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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Sexual partners, penetrative sexual partners and HIV risk.

This paper argues that the notion of sexual partners per se is insufficient for estimating levels of HIV risk behaviour or changes in HIV risk over time, even though it is a crucial element of most epidemiological models of HIV. The concept of a penetrative sexual partner (PSP) is introduced as a considerably more accurate measure of HIV risk. Using data from a longitudinal study of 930 homosexually active men in England and Wales, this paper demonstrates that variation in numbers of PSPs (and thus HIV risk) is not related to variation in the gross numbers of sexual partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Relationship of sexual mixing across age and ethnic groups to herpes simplex virus-2 among unmarried heterosexual adults with multiple sexual partners.

Sexual mixing is important to understanding how sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) spread in the general population, and, identifying people who mix across social groups aids HIV-STD prevention. The authors examined (a) the extent to which people have sexual partners from other sexual networks (disassortative mixing) in a probability sample of unmarried heterosexual adults reporting multiple sexual partners (N = 545) and (b) the relationship between mixing and Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2). After demographic variables and number of lifetime sexual partners were controlled for, heavy mixers were significantly more likely to be HSV-2 positive. Degree of mixing down produced the most powerful relationship to HSV-2. Age, education, ethnicity, and a history of incarceration or IV drug use were found to distinguish between light and heavy mixers, although differences between ethnic and age mixing were observed. The results have implications for understanding HIV-STD transmission and for directing interventions toward population segments at high risk for transmitting HIV-STDs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Influence of physical attractiveness and alcohol on men's perceptions of potential sexual partners and sexual behavior intentions.

The current research presents the results of 2 related experimental studies designed to evaluate the influence of physical attractiveness and a moderate dose of alcohol on men's perceptions of potential sexual partners and sexual behavior intentions. Analyses revealed significant effects of physical attractiveness on partner perceptions and sexual behavior intentions. Although no main effects of alcohol were observed, alcohol differentially moderated the relations between perceived risk and sexual behavior intentions by limb of absorption. Results suggest that greater attention should be focused on identifying the specific physical characteristics of a potential sexual partner--beyond attractiveness--that influence perceptions of risk and intentions to engage in safer sex behaviors and highlight the importance of assessing limb of absorption in evaluating the complex association between alcohol and risky sexual behavior.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiple sexual-partner behavior among sexually active US adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of multiple sexual-partners to other risk behaviors among adolescent girls. METHODS: Ninth- through 12th-grade sexually active girls (N=3288) who completed the 1999 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey were participants. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine all significant independent relationships. RESULTS: Having one recent sexual-partner was associated with lack of condom use and being in 12th grade whereas having 2 or more partners was associated with fighting, cigarette use, binge drinking, and African American ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: A small but important subset of adolescent girls report having recent multiple sexual-partners. These girls are more likely to report other problem-prone health behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Sexual behaviour of injecting drug users and associated risks of HIV infection for non-injecting sexual partners.

The sexual behaviour of 142 clients of syringe-exchange schemes was measured using a questionnaire interview based survey method. Two to four months later the questionnaire was repeated to provide measures of behavioural change. The majority of these clients were sexually active, 77% having one or more sexual partners in the 3 months prior to the first interview. Many of these clients (46% of those sexually active) had sexual partners who did not inject drugs. There is evidence that this group modified their sexual behaviour towards reducing their own risk of HIV infection, with more having no sexual partners (from 23% to 31%), a reduction in those having multiple partners (from 26% to 21%) and a slight increase in those with regular partners (from 49% to 52%). Not all clients in this group reduced their risk of infection by modifying their sexual behaviour. Some clients continued to engage in high risk sexual behaviour, having multiple partners (21%) and not using condoms (79%). Whilst overall there is evidence of changes in the sexual behaviour of the clients towards a reduced risk of infection, we have identified an associated increase in risk of transmission from them to their sexual partners. Drug injectors who continued to have sexual partners were more likely to have sexual partners who did not inject drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Organizational actions of sex hormones on sexual partner preference.

