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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

Education programs on smoking prevention and smoking cessation for students and housestaff in U.S. medical schools.

To determine the extent and characteristics of educational programs relating to smoking in U.S. medical schools, surveys of educational curricula were performed in 1983 and 1984. The first survey showed that 34% of medical schools had no course offerings on smoking for medical students, and very few addressed smoking prevention and smoking cessation. In the following year, the percentage of schools with curriculum courses on smoking prevention and smoking cessation had risen to 64% and 56%, respectively. Planned education programs for housestaff, however, were present in only 30% and 25% of medical school-affiliated programs. Only one housestaff program (5%) was present in the group of medical schools that had no educational programs on smoking prevention or cessation for its medical students. More emphasis on education regarding smoking prevention and smoking cessation in U.S. medical schools and in housestaff training programs is required.

Canada↗
PubMed1989

[Smoking prevention. Courses on smoking prevention conducted at a regional hospital].

We present the results of four smoking cessation courses conducted during the period 1986 to 1988 and including 105 persons. 68 women and 37 men participated in weekly lessons, three prior to and two after a predetermined quit-smoking day. Physicians presented information and smoking cessation techniques, the latter based on cognitive behavioural modification. At one year follow-up 27% of the participants had stopped smoking and 49% had reduced smoking consumption. More intensive follow-up and pharmacological treatment might reduce the relapse rate further.

Hospitals, District↗
PubMed1988

Development of a smoking prevention mass media program using diagnostic and formative research.

The process of developing a mass media campaign to prevent smoking among adolescents is described in detail. This campaign supplements a school smoking prevention program and shares educational objectives with the school program but is otherwise independent. It comprises various television and radio 30- and 60-sec "spot" messages. The campaign development process includes identifying educational objectives and strategies for appealing to young people; conducting diagnostic surveys and focus groups to determine target audience interests and perceptions about smoking and media content; suggesting approaches to producers to create preliminary television and radio messages for testing; conducting formative pretests with target groups to select optimal messages and suggest improvements to those messages; producing final messages for media presentation; and developing a media exposure plan to place messages in local media at optimal times for reception by target audiences. The media campaign is being evaluated in a 5-year project with 5,500 adolescents in four communities to determine the additional effect of mass media over a school program alone in preventing smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Skills-building methods to prevent smoking by adolescents.

This study evaluated cigarette smoking prevention methods with a sample of adolescent females and males. Arranged by school, 331 informed and consenting sixth graders were randomly divided into four groups: 1) pretest, skills-building methods, posttest; 2) pretest, discussion methods, posttest; 3) pretest and posttest; and 4) posttest only. All subjects were followed for 6 and 15 months after the posttest. Outcome results on measures of non-smoking intentions, attitudes, predictions, problem-solving abilities, and peer interactions favored subjects in the skills-building group when compared with subjects in the discussion and pretest-posttest control groups. Smoking rates at posttest and at both follow-ups were lower in the skills-building group than in the other three groups. Results from posttest-only subjects did not support pretest reactivity. The study's strengths and limits are discussed along with directions for future smoking prevention research.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventing smoking and other drug use: let the buyers beware and the interventions be apt.

Those concerned with smoking prevention programs in the schools may be misled by a recent report that "we know what works; now let's make it happen." The advocated "social influences" programs appear to have no reliable effects on regular (greater than or equal to weekly) smoking and only short-term and small effects (5-8 percentage points) on "experimental" (less than weekly) smoking. To prevent smoking and other drug abuse among the children most at risk, it may be crucial to use broad-based, multidisciplinary interventions that go well beyond the health education classroom.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A comprehensive multi-media program to prevent smoking among black students.

Much research has been done in developing and implementing smoking prevention programs; however, few studies have focused on urban Black populations. In November of 1989, a comprehensive prevention program was implemented to decrease the incidence of new smokers within the adolescent population in a Black community. The program combined a school-based curriculum with a comprehensive media intervention. All components of the program were financed by business leaders from the targeted community. There were two experimental conditions: one group participated in a school-based intervention and were prompted to participate in a multi-media intervention and the other group had access to the multi-media intervention; however, they were not prompted to participate. A key finding was that the rate of smoking decreased for all children involved in the intervention. The authors present a model that can be employed to prevent other high-risk behaviors within the Black population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

A cognitive developmental approach to smoking prevention.

