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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Dynamics of microbial population in soil as influenced by simazine and ecological factors.

Simazine, even at normal rates of application, showed toxicity to bacteria fungi. It was less toxic to actinomycetes, since toxicity up to 20 ppm of the herbicide was not observed. On the contrary, the normal rate of simazine stimulated both Azotobacter and actinomycetes population. The interaction of simazine with soil ecological factors, such as temperature, moisture, pH, and organic matter, affected soil microbial population differently. Simazine was relatively less toxic to bacteria under acidic and alkaline conditions of soil; they were not affected at 15 degrees C. Actinomycetes were comparatively not adversely affected even with 200 ppm of simazine under high soil moisture regime. The stimulatory effect of simazine on Azotobacter was also confirmed under different ecological conditions. The incorporation of 2 per cent of organic matter in soil mitigated the toxicity of simazine in respect to soil fungi. Simazine also appeared to be less toxic to soil fungi at lower temperatures, under acidic and alkaline conditions of soil, as well as under high moisture regime.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Decomposition of simazine herbicide in algal cultures].

The possibility of simazine accumulation and detoxication in the cultures of some species of green, yellow-green, and blue-green algae was investigated. It has been shown that the algae can accumulate simazine in amounts hundred times exceeding its concentration in the cultural medium. The protein fraction contained up to 28.8% of simazine accumulated by the algae. The accumulation of water-soluble products of simazine metabolism in the cultural medium is indicative of the partial transformation of the herbicide.

Absorption↗
PubMed1975

The influence of glucose on simazine decomposition.

Glucose added to soil and to the culture medium of Penicillium citrinum stimulated simazine decomposition. Differences in the rate of simazine decomposition depended on the dose of glucose. Both in soil and in the medium the rate of simazine decomposition was connected with the intensity of development of microorganisms.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of carbofuran, metalaxyl, and simazine in soils.

A method for extraction, cleanup, and simultaneous gas chromatographic detection of carbofuran, metalaxyl, and simazine in soils has been developed. Pesticide residues were extracted from soil with acetone containing 10% 0.2M HCl-KCl buffer (pH 2.0), cleaned up with methylene chloride-carbonate buffer (pH 10.7) solvent partitioning and solid-phase extraction on disposable silica gel columns, and quantitated with gas chromatography using a Supelcowax 10 megabore capillary column and a nitrogen-selective detector. Method limits of detection were 0.02 microgram/g for the 3 pesticides in surface soils (0-30 cm depths) and 0.02, 0.02, and 0.005 microgram/g in soils below 30 cm (subsoils) for carbofuran, metalaxyl, and simazine, respectively. Recoveries for carbofuran, metalaxyl, and simazine were 92.6 +/- 5.5, 93.6 +/- 5.0, and 88.4 +/- 6.7%, respectively, when soil samples were spiked with pesticide concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 2.0 micrograms/g.

Alanine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biological value of Mironovskaya-808 winter wheat grown using the herbicide simazine].

The biological value of spring wheat Mironovskaya-808 grown with the use of simazine which was introduced into soil prior to appearance of shoots at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha has been studied. The organoleptic parameters evaluated by the method of closed testing and physicochemical parameters characterizing the corn quality (protein fat, gluten and ash content, moisture, acidity) of experimental samples did not differ from those of the reference sample. Relative biological value of wheat grown with the use of simazine at a dose of 1.0 kg/ha evaluated by the test-object Tetrahymena pyriformis was slightly higher as compared to the control. The effect of test wheat samples on some parameters of protein metabolism was also studied in male rats (the content of protein and its fractions in blood serum, liver and brain as well as activity of enzymes participating in protein metabolism regulation: aminotransferases of blood serum and liver, catepsins, histidase and tryptophan oxygenase of the liver). According to the data obtained no adverse effect of spring wheat Mironovskaya-808 grown with the use of simazine on the above parameters of protein metabolism was recorded in test animals.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1977

Mutagenicity of the triazine herbicides atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine in Drosophila melanogaster.

Assays for dominant lethal mutations, sex-linked recessive lethal mutations, and chromosomal breakage, nondisjunction and loss were performed on Drosophila melanogaster males treated by injection or by larval feeding of the herbicides atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), cyanazine [2-chloro-4-(1-cyano-1-methylethylamino)-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine], or simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine]. The three herbicides significantly increased the rate of apparent dominant lethals, but this reduction in egg hatch was probably due to physiologic toxicity to sperm. Atrazine significantly increased X-linked recessive lethals and X or Y loss after treatment by larval feeding. Injection of simazine elevated X-linked lethals, whereas treatment by larval feeding did not. None of these herbicides significantly increased partial loss of the Y chromosome nor sex chromosome nondisjunction. Much larger experiments are needed to determine with confidence the mutagenic potential of these herbicides.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Simazine toxicosis in sheep.

A case of simazine toxicosis in sheep was investigated. Affected animals exhibited generalized muscle tremors which progressed to mild tetany followed by collapse of the hind legs. Other signs included a short prancing gait with head tucked in a similar manner to that of a show pony. Death occurred within 2 to 3 d of the appearance of clinical signs. Mild to acute myocardial degeneration was evident; the livers had mild to acute hepatic fatty change. The levels of simazine found in livers varied from less than 0.2 mg/kg to almost 2 mg/kg in the worst affected animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Immunomorphological analysis of prolonged intoxication by low doses of herbicide simazine].