Sexual dimorphism in copulatory behavior results from organizational actions of sex steroids (permanent effects of sex steroids occurring during early development). Reproductive success depends not only on copulatory behavior, but also on mate choice, which is often sexually dimorphic as well. The clearest example is sexual partner preference: the preference of males for female sexual partners and females for males. Are organizational hormone actions responsible for sexual differentiation of sexual partner preference? The zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) is a potentially valuable species for addressing this question, because the birds form life-long socially monogamous pair bonds. In one experiment, both early estrogen treatment (injection with estradiol benzoate-EB-for the first 2 weeks posthatch) and unisex housing during juvenile development independently resulted in a preference for females over males in two-choice tests, and only females that experienced both EB treatment and unisex living were more likely than controls to pair with other females in colony tests. In a second experiment, females injected with an estrogen synthesis inhibitor for the first week posthatch preferred to spend time near females instead of males in two-choice tests, unlike control females. These experiments suggest that sexual partner preference may result from organizational hormone actions in this pair-bonding species. Possible neural mechanisms or sites that could underly hormonal organization of sexual partner preference in birds and mammals include the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic area, the corticomedial amygdala, and its avian homologue nucleus taeniae of the archistriatum, the septum, and peripheral sensory processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Factors influencing sexual partner referral for sexually transmitted diseases in Uganda.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patient-based partner referral has limited effectiveness. We studied factors associated with sexual partner referral among patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) with a view of suggesting remedial action. GOAL: To examine the role of psychosocial variables vis-a-vis other variables in predicting sexual partner referral. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional interview survey with 507 patients with STDs at an STD clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Multivariate analyses were used to identify independent predictors of sexual partner referral. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of the 599 partners elicited were referred. The independent factors that favored sexual partner referral were examined in the laboratory (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-4.05): psychosocial variables of intention (likelihood of referring the partner) (AOR 4.60, CI 1.58-13.36), self-efficacy (partner referral being easy) (AOR 3.22, CI 1.36-7.66), having a positive attitude toward partner referral (AOR 1.19, CI 1.06-1.33), and previous success in having referred a partner (AOR 9.78, CI 2.90-33.04). Other variables, such as age, sex, marital status, employment, and type of partner, that were significant on univariate analysis were not significant after multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: By providing interventions to change the psychosocial variables, there is a high chance of improving compliance with sexual partner referral.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Men, multiple sexual partners, and young adults' sexual relationships: understanding the role of gender in the study of risk.

Heterosexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections has become a primary health concern worldwide. Gender roles for heterosexual interactions appear to sanction men's sexual risk-taking, especially the pursuit of multiple sexual partners. Using measures developed in this study, the current study assessed the associations between men's and women's relationship attitudes and experiences and their sexual risk encounters. Participants were 104 men and 103 women (18-24 years) from a large, urban college located in a high HIV risk neighborhood of New York City. All completed a survey assessing HIV risk and the battery of relationship measures assessing traditional sexual roles, sexual conflicts, significance of sex, relationship investment, need for relationship, and unwanted sex. For men, greater sexual conflict in their primary relationships was associated with more sexual partners and fewer unprotected vaginal intercourse encounters with a primary partner and across sex partners overall. In addition, men's endorsement of more traditional sexual roles and lower relationship investment were associated with higher numbers of sexual partners. Among women, compliance with men to engage in unwanted sex was associated with higher levels of participation in unprotected sex. For both men and women, greater significance given to sex in a relationship was associated with fewer extradyadic partners. This study demonstrates the utility of measures of relationship attitudes and experiences to characterize sexual risk, especially among men. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for prevention program targeting young urban adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Treatment failure of genital condylomata acuminata in women: role of the male sexual partner.

The male sexual partners of women with genital condylomata acuminata are thought to be carriers of human papillomaviruses. It is therefore often recommended that both sexual partners be treated. We studied 360 women with genital warts to test the hypothesis that when the male partners of women with condylomata acuminata are treated, the treatment failure rate decreases. The male sexual partners of 180 of these women were examined and, if indicated, treated (treatment group). The 180 remaining male sexual partners were neither examined nor treated (control group). One hundred twenty-two (68%) men in the treatment group had human papillomavirus-associated lesions. The treatment failure rate of women was 16.7% in the treatment group and 18.9% in the control group. The difference is not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the treatment failure rate of women with condylomata acuminata decreases if their male sexual partners are also treated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Human papillomavirus--a study of male sexual partners.

Male sexual partners of a cohort of women with genital-tract abnormalities which were associated with human papillomavirus infection were examined for evidence of infection with human papillomavirus. Of the 214 male partners who were examined, 93.5% had visible genital lesions. Of the 196 lesions that were biopsied, 72.5% showed histological evidence of infection with human papillomavirus, and only 20.4% of subjects with histological evidence of human papillomavirus were aware of a lesion. An unexpectedly high proportion (6.1%) of lesions on which a biopsy was performed, particularly those with flat, red, indurated morphology, also showed histological evidence of penile intraepithelial neoplasia. This was not significantly more common among the partners of the women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia than it was among the partners of the women with other evidence of genital human papillomavirus infection. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia was significantly (P less than 0.001) more common among subjects with no history of non-genital warts. We conclude that the male partners of women with human papillomavirus-associated lesions are very likely to be infected with human papillomavirus, and thus may act as a significant reservoir for the reinfection of their female partners. As the awareness of human papillomavirus-associated lesions was low among the male partners, colposcopic examination and treatment of their male partners, and/or barrier contraception, may be a necessary part of the management of women who are undergoing treatment for human papillomavirus-associated genital disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Determinants of multiple sexual partners and condom use among sexually active Tanzanians.

