[Different sex - different salaries].
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Economics, Nursing↗
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[Studies on the change in the levels of serum ferritin, serum iron and total iron binding capacity caused by aging and sex difference].
Sex difference and aging change of serum ferritin concentration in normal subjects were studied with their relations to serum iron concentration, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and other hematological parameters. The subjects of this study were the stuff of our hospital (113 males and 330 females) and some old patients without having any diseases of internal medicine (11 males and 23 females), 477 in all. Serum ferritin level was 108.0 +/- 57.8 ng/ml in men and 26.4 +/- 22.7 ng/ml in women, which showed the significant difference between the sexes. In terms of the changes in serum ferritin level by aging, serum ferritin level increased with age from twenties to fifties in the men. On the other hand, it remained low in the women to their forties and its changes by aging were not observed, though it abruptly increased in the women after 50 years of age. The low levels of serum ferritin, iron, transferrin saturation (Fe/TIBC) and hemoglobin of red blood cell were often observed in the women aged from 18 to 45, but rarely found in the women after 50 years of age. According to this fact, the low level of serum ferritin in the young women are considered to be related to the menstruation. Significant correlation between serum ferritin and serum iron or transferrin saturation was shown both in men and women, while that between serum ferritin and hemoglobin of red blood cell was shown only in women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Sex differences in urine--sex differences in urine and urine stains of pregnant women.
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Estriol↗
Blood sugar serum insulin and free fatty acid levels in normal dogs. Sex differences.
Sex influences on blood sugar, serum immunoreactive insulin and free fatty acid levels in normal dogs, basally and during intravenous glucose tolerance tests, were studied. Serum free fatty acid levels were the variable most affected by sex in our study. They were high in males in the post-absorptive condition, with a prompt, sharp suppressibility by combined hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, followed by intense, subsequent rebound. Low in fasted females, they were poorly, non-significantly suppressed by glucose administration, and no subsequent rebound was observed. Insulin response was hardly impaired in males in respect to females, and neither blood sugar and serum insulin basal levels, nor the rate of glucose disappearance from blood depended upon sex.
Animals↗
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the rat: regional sex differences controlled by gonadal steroids early after birth.
The effects of postnatal (on day 1 (D1) after birth) male orchidectomy and female androgenization on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) were studied. The volume of the medial posterior region of the BNST was greater in the control males than in the control females. Postnatal treatment reversed these differences. Sex differences were also found in the medial anterior region of the BNST where female rats always showed a greater volume than did the males. Female androgenization on D1 did not affect the volume of the BNST medial anterior region. However, D1 male orchidectomy did increase significantly the volume of this region. No sex differences were found in lateral, ventral or intermediate BNST divisions.
Androgens↗
Sex differences and sex hormones in experimental liver injury.
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Animals↗
[Sex difference in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) level. II. Sex difference in FEP level in rats exposed to lead].
An experimental study on Donryu rats was primarily carried out to elucidate sex difference in FEP level. Each of 33 male and 33 female rats was divided into 3 groups; that is, control group (5% glucose solution only), low lead dose group (Pb 0.5 mg/kg.BW) and high lead dose group (Pb 5 mg/kg.BW). Lead was injected intraperitoneally once a week for 6 wk. FEP, Ht, urinary coproporphyrin (CP-U), delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) and porphobilinogen (PBG-U) were determined once every two weeks for 6 wk, and whole blood lead (Pb-B) at the end of the experiment. Mean value of Ht was lower in females than in males throughout the period of the experiment in almost all groups. Pb-B level of all groups and erythrocyte Pb level of high dose group were higher in males than in females. FEP level without lead injection and with low lead exposure was higher in males than in females. By analysis of variance for gain from initial FEP level, only the low lead dose group demonstrated a significant sex difference (p less than 0.01); the female group tended to increase, while the male group maintained a constant level. Furthermore, FEP/Pb-B ratio in females was higher than in males only for the high dose group. The changes in ALA-U in male and female rats were comparable to those in FEP. Unlike FEP and ALA-U, CP-U level was higher in males than in females only for the high lead dose group. In this study using rats, sex difference in FEP level was different from that in human.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Aminolevulinic Acid↗
Are sex differences in child motor activity level a function of sex differences in maturational status?
