jump and counter movement jump height increased significantly from 37.7 (6.2) to 40.3 (6.1) cm and 52.0 (4.0) to 53.4 (4.2) cm, respectively (p<0.05). No significant changes in body mass, running economy, rate of force development, or 10 m sprint times occurred. CONCLUSION: Performing high intensity 4 min intervals dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track together with regular soccer training is effective for improving the VO2max of soccer players, with no negative interference effects on strength, jumping ability, and sprinting performance.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Validity of heart rate as an indicator of aerobic demand during soccer activities in amateur soccer players.

In order to validate the use of heart rate (HR) in describing and monitoring physiological demands during soccer activities, the HR versus oxygen uptake ( V(.)O(2)) relationship determined on the field during soccer-specific exercises was compared to that found in the laboratory during treadmill exercise. Seven male amateur soccer players [mean (SE), age 25.3 (1.2) years, body mass 72.9 (2.1) kg, stature 1.76 (0.03) m] performed three trials on the field (two laps of a purpose-made circuit including a variety of soccer activities) at different intensities (moderate, high and very high, according to their rate of perceived exertion) and an incremental test on a treadmill in the laboratory. HR increased linearly with V(.)O(2) during both field and laboratory tests according to exercise intensity ( P<0.01). The mean correlation coefficients of the HR- V(.)O(2) relationships obtained in the laboratory and on the field were 0.984 (0.012) and 0.991 (0.005) ( P<0.001), respectively. The mean value of the HR- V(.)O(2) regression equation slope and intercept obtained in laboratory [0.030 (0.002) and 79.6 (4.6), respectively] were not significantly different compared to those found on the field [0.032 (0.003) and 76.7 (9.7)]. The present study seems to confirm that HR measured during soccer exercises effectively reflects the metabolic expenditure of this activity. Thus, with the aid of laboratory reference tests, the physiological demands of soccer activities can be correctly estimated from HR measured on the field in amateur soccer players.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[A one year aging process of a soccer shoe does not increase plantar loading of the foot during soccer specific movements].

INTRODUCTION: Excessive loading of the plantar surface of the foot has been considered as a possible cause for overuse injuries in soccer. The question arises whether this excessive loading may be reduced by the use of cushioning insoles in a soccer shoe. AIM: To evaluate the influence of a controlled aging process on the loading pattern of the foot inside a soccer shoe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 11 experienced soccer players wore a soccer shoe for one year on a regular basis during training sessions and games. After this period, three different aging conditions (old shoe with old insole, old shoe with new insole and new shoe with new insole) were tested during different soccer specific movements regarding plantar loading characteristics using an insole pressure distribution system (Pedar, Novel GmbH, Munich). RESULTS: The comparison between the three different aging conditions showed no consistent results for the parameters peak pressures and relative loads for 10 different foot areas. A trend towards slightly reduced peak pressures was found for characteristic loading zones during side-cutting and kicking. On the other hand, slightly increased peak pressures were found during running and sprinting after using a new insole or a new shoe. No consistent results were found for the relative loads between conditions. DISCUSSION: The hypothesis of a load reduction after introducing a new insole or a new shoe could not be confirmed. The aging process appears to be influenced by different factors like material properties, form changes or individual adaptation processes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Does soccer headgear attenuate the impact when heading a soccer ball?

UNLABELLED: There is increasing concern that repetitive blows to the head, such as those from heading a soccer ball, can cause measurable cognitive impairment. Reducing acceleration of impact could reduce neurologic sequelae. OBJECTIVE: To measure the effectiveness of four different types of soccer headgear in reducing the acceleration of impact. METHODS: A standard magnesium headform was instrumented with a triaxial accelerometer. A soccer ball was propelled at the headform at three different speeds known to occur in soccer play: 9, 12, and 15 m/sec (20, 26, and 34 mph). The main outcome was the peak acceleration of the headform associated with these impacts with and without protective headgear. RESULTS: Peak accelerations were found in a range from 144 m/s(2) to 289 m/s(2) (14.67-29.5 G, G = 9.81 m/s(2)). Using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) methods to compare the headbands and controls, there was no significant difference in the measured accelerations at the center of gravity with or without headgear (p = 0.50). However, the interaction term of headbands, pressure, and speed was significant at F = 5.51 and p = 0.00001. Using contrasts within conditions, some headbands were found to cause a decrease in peak acceleration at the highest speed and pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Currently available headgear for soccer heading shows little ability to attenuate impact during simulated soccer heading. However, statistically significant decreases are present at the highest speeds and pressures tested, suggesting the headbands may play a role in decreasing impact for more forceful blows.