This paper is based on the analyses of data collected in the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS). The TDHS national sample was obtained by using 1988 population census list of enumeration areas. Information about sexual behaviour and condom use was obtained from sexually active women (N = 4620) and men (N = 1440) reporting sexual activity during the period of four weeks preceding the survey. Univariate and multivariate (using logistic regression model) analyses were done to identify predictors of condom use and highrisk sexual behaviour. About 6% of women and 31% of men reported to have more than one sexual partner during the study period. Compared to respondents married once and in monogamous union, the tendency to have multiple partners was increased among never married women [OR 10.9, 95% CI (7.1-16.9)] and men [2.6 (1 7-3.9)], formerly married women [11.5 (7.3-17.9)], and among men in monogamous marriage reporting more than one marriage [12.4 (8.3-18.4)]. Occupation, residence, ever use of contraceptives, and AIDS knowledge were not associated with history of multiple sexual partners. Only 134 (9.3%) men and 173 (3.7%) women reported to have used condoms during the study period. After adjusting for other predictors of condom use, respondents reporting multiple sexual partners were more likely to have used condom among both women [3.4 (2.2-5.4)] and men [3.3 (2.3-6.0)]. Condom use was common in urban areas than rural areas and among unmarried respondents. These results show that high-risk sexual behaviour is common among men. Condom use was very low indicating that efforts to promote condom use has been less successful in Tanzania. More efforts are needed to promote safer sexual practices and condom use in Tanzania.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Sampling biases and missing data in explorations of sexual partner networks for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.

The structures of sexual partner networks are important in determining patterns of transmission of STDs including HIV. Empirical data on sexual partnerships and sexual partner networks collected through sampling individuals are a non-random sample of partnerships and network structures even if individuals are sampled randomly. This has the potential to bias estimates of measures describing the sexual partner network. In addition, biases may be introduced through non-response and missing data. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we investigate the biases that are introduced in estimates measures of the sexual partner network through three common sampling methods. The results indicate that substantial systematic biases are introduced. The direction and magnitude of these biases suggest that, by ignoring them, the risk for the establishment and persistence of infection in a population may be underestimated.

Bias↗
PubMed2001

Efficacy of patient-delivered partner medication in the treatment of sexual partners in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Patient-based partner referral (PBPR), which is the main method for treating sexual partners of patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), has limited effectiveness. GOAL: The authors compared the efficacy of PBPR with patient-delivered partner medication (PDPM) among patients attending the Mulago STD clinic in Kampala, Uganda. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 383 patients (187 women, 196 men) with STDs were randomized to the PBPR or PDPM group. The proportion of sexual partners treated in either group was compared using the chi-square statistic by intention to treat for partners whose follow-up status was unknown. RESULTS: The two groups had similar background characteristics. Of the 237 partners elicited, 176 (74%) were reported treated in the PDPM group. In the PBPR group, in which 234 partners were elicited, 79 (34%) were referred to the treatment clinic. This difference was statistically significant (risk ratio [RR], 2.44; 95% CI, 1.95-3.07; P < 0.001). Furthermore, PDPM was more effective than PBPR for women and for casual partners for whom PBPR is considered difficult. For women, 86 of 103 partners in the PDPM group were reported treated, compared with 23 of 104 partners in the PBPR group (RR, 4.55; 95% CI, 2.92-7.08; P < 0.001). For casual partners, 18 of 51 (34%) were reported treated in the PDPM group, compared with only three of 45 partners (7%) who were referred in the PBPR group (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.40-2.65; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Patient-delivered partner medication is more effective than patient-based partner referral in the treatment of sexual partners.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cost of interacting with sexual partners in a facultative sexual microbe.