By virtue of being farther along a developmental path for motor activity level, girls may appear to be the less active sex when compared to less physically mature but same-aged boys. If so, observed sex differences in activity level may be an epiphenomenon of sex differences in maturity related declines in AL. To test this hypothesis and the associated premise that females would be more mature and less active than males, the customary activity levels and relative physical maturities of 83 5-8-year-olds were assessed. Relative maturity (percentage of estimated adult height attained) was negatively related to activity level, and girls were both less motorically active and more mature than boys. Though reduced in magnitude, the sex effect remained significant after maturity was added as a predictor of AL. Thus, sex differences are not due only to maturity differences but may be partially mediated by them.
Age Factors↗
[Sex difference in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) level. I. Sex difference in FEP level in healthy rural residents].
FEP and other hematological parameters were measured in 157 healthy rural residents (98 females and 59 males). The mean FEP in females was higher than in males (p less than 0.05); mean +/- SD = 62.98 +/- 19.36 and 54.57 +/- 21.20 micrograms/dl.pcv, respectively, although both of the means were within normal limits. There was no significant sex difference in erythrocyte ALA-D activity. Whole blood lead (Pb-B) level in females showed a tendency to be lower than in males, but there was no significant sex difference in erythrocyte lead level. The mean value of hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb) and iron in serum (Fe-S) were lower in females than in males (p less than 0.01). Serum GOT and GPT level tended to be lower in females than in males (0.05 less than p less than 0.1). There was hardly any significant relationship between Pb-B and each parameter of lead exposure, because the subjects in this study were only rural residents with no occupational lead exposure and with their Pb-B levels being extremely low. As for the parameters of anemia, Fe-S was positively correlated with Ht and Hb level and negatively correlated with FEP level. By sex, Fe-S was correlated with Ht and FEP level only in females. As for the possible reasons why FEP level in females in higher than in male, women tended to have iron-deficiency induced by blood loss due to menstruation, pregnancy, and difference in dietary pattern from males.
Adult↗
Sex differences in interaction style as a product of perceived sex differences in competence.
Males' and females' interaction styles were observed while they worked in four-person, mixed-sex groups on a discussion task. In some groups, members were only given information about each others' names and gender. In this circumstance, men were perceived by themselves and other group members to be higher in competence than women. Further, men engaged in a greater amount of active task behavior than women (e.g., giving information, giving opinions), and women exhibited a greater amount of positive social behavior than men (e.g., agreeing, acting friendly). In other groups, members' competency-based status was manipulated by providing false feedback that they were high or low relative to their group in intellectual and moral aptitude. High status members were then perceived to be more competent than low status ones and, further, high status individuals engaged in more active task and less positive social behavior than low status ones. In this condition, no sex differences were obtained on perceived competence or on active task or positive social behavior. Overall, these findings support the idea that the gender differences obtained in interaction when status was not specified were partially a function of group members' belief that the sexes differ in competence. Direct information concerning members' intellectual and moral competence apparently blocked the perceived gender-to-competence link, and status alone affected perceived competence and interaction style.
Achievement↗
[Lipid metabolism of neonatally thymectomized rats of different sexes].
Content of cholesterol, its esters, total beta-lipoproteins and free fatty acids was increased in blood serum of rats, subjected to thymectomia after birth. The distinct sex variations were found in alterations of these patterns. Content of cholesterol was increased only in thymectomized males at the age of 3 months; content of beta-lipoproteins in males was elevated earlier and to higher level as compared wtih females. Alteration in content of blood serum lipids did not depend on manifestations of exhaustion syndrome (typical consequence of neonatal thymectomia) but it was related to ablation of thymus; this suggests that thymus participates in regulation of lipid metabolism. Sex differences in alterations of lipid metabolism patterns enabled to assume the existence of endocrine interrelations between thymus and sex glands.
