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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

[The effect of changes in the bones of the skull due to Mediterranean anaemia on the shape of the skull and the formation of the cranial cavity (author's transl)].

The head and skull in patients with Mediterraneen anaemia show often a marked change of the external shape due mainly to the considerable enlargement of the cranial bones. From the abnormal external appearance the suspicion may arise that the form and space of the internal cranial cavity are likewise affected and even the basic structure of the skull is altered. However, a detailed investigation of the principal angles, distances and characteristic structures of the skull made on lateral roentgenograms of these patients, a comparison of the results between cases with different intensity of the osseous changes and a confrontation with the findings in normal individuals proved that there were no major discrepancies. The essential features of the human skull were always preserved. Only in some cases with severe alterations of the cranial bones a few small deviations from the normal values could be noticed and in a little number of them signs of a slight narrowing of the cranial cavity werde to be observed. This way was probably caused by a very early, rapid and extreme enlargement of the cranial bones resulting in a kind of "premature panzer-skull."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Stereotaxic: measurements of the skull cap and skull base in merino sheep (Ovis aries L.)].

On the 14 skulls of 6-month old merino labms, stereotaxical measurements were carried out. Not only individual variations were found, but they also dependent on sex. A small assymetry was found on the diagrams of frontal measurements of the skull cap and base. The point bregma is more variable than the lambda. The position of the cranial third of the skull base in 6 month old lambs is not yet constant and until adult age it will shift about 30 degrees to 35 degrees dorsalward and forward. Since the skull cap and base do not grow parallely, and their cranial part has not constant position, we do not recommended this age group for chronic experiments with implanted electrodes. Owing to smaller variations of the skull cap and base and nearer position of the sutura sagittalis toward the medial line, male lambs would be more suitable for short-term experiments and for the stereotactic atlas of deep brain structures.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

[Radiological determination of skull thickness and skull thickness increase in patients with severe blood dyscrasias and hyperplasia of the red marrow (author's transl)].

A method is described for measuring the thickness of the cranial bones in x-ray pictures of the skull, which in a reliable way can only be done in the frontal and the parietal bones. From the results, representative and comparable values have been obtained consisting of the mean and maximum thickness of the bones and of the mean deviation of the thickness in the bone. By using these values, the thickness has been determined in normal persons and the increase of thickness established in different patients suffering from a number of blood disorders. A scale of increasing degrees of thickening could be set up ranging form normal conditions to extraordinary enlargement. As the thickening of the bones is due to the hyperactivity of the red marrow contained in the bones, and the increase of thickness depends on the intensity of the overgrowth of the marrow and of the time of its action on the osseous substance, from the thickness of the bones a conclusion can be drawn regarding the presence, the severity and the duration of the existing blood disorder. Since, moreover, the enlargement of the bones is irreversible, an increased thickness of the cranial bones may, in patients without alterations in the blood, point to a former blood disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A second look at the utility of radiographic skull examination for trauma.

A prospective study tested the hypothesis of Bell and Loop (1971) that 21 high yield findings are significantly associated with the presence of a skull fracture and can be used to decide which patients need skull radiography. In our study, 17 fractures were detected in 594 patients who had skull radiography because of trauma to the head. Six of these fractures occurred in children who had none of the 21 Bell and Loop high yield findings. These six patients were asymptomatic except for superficial injury at the site of trauma. Had the Bell and Loop criteria been used to decide which patients had skull radiography, 35% (all in children) of the fractures would have gone undetected. Thus, in our study population, the Bell and Loop high yield findings were not satisfactory criteria for the decision about obtaining skull films in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Determination of skull volume (author's transl)].

Various means for indirect skull volume determination were investigated. For this purpose--the procedure of direct measurement of skull volume was improved first, using a latex method. The examinations were carried out on 20 macerated skulls, which were x-rayed in the usual manner and stereoscopically also. Various distances and planes were then determined from the radiographs and varied calculations carried out. From these calculations it appears that skull volume can be simply determined most accurately from the product of transverse diameter (greatest width) and the area of median plane.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Post-traumatic skull radiographs. Time for a reappraisal.

