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Results for “Sex Role”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1982

Bulimia nervosa: sex role attitude, sex role behavior, and sex role related locus of control in bulimarexic women.

Thirty-four women with bulimia nervosa and 34 women without bulimarexic symptoms (but matched for age, weight, deviance from ideal weight, and educational status) were compared as to how liberated their attitude towards the woman's role in society (= their sex role attitude, SRA) and their actual own behavior as females (= their sex role behavior, SRB) were. The degree to which their general attitude towards sex role and their own sex role behavior differed from each other was also investigated. Experimental and control group were also compared concerning their sex role related locus of control (SRLC). SRA and SRB were significantly less liberated in the bulimarexic group than in the control group. In addition, the bulimarexic group showed a wide gap between their general attitude (SRA) and actual behavior (SRB) as to the degree of liberation. No such discrepancy was found in the control subjects. The sex related locus of control data showed that bulimarexic women had significantly higher external and fatalistic control, and lower internal control than the comparison subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Sissiness, tomboyism, sex-role, sex identity and orientation.

Masculinity and femininity have been studied by self-ratings in independent areas of research: one investigating personality traits considered masculine (M) or feminine (F); the other, behaviours statistically more common in one than in the other sex (sex-linked behaviours). The two approaches were compared for the first time in the present study of 66 male and 51 female medical students. Consistent with previous findings using the second approach, male but not female subjects' opposite sex-linked "sissy" and "tomboyish" behaviours correlated significantly with their reported ratio of homosexual to heterosexual feelings (Ho/Het). Ho/Het did not correlate with either sex's M and F scores, but high M scores in women correlated strongly with several "tomboyish" behaviours. As "tomboyish" behaviours are shown more strongly by women exposed prenatally to increased levels of opposite sex hormones compared to controls, the findings have implications for the biological theory attributing Ho/Het to such prenatal hormonal exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Field independence as a function of sex, sex-roles, and the sex-role appropriateness of the task.

Two experiments were conducted to explain the sex difference in field independence by reference to socialization factors. It was hypothesized that the sex-role appropriateness of the task as masculine or feminine-typed would influence the performance of masculine and feminine women in a manner congruent with their sex-role orientation. 28 pilot subjects and 100 subjects in Study 2 were equally divided between the sexes. Both studies used the Bem Sex-role Inventory, but different versions of the Embedded Figures Test. The over-all results suggested that feminine women varied their performance according to task appropriateness, although not always in a manner congruent with their sex-role orientation. Androgynous individuals and masculine men did not alter their performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Homosexual and heterosexual sex-role orientation on six sex-role scales.

A comparison was made of the sex roles of homosexual and heterosexual men and women on the Bem Sex Role Inventory, Personality Attributes Questionnaire, Personality Research Form Androgyny Scale, Adjective Checklist Masculinity and Femininity Scales, Extended Personality Attributes Questionnaire and Undesirable Characteristics Scale. The results indicated that homosexuals and heterosexuals differ in their response to different aspects of sex roles. The most consistent difference was the greater femininity of male homosexuals in respect to male heterosexuals. Other differences were scale-specific and the low interscale comparability indicated such scales should not be used interchangeably. Differences between results of studies comparing sex roles of the homosexuals and heterosexuals appear attributable to sample heterogeneity and distinctions between sex-role scales.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Relationships between teenage smoking and attitudes toward women's rights, sex roles, marriage, sex and family.

This study analyzes the relationships of cigarette smoking to attitudes toward equal opportunities for women, attitudes toward appropriate roles for women and men, and attitudes toward marriage, sex and family. Our analyses utilize data for white high school seniors from the 1985 Monitoring the Future national survey. Smoking was not related to attitudes toward equal opportunities for women, attitudes toward sex roles, or attitudes concerning the parental role. However, students who had favorable attitudes toward cohabitation by unmarried couples and unfavorable attitudes toward marriage were more likely to smoke than students who had more traditional attitudes toward sex and marriage. The association between smoking and non-traditional attitudes toward sex and marriage was observed for both females and males. Additional findings suggest that rejection of conventional values and acceptance of deviance contribute both to non-traditional attitudes toward sex and marriage and to teenage smoking, and this is one reason why non-traditional attitudes toward sex and marriage are associated with smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The use of profile similarity indices and the Bem sex role inventory in determining the sex role characterization of a group of male and female nurses.

A group of male and female general nurses was tested using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), with statistical modifications, to determine the degree of pshychologically 'androgynous' sex role characterization, so that comparisons might be drawn between the sexes regarding attributes commonly held to be desirable for nurses. Some indicators for future trends in nurse recruitment are given.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Sex-role self-perceptions and sex-role stereotypes.

