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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Saliva and salivary pellicle composition and proteomic profile in smokers vs. non-smokers and its effect on dental erosion.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the salivary composition and proteomic profile of saliva and the salivary pellicle in smokers compared to non-smokers, and to examine potential differences in the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle. METHODS: Twenty-five smokers and 25 non-smokers were included. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were analysed regarding flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and protein content. Saliva and salivary pellicle samples were analysed by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) for proteome profiling. In an in situ experiment, intraoral splints were loaded with bovine enamel and dentine specimens for 120 min. Pellicle-covered specimens were extraorally eroded (HCl, pH 2.3, 60 s). Calcium release was determined photometrically and compared to pellicle-free controls. RESULTS: Except for phosphate in stimulated saliva (padj.=0.003), salivary parameters were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. Proteome profiling detected 1759±154 proteins (cumulative 1963) in saliva, and 4262±362 proteins (cumulative 4625) in the salivary pellicle. The relative abundances of 282 (unstimulated saliva), 338 (stimulated saliva), and 4 (salivary pellicle) protein groups differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially abundant human proteins revealed biological processes such as coagulation, immune response, and carcinogenic reactive oxygen species processes to be impacted by smoking. The salivary pellicle had a significant erosion-protective effect in enamel compared to the control (41.4 ± 6.3 nmol/mm2), but no differences between smokers (33.2 ± 10.6 nmol/mm2, padj.=0.001) and non-smokers (32.7 ± 8.6 nmol/mm2, padj.=0.001) were found. CONCLUSION: The proteomic profiles of both unstimulated and stimulated saliva and the salivary pellicle differ between smokers and non-smokers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the different proteomic profiles indicating a significant impact of smoking on the oral cavity, the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle of smokers and non-smokers does not differ.

Dental Pellicle↗
PubMed1979

A four-year follow-up study of lung mechanics in smokers.

We performed a prospective study of pulmonary function in 21 smokers, 9 ex-smokers, and 12 nonsmokers. The smokers and ex-smokers were preselected, because they were participants in a smoking cessation clinic. An average interval of 4 years separated the first and second (follow-up) studies. The smoking group showed a significant decrease in maximal expiratory flow measured at low lung volume, loss of elastic recoil, increase in lung compliance, increase in total lung capacity; increase in the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity, and an increase in the ratio of functional residual capacity to total lung capacity. The ex-smokers showed changes similar to those of the smokers, but of lesser magnitude. The nonsmoking group demonstrated few changes in function during the study interval. Commonly measured parameters of function, including the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec to the forced vital capacity and the maximal expiratory flow after exhalation of 50 per cent of the vital capacity, did not change significantly in any group. Sensitive tests of lung function were abnormal in a very high percentage of the combined group of smokers and ex-smokers when measured at the time of the second study; only a small number of abnormalities in these parameters were noted in the nonsmoking group. We conclude that there was a deterioration of lung function in smokers far in excess of that predicted by age. These changes suggest the development of emphysema and were predictable for the group as a whole by a high prevalence of abnormality of dynamic compliance, closing volume, maximal mid-expiratory flow, and residual volume at the time of the initial study.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Humoral immunity to herpes simplex viral-induced antigens in smokers.

Antibodies to herpes simplex viral-induced antigens (HSVIA) were assayed by an indirect immunofluorescent technique in 93 regular cigarette smokers, 75 of whom also imbibed alcoholic beverages. Controls were 94 nonsmoking, nondrinking volunteers matched with the smoker for age and sex. IgA antibodies to HSVIA were detected six times more frequently in the sera of smokers than in nonsmoking controls, p less than .0005. IgG and IgM anti-HSVIA were detected with comparable frequencies in both groups, but the antibody titers were significantly higher in the smoking group than in controls, p less than .05. IgA anti-HSVIA was detected more frequently in smokers with 10 or more pack-years of cigarette exposure than in smokers with 10 or more pack-years of smoking (p less than .05) or in matched nonsmokers (p less than .02). IgA antibody titers to HSVIA were significantly higher in cigarette smokers who drank alcoholic beverages than in smokers who did not drink, p less than .025. This study demonstrates that cigarette smoking and the use of alcoholic beverages are associated with heightened humoral immunity to HSV-induced antigens in a population at high risk for development of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Gross differences observed in the placentas of smokers and nonsmokers.