504 patients who had skull radiographs for head injury are included in this study. Only 9 (1.9%) had demonstrable fractures. 129 (25%) of the patients reviewed were admitted to hospital. 93 of these were admitted for up to 24 hours, and 36 for a longer period, usually for conditions unrelated to the head trauma. All but 1 of the patients with a demonstrable skull fracture were admitted to hospital, and the radiographic findings initiated active medical intervention in 2 of these cases. There was no correlation between radiographic findings and the need for hospital admission, and little correlation between radiographic findings and the presenting signs and symptoms. It is, therefore, suggested that the indications for skull radiography in the management of head injuries require reappraisal.

Craniocerebral Trauma↗
PubMed1979

Discovery of an epidermoid of the skull concomitant with a homolateral subacute traumatic subdural hematoma.

The case of man of 32 years with an epidermoid of the left side of the skull is reported. The tumor itself was asymptomatic and was discovered accidentally because of a subdural hematoma on the same side. After a closed head injury, this patient had symptoms of an intracranial space occupying lesion (hematoma) on the left after a symptom-free interval. The left carotid angiogram demonstrated the characteristic picture of a subdural hematoma in the left parieto-temporo-occipital region. At the same time, characteristic changes in the skull on the same side, which were more apparent after removal of the hematoma, suggested an epidermal tumour of the skull. This was verified at operation.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Cartilaginous metaplasia and overgrowth of neurocranium skull after X-irradiation in utero.

Prenatal X-irradiation of mice in the late organogenesis stage either with a fractionated or a single exposure dose (3 X 160 R or 200 R) leads to remarkable, previously undescribed malformations of the skull. These malformations range from mild hyperostotic nodule formation in about 90% of the offspring to excessive formation of desmal bony tissues, which extend deep into the forebrain and are thus only detectable in histological sections. Metaplastic and hyperplastic formation of cartilage in all the neurocranial regions is observed in about 10% of the offspring. The pathogenesis of these overgrowth phenomena is presumably related to a growth disturbance of both the mesenchymal skull primordium and the brain. While malformation of the latter leads to a decrease of intracranial pressure and consequently to altered growth activity of the skull sutures, the reparative and proliferative capacities of the mesenchyme are also stimulated, in a hyperplastic direction, by X-irradiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Central hearing loss in patients with fronto-basal fractures of the skull (author's transl)].

23 persons were examined with regard to post-traumatic hearing damage after having had a frontobasal injury of the skull. The occurrence of central hearing damages was especially looked for. On the basis of preceding experiences with central hearing test methods gathered on persons with noise-induced hearing damage 21 victims of accidents had to undergo the following three special tests apart from the usual audiometrical procedures: Dichotic discrimination test, acoustic trigger action of the impedance jump and direction audiometry. The investigations had the following results: 1. Damages of the inner ear in the high frequency range originate for the most part also in frontobasal fractures of the skull--basocochlear type. 2. Damages of the inner ear are small and indicate a continuous increase towards higher frequencies. 3. The dichotic discrimination test is positive only in a few cases (4 out of 21). 4. Direction audiometry clearly indicates the existence of central damages (increase of the lateral position angles). 5. With transanimated cases the deviations of central hearing damages equal the average. As a consequence of the studies under consideration a search for central hearing damages after frontobasal fractions of the skull is recommended. In these cases investigation methods of direction audiometry seem to be particularly convincing.

Audiometry↗
PubMed1975

[Computerized axial tomography of the skull - diagnostic possibilities and clinical results (author's transl)].