827 undergraduate students, 549 males and 278 females, responded to a set of 18 questions relating to individual self-perceptions. A second group of 35 males and 29 females responded to the questions in terms of population sex-role stereotypes for both sexes. It was hypothesized that the sexes would demonstrate convergence in self-perceptions when compared with their sex-role stereotypes. The results tended to support the hypothesis, with females demonstrating a greater deviation from the traditional sex-role stereotypes than males. The possible relationship to much publicized social movements was noted.

Behavior↗
PubMed1978

Machover revisited: impact of sex-role orientation on sex sequence on the draw-a-person test.

A significant relationship was obtained between sex of first figure drawn on the Draw-A-Person test and sex-role orientation, as operationalized by scores on the Bem Sex-role Inventory of 76 males and 93 female introductory psychology students. The most striking finding was that most of the women who drew the opposite-sex figure first were "feminine." To the extent that sex-role orientations can be empirically amalgamated with sex sequence, subsequent theory and research into clinical and diagnostic use of human figure drawings would increase in precision.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Sex-roles of ideal opposite sexed persons for college males and females.

Relationships between sex-roles as measured by the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and the ideal sex-role of persons of the opposite sex as measured by a modified BSRI were investigated for 169 college males and 204 college females. The distributions of sex-roles were different for men and women, as were the distributions of ideal sex-roles of opposite sexed persons. Androgynous (A), feminine (F) and masculine (M) men identified F women as ideal, while undifferentiated (U) men identified U women as ideal. M women preferred M men, and U women preferred U men. Effects of ideal sex-role of the two sexes on sexual attraction were discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

On sexual behavior and sex-role reversal.

Sex is not about reproduction; sex is about (re-)combination of DNA. Sex, not reproduction, always involves physical contact between two individuals; to achieve this, strategies of sexual behavior evolved. Sexual behavior, therefore, did not evolve as part of a reproductive strategy, but evolved to enable exchange of genetic material. In multicellular organisms the situation is more complicated than in unicellular organisms, as it is impossible for each cell within a multicellular body to have sex with another cell. Hence, evolution selected a system in which the possibility to have sex was limited to only one cell-line: the germ cells. As a result, sex adopted the character of fertilization, and sex and reproduction became inseparably linked. Still, in some species, including humans, sexual behavior still exhibits features of its evolutionary past: in humans (like in bonobo's) most sexual activity and many sexual behavioral patterns have nothing to do with reproduction (masturbation, homosexual behavior, for example); in humans, sexual behavior also became associated with other strategic objectives, such as intensifying the pair bond, expression of love or power. Different genders - male and female - evolved, and each gender evolved typical gender-related sexual and reproductive strategies as well. In most multicellular species, these strategies became inextricably mixed, and sexual behavior increasingly more - and in most species even exclusively - 'served' the interests of reproduction: sexual behavior became more or less synonymous with reproductive behavior. In most species, the 'mix' of sexual and reproductive strategies evolved into typical gender-related patterns of behavior, that is, in typical 'sex-roles'. Often, males are bigger and more 'beautiful' (= more intensely ornamented) than females; males compete with each other for access to females; males court females, while females choose males ('female choice'). However, ecological circumstances may cause a reversal of sex-roles, resulting in a situation in which females are bigger and more intensely ornamented than males, females compete for access to males, females court males and only males invest in care for the young, provided they are relatively certain of their paternity. Also, as in the case of the spotted hyena, females may be highly virilized and be socially dominant. This 'sex-role reversal' is seen, e.g., when males are relatively rare due to high predation pressure, or when the process of reproduction is very risky for the same reason: then it is 'better' that males, with their plenty of sperm, are wasted, than females with their few, precious eggs. It can be argued, with women being the fair sex, exhibiting competitive behavior and with an actively displaying courtship, and with men investing heavily in their offspring, meanwhile taking all (cultural) kinds of measures to guarantee their paternity, that humans, too, exhibit some degree of sex-role reversal.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Sex-role and opposite-sex interpersonal attraction.

Androgynous, traditional, and undifferentiated male and female subjects indicated their attraction to three opposite-sex strangers who were described as having an androgynous, traditional, and undifferentiated sex-role. Subjects' ability to describe the sex-roles of the strangers was also measured. Androgynous strangers were most preferred, undifferentiated strangers least preferred. The least preferred undifferentiated strangers' sex-role was most accurately described. Subjects were least successful in describing the androgynous sex-role.

Female↗