The widespread occurrence of sexual organisms despite the high costs of sex has long intrigued biologists. The best-known costs are the twofold cost of producing males and the cost associated with producing traits to attract mates and to interact with mating partners, such as exaggerated sexual behaviors and morphological modifications. These costs have been inferred from studies of plants and animals but are thought to be absent in facultative sexual microbes. Here, using the facultative sexual fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, I provide experimental evidence showing that: (i) interactions with active sexual partners can be costly for vegetative fitness in a facultative sexual microbe; (ii) this cost is positively correlated to mating ability; (iii) this cost is composed of at least two distinct components, the cost of producing mating signals that exert effects on mating partners and that associated with responding to active mating partners; and (iv) extended asexual reproduction can reduce both components of the cost. This cost must have been compensated for by the production of zygotes and sexual spores to allow the initial evolution and spread of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual partner networks in the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. An analysis of gonorrhea cases in Sheffield, UK.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Routine contact tracing data on patients with gonorrhea are used to identify sexual partner networks. These are combined with gonococcal typing data to study patterns of transmission. The role of persons in transmission is discussed. STUDY DESIGN: Contact tracing data on patients with gonorrhea attending the Royal Hallamshire Hospital in Sheffield in 1988 and 1989 are analyzed. Gonococcal strains identified by auxotype/serovar (A/S) class are combined with these data to identify transmission paths. RESULTS: The network contained 1,272 persons, 724 (77%) of whom had gonorrhea during the study period. Four hundred two clusters of linked cases were identified. The largest cluster, containing 35 persons connected over 16 months, is discussed in greater detail to illustrate how these data may help identify patterns of transmission and the role of persons. CONCLUSION: Contact tracing data can be used to identify sexual partner networks and to study transmission patterns. Microbiologic data can aid interpretation. An person's risk of acquiring infection depends on indirect links as well as direct links. To understand patterns of transmission it may be important to distinguish between those involved in transmission and those only acquiring infection. Networks established through gonococcal transmission are also relevant to the transmission of other sexually transmitted diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A population-based study of 18-year old Swedish youths and factors correlated with their total number of lifetime sexual partners.

UNLABELLED: The number of sexual partners has in studies been shown to be a factor correlated with STI but there is little published knowledge on what factors are associated with number of sexual partners. OBJECTIVES: To examine which variables are correlated with the number of lifetime sexual partners (NLSP) among youths. STUDY GROUP: All 18-year old girls and boys in four cities in northern Sweden. METHODS: A population-based study where participants answered a questionnaire regarding their social lifestyle, psychological and sexual health. The associations between these independent variables and the dependent variable (NLSP) were investigated by multivariate linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The boy and girl median NLSP was 2.0 (P25 =1.0, P75=3.0). The final model explained 29% of the total boy NLSP variation and 46% of the total girl NLSP variation. Eight boy variables and thirteen girl variables significantly correlated with NLSP were found. The two strongest variables associated with increased NLSP among boys and girls, was feelings of guilt or shame after sex and smoking regularly. Variables prior associated with an increased risk of acquiring STI's were associated with increased NLSP. The study found new gender differed behaviour variables correlated to NLSP not previously considered to be risk factors for STI. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent the spread of STI it is important that persons with many partners are identified, treated if necessary and possible, or encouraged to change their behaviour. The study found several boy and girl variables associated with increased NLSP, which could facilitate both primary- and secondary preventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Cervical papillomavirus infection and intraepithelial neoplasia: a study of male sexual partners.

The male sexual partners of 34 women with cervical condyloma or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were examined for penile condylomata and/or urinary tract lesions. External lesions were detected in 18 (53%) of the male consorts of women with cervical lesions including 14 of 22 whose consorts had cervical condyloma or low grade CIN, one of six whose consorts had CIN 2, and three of six whose consorts had CIN 3. The majority of lesions were present either on the glands or the penile shaft, and one patient had a lesion in the urethral meatus. The urinary cytology specimens from the men with and without penile lesions contained nonspecific abnormalities consisting of squamous metaplasia with mild degrees of cytologic atypia. Koilocytotic atypia characteristic of condyloma was not found except in cases with documented distal urethral condylomata. Hence, at present the diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection in the man is best made by careful clinical examination. Whether or not papillomavirus resides deep in the urinary tract of these patients remains to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Subclinical human papillomavirus infections in male sexual partners of female carriers.

The male sexual partners of 156 women with human papillomavirus infection of the cervix uteri were examined. In 120 men (77 per cent) penile lesions were found on examination of the penis via a colposcope (peniscopy) the most common of which were flat acetowhite lesions (53 per cent). Predilection sites of lesions were the urethral meatus and the corona glandis (23 and 19 per cent of the lesions, respectively). Using filter in situ hybridization human papillomavirus-deoxyribonucleic acid was found in penile smears of 61 men (39 per cent). The cancer-associated viral types (human papillomavirus 16 and 18) were identified in 75 per cent of the human papillomavirus positive men. Viral types of sexual partners were identical in 87 per cent. The correlation between infections with human papillomavirus 16 and 18, and the severity of the cervical lesion was significant in corresponding sexual partners. Our results support the hypothesis that male sexual partners represent a risk factor by acting as a reservoir for genital infections with papillomaviruses. The majority of human papillomavirus infections are of subclinical character. They require sensitive diagnostic techniques, such as peniscopy and hybridization for their identification. Detection and treatment of subclinical human papillomavirus infection in men may be important for the prevention of genital cancer in women.

Adult↗