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Results for “Sex Discrimination”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Evaluating sex discrimination claims: the mediating role of attributions.

The role of attributions in judgments of sex discrimination was examined in 2 laboratory experiments. In Study 1, participants read 1 of 12 brief scenarios in which limited information about the strength of evidence against a fictitious corporation and occupational gender stereotype were manipulated. Results suggested that attributions mediated the relationships between participants' gender, strength of evidence, and discrimination judgments. In Study 2, participants were provided with 1 of 3 detailed, typewritten summaries of evidence presented in a sex discrimination trial. Results indicated that jurors' gender was again significantly related to attributions and to sex discrimination judgments even in the face of substantial objective information related to the case. The variance in observers' judgments associated with gender, however, appeared to be greatest when information about the organization's guilt or innocence was equivocal.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation between the changes of oncogene versus tumor suppressor gene interaction and the transition of cancer risk from female dominance through no sex discrimination to male dominance, as investigated by the reciprocal regression analysis of 5 human neoplasias.

We have been investigating the mathematical nature of intercancer linkage that underlies the mutual regulation of cancer risks between any 2 tumors in their variations in time and space. Applications of both sequential regression test and topological manipulation of age-adjusted incidence rate (AAIR) data set enabled us to prepare the oncogene (Onc) activation profile and the tumor suppressor gene (TSG) inactivation profile for each tumor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between the changes of 2 cancer gene profiles and the sex discrimination of cancer risk in 7 human neoplasias. Results obtained are as follows: i) The sex discrimination of cancer risk could better be defined by the use of log-transformed AAIR data rather than of untransformed AAIR data. ii) The sex discrimination of cancer risk, as calculated with the AAIR data of 47 population units of the world, is as follows: a) breast cancer (Br), M:F=1:120.2; b) thyroid cancer (Thy), M:F=1:2. 64; c) colon cancer (Co), M:F=1.18:1; d) liver cancer (Li), M:F=2. 63:1; e) lung cancer (Lu), M:F=3.66:1; f) esophageal cancer (Eso), M:F=3.68:1; g) laryngeal cancer (Lar), M:F=7.26:1. iii) Female-dominant cancers were associated with inversion (Br) or defectiveness (Thy) of male oncogene profile, whereas male-dominant cancers were associated with inversion (Lar) or defectiveness (Li, Lu and Eso) of female Onc profiles. Sex-indifferent cancer, Co, was distinguished from other tumors by the emergence of defectiveness in the TSG profiles of both sexes. TSG defectiveness was also detectable in female (Br, Thy) and bisexual (Lu) tumors. iv) The Onc vs TSG interaction, as assessed in terms of r value of the reciprocal regression analysis, was increasing in its positivity rate from the top of the female-dominant family (Br) through the sex-indifferent tumor (Co) to the bottom of the male-dominant family (Lar). In conclusion, the emergence of sex discrimination of cancer risk was positively correlated to the extent of integrity of oncogene activation in the dominant gender relative to the recessive gender. Findings with 6 sex-discriminant tumors are discussed in their relevancy to tumorigenesis from the point of view of endocrinological epidemiology.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Sex Discrimination (Amendment) Order 1988 (S.I. No. 249), 17 February 1988.

This Order stipulates that certain provisions of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 will not apply to acts involving discrimination in the employment field. Under these provisions, a certificate may be signed by or on behalf of the Secretary of State of the UK to the effect that an act was done for the purpose of safeguarding national security and is to be conclusive evidence thereof. The Order was made for the purpose of complying with European Community Council Directive 76/207, as interpreted by the European Court of Justice in Johnston vs. Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (see Annual Review of Population Law, Vol. 13, 1986, Section 630).

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1988

Re Sex Discrimination in the Civil Service: E.C. Commission v. France, 30 June 1988.

The European Court of Justice held that French laws that allow the separate recruitment of men and women for positions as police and prison officers were in conflict with Article 2(2) of Sex Discrimination Directive 76/207 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women, in particular as regards access to employment. Article 2(2) authorizes exceptions to this general principle for those occupational activities for which, by reason of their nature or the context in which they are carried out, the sex of the worker constitutes a determining factor. The Court ruled that the positions at issue were not sufficiently transparent or sufficiently related to specific activities to justify inclusion within Article 2(2). It also ruled, however, that the position of head prison warden fell within Article 2(2).

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1992

A sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay for gamma-seminoprotein and its application to sex discrimination of blood and bloodstains.

A sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay for gamma-seminoprotein (p30, prostate-specific antigen) is described for sex discrimination of blood and bloodstains. A polystyrene ball coated with rabbit anti-gamma-seminoprotein IgG was incubated with gamma-seminoprotein and, after washing, with affinity-purified rabbit anti-gamma-seminoprotein Fab'-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. Peroxidase activity bound to the polystyrene ball was assayed by fluorometry using 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid as hydrogen donor. The detection limit of gamma-seminoprotein was 0.15 pg per assay. Blood levels of gamma-seminoprotein, measured using 1-10 microliters of blood, were at least 3.3-fold higher in male adults than in female adults. The ratio of gamma-seminoprotein in terms of pg to hemoglobin in terms of mg was significantly higher in male adults than in female adults. Thus, the measurement of gamma-seminoprotein or both gamma-seminoprotein and hemoglobin was useful for the discrimination of blood and bloodstains of male and female adults, although with some limitations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Gender-related biases in evaluations of sex discrimination allegations: is perceived threat the key?

Hypotheses derived from defensive attribution theory and social identity theory were tested in 3 laboratory experiments examining the effects of plaintiff and observer gender on perceived threat, plaintiff identification, and sex discrimination. In Study 1, women differentiated plaintiffs on the basis of gender, whereas men did not. Study 2 showed that this bias occurred because employment discrimination was personally threatening to women but not to men. In Study 3, the bias was reversed in a child custody context. As predicted, men found this context to be significantly more threatening than did women and subsequently exhibited a similarity bias. Mediation analyses suggested that responsibility attributions explained most of the variance in discrimination judgments associated with the plaintiff gender by observer gender interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sex discrimination and insurance for contraception.

Unintended pregnancy is a serious problem in the United States. Most private insurance plans do not pay for contraception even though they pay for other prescription drugs and devices. This Article argues that this pattern constitutes sex discrimination and is prohibited by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. It discusses the reasons this issue has been neglected and suggests ways federal and state officials might remedy this common form of gender discrimination.

Contraception↗
PubMed2002

Loss of sex discrimination and male-male aggression in mice deficient for TRP2.

The mouse vomeronasal organ (VNO) is thought to mediate social behaviors and neuroendocrine changes elicited by pheromonal cues. The molecular mechanisms underlying the sensory response to pheromones and the behavioral repertoire induced through the VNO are not fully characterized. Using the tools of mouse genetics and multielectrode recording, we demonstrate that the sensory activation of VNO neurons requires TRP2, a putative ion channel of the transient receptor potential family that is expressed exclusively in these neurons. Moreover, we show that male mice deficient in TRP2 expression fail to display male-male aggression, and they initiate sexual and courtship behaviors toward both males and females. Our study suggests that, in the mouse, sensory activation of the VNO is essential for sex discrimination of conspecifics and thus ensures gender-specific behavior.

Aggression↗
PubMed1982

Possible sex-discriminant variables in craniofacial growth in clefting.

In this investigation, 174 patients with orofacial clefts were examined for identification of possible sex differences in craniodentofacial measurements. The patients were selected from the longitudinal growth files of the H. K. Cooper Clinic. Records available for analysis were serial lateral cephalometric radiographs from the age of 1 month to 10 years. Patients were grouped by cleft type and sex within each cleft group (78 cleft palate only, 64 unilateral cleft of lip and palate, 32 bilateral cleft of lip and palate). Stepwise discriminant analysis of fourteen linear and angular craniofacial dimensions was used to identify those variables which contributed to sex differences within each cleft group over the growth/time intervals examined. Results suggested the possibility of sex-related differences in growth timing, that is, earlier maturation and growth in females in several craniofacial areas which did not appear to be related to the presence, absence, or type of cleft but which could possibly modify cleft-specific responses to treatment (cranial base dimensions, face heights). Other sex-related differences appeared to be more specifically related to known sex differences in original cleft type and severity (mandibular size and position, midfacial dimensions). The manner in which these various sex factors interface with environmental and therapeutic influences in producing the ultimate craniodentofacial morphology in a given sex and cleft type is discussed.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1987

Judicial determination of the sexual identity of post-operative transsexuals: a new form of sex discrimination.

Transsexualism is a condition in which an individual's psychological gender is the opposite of his or her anatomical sex. A "sex-change" operation can bring anatomical sex into line with gender, but it cannot create a new biological sex capable of procreation. The operation is expensive, dangerous and lengthy, yet in 1983 there were an estimated 6,000 post-operative transsexuals in the United States. Certain European countries have legislation recognizing the post-operative transsexual's new sex. Case law in the United Kingdom and the United States, however, prevent post-operative transsexuals from gaining legal recognition. The author does see some hope, however, for a change in the trend against recognition of transsexuals' post-operative sex. This Article discusses the reasons behind this trend and concludes that the greater danger would be a consensus of medical opinion holding that sex-change surgery is unnecessary, questioning the very existence of post-operative transsexuals. Finally, the author calls for legislative action to remove judicially-imposed obstacles and to give legal recognition to the post-operative transsexual's new sex and identity.

Female↗