Animals↗
[Blood and cardiac cholinesterase activity in rats of different sexes and ages during muscle loading and hypokinesia].
The activity of acetylcholinesterase (Ache) and butyrilcholinesterase (Bche) in the blood and the heart of 3 and 13-month old control male rats is considerably lower than in female rats. In old rats (25 months) no sex differences in the Ache and Bche were revealed in the heart. In 3 and 13-month old male and female rats, under conditions of muscular exercises, the Ache and Bche activity is lower, and in hypokinetic male rats--higher than that in respective control animals. In all the rats, irrespective of sex, age and motor conditions, the Ache and Bche activity tended to decrease, in direction from the sino-atrial node to the heart apex.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
Glutathione content and GSH S-transferase activity in midgut gland of Procambarus clarkii. Sex differences, the effect of fasting, and their implications in cadmium toxicity.
1. Glutathione content and GSH S-transferase activity in the midgut gland of Procambarus clarkii (P. c.) of different sex and body weight are presented. 2. Procambarus clarkii females' GSH concentration in the midgut gland decreases to a higher extent upon fasting, compared with males. 3. Procambarus clarkii females, both in control and fasting conditions, have a slightly higher GSH S-transferase activity than males. 4. Cadmium present in water only affects GSH content and GSH S-transferase activity (after 96 hr) in midgut gland, with cadmium chloride concentrations higher than 100 micrograms/l.
Animals↗
Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on sex differences in biliary lipid secretion in the rat.
Diabetes mellitus is often associated with lipid abnormalities that may differ with sex. In this work we studied biliary lipid secretion in male and female anaesthetized Wistar rats (250 g). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (6 mg/100 body weight) 6 days before carrying out the studies on bile secretion. Our results confirm the existence of sex differences in bile formation and composition, most of them probably due to a higher (+27%) bile acid output in the female animals. Diabetes induced profound alterations in these sex differences. (a) Bile flow was reduced in both sexes, but more markedly so in female diabetic rats; thus the difference observed in healthy animals was reduced (from 2.22 to 1.58 and from 1.84 to 1.40 microliters/min per g liver in female and male rats, respectively). (b) Bile acid and phosphatidylcholine outputs were increased to a similar extent (bile acid output: from 46.7 to 55.8 nmol/min per g liver, in females and from 36.8 to 50.7 nmol/min per g liver, in males; phosphatidylcholine output: from 3.3 to 13.1 nmol/min per g liver, in females and from 4.5 to 12.5 nmol/min per g liver, in males), and hence the sex differences were abolished. (c) Cholesterol output was increased in both sexes, but this enhancement was significantly higher in female rats (from 0.75 to 1.31 and from 0.65 to 0.89 nmol/min per g liver, in females and males, respectively). (d) The fractional pool of phospholipid species secreted into bile was different in female compared with male rats. The percentage of phosphatidylcholine was higher in female than in male healthy rats. Streptozotocin treatment reversed this proportion, which suggests that changes in the phospholipid composition of the canalicular plasma membrane may play a role in the observed alterations in biliary lipid secretion during diabetes mellitus. Most of the above-described streptozotocin-induced changes were prevented by insulin replacement from the 3rd to the 6th days after streptozotocin injection. In summary, the present study describes alterations in sex differences in biliary lipid secretion of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. These changes are dependent on the insulin deficiency state rather than on a direct hepatotoxicity of the diabetogenic drug.
Animals↗
Dopamine content and metabolism in mesencephalic and diencephalic cell cultures: sex differences and effects of sex steroids.