Gross placental characteristics of 7651 smokers and nonsmokers are compared in light of the previous finding that placentas of smokers are heavier for the weight of their fetuses than are those of nonsmokers. Subchorionic fibrin deposits and placental calcification are more prevalent in the placentas of smokers than in those of nonsmokers. While mean placental weights and placental weight distributions for light and heavy smokers combined do not differ from those of nonsmokers, other placental measurements do differ. Smokers have thinner, rounder placentas than nonsmokers and the distance from the edge of rupture of the membranes to the placental margin is reduced among smokers. These findings are discussed in relation to placental changes observed at high altitudes and complications of pregnancy that differ for smokers and nonsmokers.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1979

Stopping smoking. Symptoms and objective assessment in ex-smokers.

The results of a respiratory questionnaire and spirometric tests of 133 ex-smokers out of 649 male public servants aged 15--64 years have been analysed. When the population was adjusted for age, height and the presence or absence of chronic respiratory symptoms the FEV1 of the ex-smokers had not returned to normal but fell between that of the light (less than 10 a day) and moderate cigarette smokers. Factors contributing to this have been investigated. Factors affecting the FEV1 of the ex-smokers were found to include duration of smoking, quantum smoked and years since smoking ceased. An interactive effect has been demonstrated between quantum smoked and duration of smoking such that ex-smokers who used to smoke 10 or more cigarettes a day for more than 10 years had the lowest lung function but duration of smoking was not important if less than 10 cigarettes a day had been smoked. Only just over a third of the ex-smokers gave health related reasons for giving up smoking, a proportion which is considerably lower than has been found in other studies. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. As in other studies less than 10 percent gave up smoking because of its cost. Respiratory screening to include questions on cough, phlegm and wheeze together with measurement of the FEV1 is an important way of demonstrating to individual smokers evidence of any damage caused by their smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2024

Fine-mapping the CYP2A6 regional association with nicotine metabolism among African American smokers.

The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; 3'hydroxycotinine/cotinine) is a stable biomarker for CYP2A6 enzyme activity and nicotine clearance, with demonstrated clinical utility in personalizing smoking cessation treatment. Common genetic variation in the CYP2A6 region is strongly associated with NMR in smokers. Here, we investigated this regional association in more detail. We evaluated the association of CYP2A6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and * alleles with NMR among African American smokers (N = 953) from two clinical trials of smoking cessation. Stepwise conditional analysis and Bayesian fine-mapping were undertaken. Putative causal variants were incorporated into an existing African ancestry-specific genetic risk score (GRS) for NMR, and the performance of the updated GRS was evaluated in both African American (n = 953) and European ancestry smokers (n = 933) from these clinical trials. Five independent associations with NMR in the CYP2A6 region were identified using stepwise conditional analysis, including the deletion variant CYP2A6*4 (beta = -0.90, p = 1.55 × 10-11). Six putative causal variants were identified using Bayesian fine-mapping (posterior probability, PP = 0.67), with the top causal configuration including CYP2A6*4, rs116670633, CYP2A6*9, rs28399451, rs8192720, and rs10853742 (PP = 0.09). Incorporating these putative causal variants into an existing ancestry-specific GRS resulted in comparable prediction of NMR within African American smokers, and improved trans-ancestry portability of the GRS to European smokers. Our findings suggest that both * alleles and SNPs underlie the association of the CYP2A6 region with NMR among African American smokers, identify a shortlist of variants that may causally influence nicotine clearance, and suggest that portability of GRSs across populations can be improved through inclusion of putative causal variants.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Blood and Urinary nicotine in non-smokers.

Of 39 urban non-smokers about half had measurable quantities of nicotine in their plasma (range 0 to 5times5 ng. per ml.) and almost all had nicotine in their urine during the early afternoon. The average concentration of urinary nicotine in non-smokers under natural conditions was 10times7 ng. per ml., but after deliberate exposure to tobacco smoke (mean duration seventy-eight minutes) in an unventilated room (38 p.p.m. of carbon monoxide) the average urinary nicotine level (80 ng. per ml.) was significantly higher than in non-smokers who had not been deliberately exposed to smoke (P less than 0times 001). Under natural conditions there was no overlap between the urine levels of non-smokers and the far higher levels of 18 smokers (mean 1236 ng. per ml.), suggesting that urinary nicotine may provide a more accurate assessment of an individual's smoking-status than blood-carboxyhaemoglobin. It is concluded that, as a result of passive smoking, most urban non-smokers have measurable amounts of nicotine in their bodyfluids for most of their lives.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1979

Elastic recoil of the lung in cigarette smokers: the effect of nebulized bronchodilator and cessation of smoking.