Computerized axial tomography is a new method of tissue examination with x-rays whereby a picture can be produced which is a representation of a slice of the skull. This is done by irradiating the skull from 180 or 225 incremental angles and measuring the absorption at each of these angles. Then with the aid of a computer a tomogram is produced which can be displayed on a screen. These tomograms are representations of a cross-section of the skull composed of 160 X 160 points showing the various intracranial structures with great detail. The present study demonstrates the diagnostic possibilities of the high definition matrix with reference to brain disorders in a large sample of patients for the first time. Some tumours are shown as areas of decreased absorption compared with normal brain tissue. Others, however, have been found to have higher absorption values. With glioblastomas very contrasting pictures are produced with coexistng areas of decreased, increased and similar values to brain tissue. The most important finding is the visualization of brain oedema which appears as a low density area. A grading system of brain oedemas is proposed. The brain oedema associated with tumours has been found to propagate mainly in the white matter producing finger-like shapes. Out of 209 intracranial tumours 203 were recognized in the plain scan, a further five after contrast enhancement. In patients who have suffered from a stroke the differentiation between haemorrhage and infarction is made simple due to the contrasting appearance between the two types of lesion. Location, size and propagation direction of a haematoma as well as rupture of a haemorrhage into the ventricular system can be defined exactly. With brain infarction the hypoxically damaged tissue is well delineated and readily attributable to a given vascular area. In head injuries, for the first time it is possible to differentiate brain contusion with oedema from intracerebral haematoma. Coup and contre-coup are demonstrated. All types of acute intracranial haematomas may be diagnosed easily. With chronic subdural haematomas the new method fails if the contents of the haematoma shows the same absorption values as brain tissue. Late sequelae of head trauma such as contusion defects and necrosis of tissue after oedema can be seen in the tomogram. With infantile hydrocephalus, subdural effusions and malformations of the brain, computerized axial tomography offers a complete diagnosis so that other invasive, neuroradiological investigations may be avoided. Orbital tumors are picked out with great clarity. The high definition matrix allows the demonstration of the optic nerve, the lense and the suspension of the eyeball. Without doubt in the coming years computerized axial tomography will play a dominant role in the diagnosis of brain disorders.

Absorption↗
PubMed1978

[The development of the vertebrate skull (author's transl)].

The greater metabolic demands for oxygen in warm-blooded animals led to the separation of the upper respiratory tract from the digestive during development and the evolution of a "respiratory skull." The sphenoid sinus originated from the posterior divisions of the nasal cavity, and adapted itself functionally to the other pneumatic cavities. The latter represent inversions of the main nasal cavity and are found only in mammals. The "respiratory skull" is considered to be not only a clinical nosologic entity but also a development step of vertebrate skull formation.

Amphibians↗
PubMed1977

[Otorhinolaryngological-neurosurgical problems on the skull base (author's transl)].

Adequate tumour surgery on the skull base is, because of the close connection with vital blood vessels and nerve structures, difficult and full of risks. From six rare cases, an account is given here, of experiences which were gained by the combined ENT and neurosurgical team work. Singularly, the approach to processes of the frontal, middle and hind skull base is discussed. Through diagnosis, and when indicated, combined operative team work between the Otolaryngologist and the Neurosurgeon, using microsurgical operative techniques, reorganizational advancements regarding the maintenance of function and functional reconstruction, in the surgery of the base of skull, are possible. Under this aspect, endeavors must be made in this area, by slow growing benign new growths, to establish an early diagnosis, and the earliest possible operation, thus promoting the chances of preservation of the remaining undamaged blood vessels and nerve structures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

A comparison of age estimation using discriminant function analysis with some other age estimations of unknown skulls.

Available methods of estimating the ages of unknown skulls are notoriously inaccurate. Making use of a unique opportunity to view several hundreds of remains from two nineteenth century cemeteries, various methods of estimating age were tested. A statistical method which gives relative weighting to each age indicator before reducing the data to a single pooled age estimate was found to be the most reliable. The greater the number of criteria which were utilized for age estimation, the more highly correlated was the estimated age of remains with the actual age at death. The degree of accuracy in estimating the ages of skulls of under 20 years was relatively high, when only the stage of development of dental tissues was examined. With increasing age over 20 the accuracy decreased, particularly at ages over 45. The range of age distribution of skulls estimated from published data on suture closure tended to be more restricted than that which may acutally occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Demonstration of the skull base by computed tomography (author's transl)].

In addition to showing the structures of the brain, it is possible with computed tomography to demonstrate the bone of the skull. For this the window width has to be increased, or one has to use additive photographic manipulation (integral photography). The clinical value of views of the skull base is illustrated. The advantages of computed tomography compared with conventional radiographic technique are stressed.

Adenocarcinoma↗