Most smoking prevention programs for middle-schoolers target non-smokers. These programs seek to educate young people about the hazards of smoking, influence young peoples' attitudes toward smoking, and reduce initial experimentation with cigarettes by providing social- and life-skills training. The program described in this chapter incorporates these features and adds a component which explores, in some depth, the nature of the user's response to cigarettes. This component focuses on the young person's physical and psychological reaction to cigarette smoking, and provides a knowledge base which promotes a negative evaluation of that reaction. This component targets all young people, but it is anticipated that it will be especially effective with pre-addictive experimenters who are wondering what smoking can "do for them". One challenge for the future is the development of intervention strategies that have something to offer the young addicted smoker who wishes to quit smoking. These young people are largely unserved by school-based smoking education programs, drug abuse programs, and organized smoking therapies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[A review of studies on school-based smoking prevention programs].

Research papers on school-based programs designed to prevent adolescent smoking were reviewed to determine trends in the development of smoking prevention programs as well as measures and methods of evaluation. In the USA and Europe, evaluation studies have demonstrated that the most promising smoking prevention approaches are those that focus primary attention on the psychosocial factors promoting smoking initiation. In Japan, however, most programs have shown little success. The following recommendations are made for improving the methods for evaluating program effectiveness and the future of research orientation of educational program on adolescent smoking. 1) Refinement and standardization of evaluation methods to be valid and feasible for use in studies of Japanese adolescents. 2) Improved study designs for evaluation of program effectiveness which include control groups and long term follow-up. 3) Applying smoking prevention programs which were demonstrated to be effective in the USA and Europe. 4) Development of effective cessation programs for adolescent smokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Patterns of change in adolescent smoking behavior and results of a one year follow-up of a smoking prevention program.

A smoking prevention program for adolescents conducted in two public middle schools focused on resisting peer pressure to smoke and understanding the intent of commercial cigarette advertising. One class in each school participated in the program group and one served as a control group. The program consisted of eight sessions and was conducted by first-year medical students. Data on smoking behavior and related information were obtained from self-administered questionnaires at baseline, at the conclusion of the program, and one year later. One year after the program was concluded, the proportion of non-smokers was higher among those who had participated in the program than among the controls. This suggests that routine implementation of smoking prevention programs in conventional school settings may be productive in reducing the prevalence of cigarette smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Sociodemographic characteristics of cigarette smoking initiation in the United States. Implications for smoking prevention policy.

Cigarette smoking initiation greatly influences smoking prevalence in the United States. To understand better the initiation of cigarette smoking, we estimated the age-specific incidence of cigarette smoking initiation in relation to race/ethnicity, sex, and educational attainment, using the reported age at smoking onset for 18- to 35-year-old respondents in the 1987 National Health Interview Survey (N = 14764) and the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 3123) conducted during 1982 to 1984. Among white, black, and Hispanic respondents the incidence of smoking initiation increased rapidly after 11 years of age, reaching a peak in groups 17 to 19 years of age, rapidly declining in groups through age 25 years, and gradually declining thereafter. Age-specific smoking initiation rates were generally lower among black than white respondents, similar between white and Hispanic respondents, and appreciably higher among black and Hispanic men than women. Compared with persons who graduated from high school, persons with less than high school education were consistently more likely to start smoking cigarettes during childhood and adolescence. These data indicate that age and educational attainment are the factors most consistently associated with cigarette smoking initiation among all race/ethnic groups in the United States. These data also emphasize the need for smoking-prevention education beginning at an early age, particularly among persons of low socioeconomic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Intraclass correlation among common measures of adolescent smoking: estimates, correlates, and applications in smoking prevention studies.

Most adolescent smoking prevention studies employ designs in which classrooms, schools, school districts, or sometimes whole communities are assigned to treatment conditions while observations are made on individual students. The critical design feature in such community trials is the nesting of intact social groups within treatment conditions. This combination requires that the treatment effect be assessed against the between-group variance; unfortunately, that variance is usually larger than for randomly constituted groups and its precision is usually less than that for the within-group variance. These factors often combine to reduce power so that it is almost impossible to detect important treatment effects in an otherwise well designed and properly executed study. To address these problems, investigators need good estimates of the intraclass correlation for the variables of interest, which together with the number of observations per unit determine the magnitude of the extra variation in the nested design. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methods and results from a study designed to generate estimates of intraclass correlation for common outcomes in adolescent smoking prevention studies and to discuss the use of these estimates in the planning of new studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Seven-year follow-up of a smoking-prevention program for children.

Smoking-prevention programs, run by both teachers, and teachers and peers, have been introduced into school curricula in many parts of the world. This paper describes a long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial of a smoking education program for children conducted in Western Australia. Seven years after the first survey of 2,366 Year 7 students in 1981, 68 per cent of initial participants were traced through public records; 53 per cent of these responded to a new survey concerning smoking. Previous follow-up after one and two years had shown that both teacher-led and peer-led programs continued to reduce the taking up of smoking by girls to about the same degree, whereas in boys, the teacher-led program appeared to be effective after one year but neither program was effective after two years. In nonsmoking girls, both the intervention programs maintained their effects at the seven-year follow-up, with an almost 50 per cent reduction in smoking prevalence in the intervention group. Nonsmoking girls appeared to respond to cigarette advertisements. Mothers seemed to influence nonsmokers of both sexes and brothers seemed to influence smokers of both sexes. The seven-year follow-up confirmed the results seen at two years for boys, that the effects of the education program had dissipated. However, this study suggests that the smoking-prevention program had a lasting effect on preventing girls from taking up smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Skills methods to prevent smoking.