Acceleration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Injuries in indoor soccer. The Lake Placid Dawn to Dark Soccer Tournament.

We conducted a prospective study of soccer injuries during the Soccer America Dawn to Dark Indoor Soccer Tournament, which was organized by the Lake Placid Soccer Center, Lake Placid, New York, 1993. Eight hundred twenty-four players competed in open men's, open women's, over-30 men's, and mixed divisions. The overall rate of injury per 100 player hours was 4.44, with a rate of 5.79 in the open men's, 4.74 in the open women's, 2.73 in the over-30 men's, and 1.54 for the mixed divisions. The differences in injury rates for men versus women and men versus older men were not statistically significant. Twenty-five of the 38 injuries (65.8%) were mild, with 27 injuries (71.4%) occurring in the lower extremities. Ankle sprains were the most common injuries and combined ligamentous injuries to the knee were the most common severe injuries. As the injuries increased in severity, they were more likely to be noncontact injuries. The data demonstrate the low incidence of injury in male and female indoor soccer participants. The data also show the similarity in the types of injuries sustained by indoor and outdoor soccer players.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Heart rate and blood lactate concentrations as predictors of physiological load on elite soccer players during various soccer training activities.

The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the physiologic strain on players during various soccer training activities. Ten soccer players from the first division soccer league of Turkey were used as subjects. The heart rate responses were measured during 4 types of soccer training. First, the heart rates that corresponded to a blood lactate concentration of both 2 and 4 mM were measured, and then, during the 4 types of training, they were correlated with the proportion of time that the heart rate was below the 2-mM lactate line, between the 2- and 4-mM lactate lines, and above the 4-mM lactate line. Mean heart rates during friendly match, modified game, tactical training, and technical training activities were 157 +/- 19, 135 +/- 28, 126 +/- 21, and 118 +/- 21 b.min(-1), respectively. The differences between all of these soccer training activities were statistically significant (p < or = 0.01). The results demonstrate that (a) technical and tactical training consisted of very low exercise intensities (most of the heart rates were below the 4-mM lactate level) and (b) the percentages of time that the heart rate correlated to a point above the 4-mM lactate reference level during the friendly match and modified game were 49.6 +/- 27.1% and 23.9 +/- 24.5%, respectively. The practical implications of these findings are that, by using 2- to 4-mM reference lines, coaches can structure heart rate zones that can help determine the individualized exercise intensity for their players as well as estimate overall exercise intensity during soccer training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1985

Stretching exercise and soccer: effect of stretching on range of motion in the lower extremity in connection with soccer training.

Forty-eight players from four senior, male soccer teams were tested for ranges of motion (ROM) in the lower extremity before, immediately after, and 24 h after different forms of soccer training. The players were tested after regular soccer training (A), after soccer training with contract-relax stretching prior to beginning the session (B), and after soccer training with stretching added at the end of the program (C). Each training session lasted 1.5 h. In group A all six ROMs were decreased 24 h after the training. In group B the only change in ROM noted was an increase in knee flexion directly after the training. In group C there was an increase in hip extension, hip flexion, and knee flexion directly after the training.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of postural stability in collegiate soccer players before and after an acute bout of heading multiple soccer balls.