Dynamic investigation of several immunologic data and complex morphologic study of the thymus of rats fed for a long time (6 months) by very low doses of herbicide simazine have been carried out. Chronic simazine treatment resulted in the development of the secondary immunodeficient state with the damage of T lymphocytes. The morphologic signs of this process were the disarray in thymus structure (dystrophic changes and intercellular contact break of nurse cells, sclerosis of microvessel walls and stromal elements), severe decrease of the T lymphocyte number in peripheral blood, inhibition of phagocytosis reaction of neutrophils.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The immunomorphological characteristics of a focal staphylococcal infection against a background of long-term exposure to low doses of simazine].

State of immunologic and nonspecific resistance of the organism, ultra- and histostructure of the thymus, histopathology of the wall of experimental staph abscess reproduced in animals given low doses of the herbicide simazine for a long time have been studied. It is established that simazine induced the immunodeficiency state underlain by pathologic changes in the thymus. Against this background experimental abscesses developed more rapidly, alterative and exudative processes in their wall proceeding more intensively and proliferative ones--attenuating. This provides prolongation of the abscesses healing phase for an indefinite time and chronization of the process.

Abscess↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Solid-phase extraction of carbofuran, atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and cyanazine from shallow well water.

Extraction of several nitrogen-containing pesticides from water on solid-phase C18 cartridges was rapid and accurate. One analyst can extract greater than 48 samples/day. Recovery efficiencies were 77, 95, 92, 90, and 99% with detection limits of 0.20, 0.05, 0.05, 0.20, and 0.10 micrograms/L for carbofuran, atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and, cyanazine, respectively. Extraction of the atrazine and simazine dealkylation products (deethylatrazine and deethylsimazine) was less efficient, e.g., 26 and 9%, respectively. Comparisons with 10 U.S. Geological Survey samples gave similar results.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1989

[Contamination of drinking water with atrazine, simazine and nitrate in the Rastatt, Baden-Baden and Bühl areas].

Drinking water samples taken from public waterworks and private water sources were examined between November 1986 and July 1988 for atrazin and simazin content in the area of the Rastatt Public Health Office and its subsidiary offices in Baden-Baden and Bühl (located in the Federal German Land of Baden-Württemberg). The overall result of the examination of 41 samples taken from public waterworks and of 29 samples taken from private water sources showed that the drinking water offered by the public waterworks from reservoirs in areas declared as protected drinking water areas, is generally free from pesticide residues. However, water from private sources must be considered as extremely exposed to risk. Of 29 wells that were tested, only three were free from atrazin and only 5 free from simazin. The nitrate situation can presently be considered as being under control. Limit values have not been exceeded anywhere except for one private well.

Atrazine↗
PubMed1978

[Studies on the effects of atrazine and simazine on the N-binding bacteria Azotobacter and Beijerinckia in the ferralitic soils of Cuba].

In two Cuban locations (Santiago de las Vegas and Jovellanos) the effect was investigated of increasing atrazin and simazin applications (0, 4, 8, 16 kg/ha) to the number of Azotobacter and Beijerinckia colonies in weakly ferrallitic soils 7 and 15 days after their application during the rainy and dry seasons. The results were as follows: 1. The number of the Beijerinckia colonies is higher in all variants than that of Azotobacter. 2. Beijerinckia and Azotobacter are stimulated up to 7 days, partly also up to 15 days, after application of the triazins. Atrazin exhibits a stronger and more lasting effect than simazin, and Azotobacter are influenced more strongly than Beijerinckia. 3. This stimulation can be adduced with a high degree of probability to the inhibition of organisms which have an antagonistic effect on N-binding bacteria.

Atrazine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous determination of alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, and simazine in water and soil by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A multiresidue method was developed for the simultaneous determination of low parts per billion (ppb) concentrations of the herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, and simazine in water and soil using isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Known amounts of 15N,13C-alachlor and 2H5-atrazine were added to each sample as internal standards. The samples were then prepared by a solid phase extraction with no further cleanup. A high resolution GC/low resolution MS system with data acquisition in selected ion monitoring mode was used to quantitate herbicides in the extract. The limit of detection was 0.05 ppb for water and 0.5 ppb for soil. Accuracy greater than 80% and precision better than 4% was demonstrated with spiked samples.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1989

Isotachophoretic determination of herbicides prometryne, desmetryne, terbutryne and hydroxy-derivatives of atrazine and simazine in extracts of milk.

A method is described for the determination of the triazine herbicides prometryne, desmetryne, terbutryne, OH-atrazine and OH-simazine in purified extracts of milk using analytical capillary isotachophoresis. The reproducibility of isotachophoretic analyses was 3.5% and the detection sensitivity reached 2 ng. Recovery of triazines from fortified samples of homogenized full milk (0.05 mg/L) was about 65%.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Atrazine and simazine determination in river water samples by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.

A rapid and sensitive micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography analytical method was used for the determination of chlorotriazine herbicides in river water samples. Several electrolyte systems in the pH range 7-10 were tested in order to optimize the separation. The two compounds were separated in less than 10 min and the determination limit was about 0.4 ppb for each herbicide. Recovery values of the method were in the range 80%-117%.

Atrazine↗