School health educators have devoted much attention to cigarette smoking. Recent years have seen the testing of interventions to prevent smoking. To date, controlled studies have not evaluated the added value of skills methods for preventing smoking. This article describes such an evaluation with sixth-grade students from two schools. Subjects were pretested and randomly assigned to receive conventional health education methods or to receive skills intervention. Both conditions included films, peer testimonials, discussions, and homework. Health education condition subjects additionally participated in oral quizzes, games, and debates. Skills condition subjects additionally learned problem-solving, self-instruction, and interpersonal communication methods. At postintervention, skills condition subjects, more than health education condition subjects, had better scores on measures of smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and intentions. In addition, reported cigarette use, validated by biochemical data collection, was lower in the skills condition than in the health education condition at all postintervention measurements, including a 24-month follow-up. The article discusses the strengths, limits, and implications of the study for other smoking prevention efforts in schools.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1989

Statistical methods for the analysis of longitudinal data from school-based smoking prevention studies.

The features which make longitudinal data obtained from school-based smoking prevention studies well-suited for efficient analysis by survival analysis methods are discussed. Survival analysis methods, in particular relative risk regression models, are described and illustrated through an example involving data from the Waterloo Smoking Prevention Project--Study 1. Indications of some of the possible applications for these techniques in the evaluation of interventions to prevent smoking and the study of the smoking onset process are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Development and evaluation of self-study material for smoking prevention education].

A booklet for smoking prevention education was developed for junior high school students, which is a role-play activity book for self-study and discusses not only the harmful effects and dependency of smoking but also psychosocial factors affecting smoking behavior among students. The purpose of this material is to provide students with basic information needed to choose a non-smoking lifestyle even without a teacher's direct instruction. Process evaluation and impact evaluation studies were carried out between September 1991 and September 1992. Six hundred sixty-nine students and 9 teachers from three junior high schools in Osaka, Tokyo and Yamagata participated in the process evaluation study. More than 90% of the students were able to complete the material in one school hour and less than 4% students expressed difficulty in learning from the booklet. Nine hundred seventy-seven students from 2 junior high schools in Tokyo participated in an intervention study to evaluate the effectiveness of the material. There were 500 students in the experimental school and 477 students in the control school. All students were given a pretest and posttest, 2 months apart. Knowledge concerning smoking increased and attitudes toward smoking were modified significantly in the experimental school. However, intention to smoke and smoking behavior did not change significantly, due to the small numbers of students with intention to smoke at the time of pretest and because there was not enough time for their intention to change. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the material in junior high school. However, teacher participation during the instruction is also seen to be necessary for greater effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A psychosocial approach to smoking prevention for urban black youth.

Despite the high rates of smoking-related cancers among black Americans, little is known about the type of smoking prevention program that might be effective with black youth. The current study pilot-tested a promising smoking prevention approach to determine its feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness. A total of 608 students in nine predominantly black urban junior high schools were stratified by community and randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions. Students in the treatment condition participated in a 12-session smoking prevention program which taught resistance skills and general life skills. Process data indicated that this prevention approach was feasible and acceptable to students, teachers, and administrators. Outcome data indicated that this program reduced the proportion of children who smoked in the past month by 56 percent, and it increased knowledge of the adverse consequences of smoking and normative expectations concerning adult and peer smoking. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for prevention and modifications which might further strengthen the efficacy of this approach for urban black adolescents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

High-school smoking prevention: results of a three-year longitudinal study.

This study compared two strategies for preventing cigarette smoking among high-school students. One strategy emphasized social-pressure resistance skills, while the other focused on education about health concerns which are relevant to high-school students. Additionally, the use of same-age peer leaders and the use of familiar models in media presentations were investigated. The results suggest that social-influences resistance training was efficacious in reducing transitions to higher use by those who had previously experimented with cigarettes. Health education was most effective in preventing initial experimentation among those who had not smoked prior to the beginning of the study. Neither program was effective in limiting transitions among those who had gone beyond the experimental stage of smoking, and neither had any effect on encouraging cessation. There were no differences which could be attributed to peer leaders or to familiar media models. During later adolescence, a combined health education and social skills training approach is advocated. It is suggested that while there are some gains by implementing programs during late adolescence, prevention programs targeted at younger students may be more effective generally.

Adolescent↗