The aim of our study was to determine if any immediate changes in balance were discernable in college soccer players after a specially designed heading session. Eight male and two female skilled collegiate soccer players had a baseline balance pre-test using the Balance Master, followed by heading 20 balls kicked consecutively by a teammate from the touchline to a point near the goal, which was followed by a post-test using the same testing technique. Paired t-tests were used to compare balance ability between pre- and post-test conditions. There was no difference in balance pre- to post-test (85.3% and 86.2% respectively). No significant difference was noted from pre- to post-test in the mean equilibrium scores for conditions three through six on the Sensory Organization Test, with the exception of condition four, which revealed a significant increase from pre- to post-test. We concluded that an acute session of heading soccer balls may not result in balance changes in collegiate soccer players.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Muscle glycogen degradation during simulation of a fatiguing soccer match in elite soccer players examined noninvasively by 13C-MRS.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research project was to noninvasively determine individual muscle glycogen [Gly] degradation during a test intended to predict individual fatigue in intense soccer matches. METHODS: The [Gly] of the calf muscles of 17 elite soccer players [age = 17.4 +/- 0.8 (SD)] were measured with 13C-MRS before and after an alternating velocity test to exhaustion. Blood samples were taken before and 3 min after the test for determination of blood metabolites. RESULTS: Average muscle [Gly] was 135 +/- 53 mmol x (kg wet weight)(-1) before and 87 +/- 27 mmol x (kg wet weight)(-1) (P < 0.001) after exhaustion (42 +/- 25 min). There was a high correlation (r = 0.87, P < 0.0001) between muscle [Gly] at rest and net muscle [Gly] utilized. There was also a more moderate correlation (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) between net muscle [Gly] used and time to exhaustion during the soccer-specific test. There was some evidence of correlation (r = 0.42, P = 0.09) between resting [Gly] and time to exhaustion. Plasma lactate increased (P < 0.001) from 0.8 +/- 0.4 before the test to 2.5 +/- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) at exhaustion, whereas ammonia was raised (P < 0.0001) from 44.1 +/- 10.3 to 89.7 +/- 14.9 micromol x L(-1). Similarly, plasma free fatty acids were elevated (P < 0.0001) from 148 +/- 106 to 797 +/- 401 micromol x L(-1), and glycerol was increased (P < 0.0001) from 48.3 +/- 17.7 to 182.2 +/- 61.8 micromol x L(-1). Insulin levels (11.9 +/- 3.7 vs 11.7 +/- 4.8 microU x mL(-1)) remained the same. Creatine kinase levels increased (P < 0.0001) from 486 +/- 501 to 640 +/- 548 micromol x L(-1) after the test. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that exhaustion during soccer-specific performance is related to the capacity to utilize muscle [Gly]. The results underline the importance of dietary counseling (glycogen loading and resynthesis strategies) and proper training to enhance the glycogen levels and glycogenolytic capacity of the players.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Performance of soccer players on tests of field dependence/independence and soccer-specific decision-making tests.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the performance of male amateur soccer players on tests of field dependence/independence and soccer-specific decision-making tests. The relationships between the participants' (N = 14) accuracy, and speed of decision, on simple and complex soccer decision-making tests; scores on Parts B or C of the Group Embedded Figures Test under normal conditions: scores on Parts B or C of the Group Embedded Figures Test when timed; and time taken to complete the timed condition of the Group Embedded Figures Test were examined. There were no significant correlations between performance on the soccer specific tests and the tests of field dependence/independence.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Test performance indicators from a single soccer specific fitness test differentiate between highly trained and recreationally active soccer players.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate whether a single soccer specific fitness test (SSFT) could differentiate between highly trained and recreationally active soccer players in selected test performance indicators. METHODS SUBJECTS: 13 Academy Scholars (AS) from a professional soccer club and 10 Recreational Players (RP) agreed to participate in this study. Test 1--VO(2) max was estimated from a progressive shuttle run test to exhaustion. Test 2--The SSFT was controlled by an automated procedure and alternated between walking, sprinting, jogging and cruise running speeds. Three activity blocks (1A, 2A and 3A) were separated by 3 min rest periods in which blood lactate samples were drawn. The 3 blocks of activity (Part A) were followed by 10 min of exercise at speeds alternating between jogging and cruise running (Part B). RESULTS: Estimated VO(2) max did not significantly differ between groups, although a trend for a higher aerobic capacity was evident in AS (p<0.09). Exercising heart rates did not differ between AS and RP, however, recovery heart rates taken from the 3 min rest periods were significantly lower in AS compared with RP following blocks 1A (124.65 b x min(-1) +/-7.73 and 133.98 b x min(-1) +/-6.63), (p<0.05) and 3A (129.91 b x min(-1) +/-10.21 and 138.85 b x min(-1) +/-8.70), (p<0.01). Blood lactate concentrations were significantly elevated in AS in comparison to RP following blocks 2A (6.91 mmol x l(-1) +/-2.67 and 4.74 mmol x l(-1) +/-1.28) and 3A (7.18 mmol x l(-1) +/-2.97 and 4.88 mmol x l(-1) +/-1.50), (p<0.05). AS sustained significantly faster average sprint times in block 3A compared with RP (3.18 sec +/-0.12 and 3.31 sec +/-0.12), (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that highly trained soccer players are able to sustain, and more quickly recover from, high intensity intermittent exercise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Exercise, plasma catecholamine concentrations and decision-making performance of soccer players on a soccer-specific test.