Sexual differentiation of dopaminergic neurons was studied in gender-specific cultures. Dissociated cell cultures were prepared from di- or mesencephalon of gestational day 14 rat embryos and raised in the absence or presence of 17 beta-estradiol or testosterone for up to 13 days in vitro (DIV). Developmental profiles of levels of dopamine (DA) and metabolites as well as capacity for vesicular storage of the transmitter were determined by HPLC. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons were counted. Higher levels of DA were measured in female than in male cultures of both brain regions. In mesencephalic cultures, the differences in DA levels were fully accounted for by sex differences in numbers of TH-IR cells, whereas no sex differences in cell numbers were found in diencephalic cultures. Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels and vesicular storage capacity matured faster in mesencephalic than in diencephalic cultures, but no sex differences were observed. Homovanillic acid (HVA) could not be detected except in 13-DIV mesencephalic cultures. Hormonal treatment did not erase sexual differentiation of dopaminergic neurons. Irrespective of the gender, however, both steroids decreased DA and DOPAC contents in diencephalic cultures but not in mesencephalic cultures. It is proposed that sexual differentiation of dopaminergic systems proceeds in a region-specific fashion and that neurogenesis and development of various parameters of dopaminergic activity may be differentially affected. Sexual differentiation of dopaminergic neurons may be initiated independently of the action of gonadal steroid hormones and may subsequently be modified by differences in hormonal environment.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
Does the gender relevance of the stressor influence sex differences in psychophysiological responses?
Sex differences in psychophysiological responses to stress may be important to understanding sex differences in risk for coronary heart disease. This investigation tested the hypothesis that the gender relevance of the stressor influences the extent of sex differences in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and lipid responses during stress. Participants performed two tasks that were described as masculine oriented, feminine oriented, or not gender relevant. Although these descriptions influenced the participants' perceptions of the tasks, they did not influence the extent of sex differences in physiological responses in a manner consistent with the study hypothesis. Future directions for research are discussed regarding sex differences in psychophysiological responses.
Achievement↗
[Sex differences in schizophrenic diseases].
Sex differences in schizophrenic diseases have been known for a long time but have also been subject to long-term neglect by psychiatric epidemiological research, although a study of these sex differences could, in our opinion, yield valuable pointers to pathogenic factors involved in this group of diseases the aetiology of which still awaits clarification. For this reason we initiated large-scale investigations focussed on this topic. The paper presented here discusses a few initial results, basing on data of Mannheim and National Danish Case Records and on our own study on schizophrenia, the latter being a representative record of 392 patients hospitalised for the first time in the Rhine-Neckar region and the eastern part of the Palatinate. First of all, sex differences at the age at which the disease appeared for the first time, were studied while paying close attention to artifacts and other, usually neglected methodical error sources. The difference in the average age of the sexes at first hospitalisation was confirmed, and also--using an instrument specially developed for that purpose--at the onset of the disease. At the time the first signs of the disease are noticed and the first schizophrenic symptoms become apparent, men are about 3 to 4 years younger than women. On the other hand, the cumulative lifetime risk--calculated up to 60 years of age--seems to be the same for both sexes. It appears that there are no sex differences in the pattern of symptoms of the disease at the time of initial hospital admittance, in respect of both the most common and the characteristic signs and symptoms. There were significant although quantitatively not very great differences in respect of patient behaviour which displays socially positive aspects somewhat more often in women and socially negative ones distinctly more often in men. In respect of the course of the disease we could not find any marked sex differences over a period of 10 years after onset of the disease; however, this is presently based only on the Danish case record data and on criteria of the course of the disease, such as number and duration of inpatient treatments.
Adolescent↗
Age and sex differences in motor performance of pre-school Nigerian children.
Differences in motor performance according to chronological age and gender of 341 young Nigerian children (ages 3 to 5) were examined. Motor test items designed by Morris et al. (1981) were administered to the subjects. Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences in the motor performance of the groups. In the whole sample, more age differences than sex differences in performance were noted. Except for the balancing and running performances of the girls, a fairly linear trend of improvement with age was observed in the motor performances of the groups. At each age level the boys consistently performed better than the girls in four of the six motor tests (catching, standing long jump, tennis ball throw and speed run). Generally, the 4- and 5-year-old children performed homogeneously, with a great disparity in performance noted for the 3-year-old children. The results of this study confirm that age and sex differences in motor performance occur at early childhood. Prospective studies should seek to control the extraneous factors which influence motor development and account for the observed differences in motor performance of pre-school children.
Age Factors↗