The mechanical properties of the lung, forced vital capacity, flow-volume relationships, lung volume, and single-breath N2 curve were determined in 16 nonsmokers and 19 smokers. Pulmonary elastic recoil, Pst (1), was significantly lower at all lung volumes, as were flow parameters, whereas lung volumes were higher in smokers of both sexes. The variables derived from forced vital capacity and single-breath N2 were significantly different from nonsmokers in male smokers but not in female smokers. The inhalation of nebulized bronchodilator was attended by a significant decrease in Pst (1) and in upstream flow resistance in smokers. After cessation of smoking Pst (1) decreased to values similar to those seen after bronchodilator administration, whereas resumption of smoking led to reversal of the pressure-volume curve. The data suggest that the elastic properties of the lungs are altered in cigarette smokers, but the extent of the disturbance is masked by constriction of the alveolar ducts or peripheral airways while smoking, and that these are unmasked by the administration of nebulized bronchodilator or by cessation of smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Changes in the forced expiratory spirogram in young male smokers.

Forced expiratory spirograms and peak expiratory flow were measured in 102 resident male medical students (60 nonsmokers and 42 smokers). Forced vital capacity; forced expiratory volume in 1 sec; forced expiratory volume in 1 sec expressed as a percentage of forced vital capacity; forced expiratory flows between 80 and 70 per cent, between 55 and 45 per cent, between 30 and 20 per cent, and between 15 and 5 per cent of the forced vital capacity; forced expiratory time for the last 0.5 liter of the forced vital capacity; and maximal mid-expiratory flow were determined from the forced expiratory spirogram. Peak expiratory flow, all forced expiratory flows (except the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec), and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec to forced vital capacity were significantly lower, and forced expiratory time for the last 0.5 liter of the forced vital capacity was significantly higher in the heavy smokers (those who had smoked a lifetime total of more than 10,000 cigarettes) than the nonsmokers. The light smokers (those who smoked a lifetime total of fewer than 10,000 cigarettes) had values between those of nonsmokers and the heavy smokers. Thus, a definite dose-related response to smoking was seen. Flows at lower lung volumes showed greater percentage changes than flows at higher lung volumes. The forced expiratory flow between 30 and 20 per cent of the forced vital capacity was the most sensitive test for detecting abnormality in smokers. Among heavy smokers, 58 per cent had abnormally low forced expiratory flow between 30 and 20 per cent of the forced vital capacity, whereas only 47 per cent had abnormally low ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec to forced vital capacity, and 32 percent had abnormally low maximal mid-expiratory flow. The results show that even subjects with short smoking histories may have changes in pulmonary function that probably reflect narrowing of small airways. Moreover, these changes can easily be detected by simple tests, such as evaluation of a forced expiratory spirogram.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Histopathologic and clinical abnormalities of the respiratory system in chronic hashish smokers.

Thirty chronic hashish smokers (mean age-20 years) with respiratory symptoms and six control subjects who were nonhashish smokers were evaluated by history, physical examination, bronchoscopy, and bronchial biopsy. Twenty-three (23) of 23 (100 percent) patients who smoked hashish plus cigarettes had one or more histopathologic abnormalities of basal cell hyperplasia, atypical cells, or squamous cell metaplasia. Only one of seven (28.6 percent) hashish smokers who smoked cigarettes, one of three (33.3 percent) cigarette smokers who smoked no hashish, and zero of three (0 percent) nonsmokers showed one or more of the same histopathologic lesions (p less than .05). Hashish smoking when combined with cigarette smoking appeared to have more deleterious pulmonary effects than either hashish or cigarettes smoked alone, and the abnormal histopathologic lesions found in these smokers are identical to those frequently associated with later development of emphysema and carcinoma of the lung.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The immunologic response to tobacco antigens in smokers. III. Type III hypersensitivity skin reactions and specific serum precipitins to four different tobacco extracts in patients suffering from coronary artery disease.

In a population of 70 patients suffering from coronary heart disease (49 smokers and 21 non-smokers) intradermal tests and specific precipitation tests with four different extracts of tobacco were performed. Skin tests with tobacco extracts were positive in 41 smokers and 7 nonsmokers. In both groups the immediate and delayed type reactions were weak and of rather doubtful specificity, while the late type reaction was usually more frequent and stronger in smokers (in 14 patients it was positive with all preparations). Specific precipitins against tobacco antigens were found in the sera of 13 smokers but never in nonsmokers. The positive precipitation test correlated well with the positive late skin reactions to tobacco extracts. Such correlation with Ag 1 was observed in 9 out of 13 patients, with Ag II in four cases, with Ag IV and Ag V in 2 and 2 patients respectively. The coincidence of strongly positive late skin reactions and positive precipitation tests with tobacco extracts seems to indicate that tobacco allergy really exists and resembles, in a number of patients with coronary artery disease, type III hypersensitivity reactions to tobacco antigens. It is postulated that immune complexes of precipitins and tobacco antigens may be formed in some patients and initiate pathological processes in coronary arteries leading to their occlusion.

Adult↗