The main aim of this study was to compare the decision-making performance of college soccer players on a soccer-specific, tachistoscopically presented test, at rest and while exercising at their adrenaline threshold and at their maximum power output. These were determined following an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. After the initial maximum power test, participants (n = 9) were allowed 10 habituation trials on the soccer decision-making test. Participants' decision-making performance was tested at rest, while cycling at a power output that had previously been determined to elicit their adrenaline threshold and while cycling at maximum power output. Accuracy and speed of decision were the dependent variables. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance showed no significant effect of exercise on accuracy, and showed speed of decision to be significantly affected by exercise. Tukey post-hoc tests showed that speed of decision at rest was significantly slower than in the other two conditions, which did not differ significantly from one another. Based on allocatable resources theories of arousal and performance, we conclude that the adrenaline threshold may be indicative of increases in the resources available to the individual. Furthermore, we considered that exercise at maximum power output may only induce a moderate rather than a high level of arousal.

Adrenergic Agonists↗
PubMed2006

Fluid loss and body composition of elite Kuwaiti soccer players during a soccer match.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the hot weather conditions of Kuwait on fluid loss (FL) and body composition of Kuwaiti soccer players. METHODS: During 5 preseason soccer games, 10 elite Kuwaiti soccer players participated in this study. The age and physical characteristics (mean+/-SD) of the subjects were: age 24+/-4.7 years; height 173.4+/-5.2 cm; mass 68.2+/-7 kg; and the percent body fat 12.3+/-3.7%, the mean temperature 45.4+/-2 degrees C, mean humidity was 23.6+/-4.2%. Measurements were taken at the beginning, half time, and the end of each game; FL was measured by body weight changes. Urine specific gravity was used to determine the state of hydration. Body composition was measured using Biodynamics Model 310e Body Composition Analyzer. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in body weight changes between 1st and 2nd half at P>0.05. The mean value of the FL at the end of the game was 3.1+/-1.4 L; indicating no significant difference in FL between 1st and 2nd half at P>0.05). The mean value urine specific gravity at the end game was 1.026+/-0.002; there was a significant difference between first, and second half for urine specific gravity (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study indicated that the subjects did not consume enough fluid to offset FL. Players and coaches involved with activities in hot humid environments should pay closer attention to FL and body weight changes which occur during physical activity. Special care should always be taken to insure players consume extra water prior to each training session or game.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

A multidisciplinary selection model for youth soccer: the Ghent Youth Soccer Project.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationships between physical and performance characteristics and level of skill in youth soccer players aged 12-16 years. METHODS: Anthropometry, maturity status, functional and sport-specific parameters were assessed in elite, sub-elite, and non-elite youth players in four age groups: U13 (n = 117), U14 (n = 136), U15 (n = 138) and U16 (n = 99). RESULTS: Multivariate analyses of covariance by age group with maturity status as the covariate showed that elite players scored better than the non-elite players on strength, flexibility, speed, aerobic endurance, anaerobic capacity and several technical skills (p<0.05). Stepwise discriminant analyses showed that running speed and technical skills were the most important characteristics in U13 and U14 players, while cardiorespiratory endurance was more important in U15 and U16 players. The results suggest that discriminating characteristics change with competitive age levels. CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics that discriminate youth soccer players vary by age group. Talent identification models should thus be dynamic and provide opportunities for changing parameters in a long-term developmental context.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Soccer accidents in the French Rhône-Alpes Soccer Association.

The analysis of 6153 accidents reported to the insurance company of the French Rhône-Alpes Soccer Association, for the 1980-81 season was undertaken, providing a survey of acute pathology in French soccer accidents and an estimation of the cost of this pathology to French society. Findings from this study include: injuries--ankle sprain is the most common; fractures prevail in the young players pathology; exposure--the average risk is one accident for 20 matches; the highest risk is for the senior category; collisions with opponents is the main cause of accidents; the first 5 minutes of the second half have a peak of accidents; the players exposure is roughly the same whatever their position on the ground; risk--winter should not increase the risk if the matches are played under good conditions; the risk is unevenly distributed according to the level of practice; cost--the cost for France over 1 year was estimated at US$20,000,000 and the total number of sick leave days at 2000 years; games with several accidents are very common in January and for the adult category. Consequently, tightening up the safety measures would be a very good investment.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Intergroup relations in soccer finals: people's forecasts of the duration of emotional reactions of in-group and out-group soccer fans.

The authors examined the hypothesis that people forecast a longer duration of uniquely human secondary emotions for their in-group than for an out-group. The authors conducted a field experiment in the setting of the European soccer championship. They asked Belgian participants to forecast the intensity with which their in-group Belgian fans or the out-group Turkish fans would experience various primary and secondary emotions in response to their team's victory or loss immediately after the Turkey-Belgium match and three days later. The results support the hypothesis. Moreover, and as the authors expected, they found no differences in the participants' forecasts of primary emotions. The authors discussed the implications of these findings for intergroup relations in general and for soccer fans' behavior in particular.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Full-body kinematic characteristics of the maximal instep soccer kick by male soccer players and parameters related to kick quality.

Many studies try to understand fundamental soccer skills, most focusing on kicking. However, a full picture of an efficient kick remains incomplete owing to constraints of test designs and difficulties that arise in synchronizing and analyzing information generated by multiple assessment techniques. Previous scientific studies may be generally categorized as: two-dimensional kinematic analysis using high-speed cameras, muscle activity studies using electromyography, three-dimensional analysis of the kicking-leg using a partial-body model, and kinetic studies using force measurements and modelling. No existing inquiries have used full-body three-dimensional motion capture and modelling to examine kicking. The current study remedies this deficiency and defines a full-body model capable of revealing more detailed characteristics of kicking. Additionally, it reveals effects of long-term training by comparing novices with skilled athletes and explores new parameters that have potential to aid quantitative evaluations of skill. Results show effective upper-body movement to be a key factor in creating better initial conditions for a more explosive muscle contraction during kicking. It permits a more powerful quasi whip-like movement of the kicking leg. Finally, the timely change of distance between the kick-side hip and the non-kick-side shoulder provides a quantitative means of measuring kick quality.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Soccer injuries to the brain. A neuropsychologic study of former soccer players.

Thirty-seven former soccer players of the National Football Team of Norway were individually examined with an extensive battery of psychologic tests. The neuropsychologic examination demonstrated mild to severe deficits regarding attention, concentration, memory, and judgment in 81% of the players. This may indicate some degree of permanent organic brain damage, probably the cumulative result of repeated traumas from heading the ball.

Adult↗