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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Sedentary habits, health, and function in older women and men.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relation of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to morbidity, mortality, and functional limitations in older persons. DATA SOURCES: We reviewed published reports related to the review's purpose. Sources were identified from recent major reports and position statements from scientific and public health organizations, our files, and reference lists of published papers. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA: We included prospective epidemiological studies and clinical trials published in the peer-reviewed literature that included data from age groups of people 60 years and older. We evaluated study methods and included studies that used valid measures of exposures, clearly specified outcomes, and controlled for confounders. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS: We extracted by detailed review data on sample characteristics, outcomes, and rates and relative risks. DATA SYNTHESIS: Extracted data were included in tables, figures, or the text and were synthesized by nonquantitative methods. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Active and fit individuals were at much lower risk for morbidity, mortality, and loss of function when compared with sedentary and unfit persons. Data from the studies generally conformed to a steep inverse dose-response gradient across activity or fitness categories. Results were consistent, temporally appropriate, strong, and graded, and therefore support a causal hypothesis that a fit and active way of life improves health and function in older individuals.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Psychosocial correlates of physical activity and sedentary leisure habits in young adolescents: the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School study.

BACKGROUND: Low levels of physical activity (PA) and highly sedentary leisure habits (SLH) in youth may establish behavioral patterns that will predispose youth to increased chronic disease risk in adulthood. The purpose of this paper was to examine associations of demographic and psychosocial factors with self-reported PA and SLH in young adolescents. METHODS: A general linear mixed model predicted self-reported PA and SLH in the spring from demographic and psychosocial variables measured the previous fall in 3798 seventh grade students. RESULTS: PA and SLH differed by race, with Caucasian students reporting among the highest PA and lowest SLH. Perceptions of higher academic rank or expectations predicted higher PA and lower SLH. Depressive symptomatology predicted higher SLH scores but not PA. Higher self-reported value of health, appearance, and achievement predicted higher PA and lower SLH in girls. Girls who reported that their mothers had an authoritative parenting style also reported higher PA and lower SLH. CONCLUSIONS: Determinants of PA and SLH appear to differ from each other, particularly in boys. Development of effective programs to increase PA and/or decrease SLH in young adolescents should be based on a clear understanding of the determinants of these behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The public health burdens of sedentary living habits: theoretical but realistic estimates.

Quantitative estimates indicate that sedentary living is responsible for about one-third of deaths due to coronary heart disease, colon cancer, and diabetes--three diseases for which physical inactivity is an established causal factor. Presumably, if everyone were highly active the death rate from these three disease would be only two-thirds of the current rate. Not everyone will become highly active, however. Assuming smaller increases in physical activity practices, mortality from these three conditions combined could be reduced by as much as 5-6%, or 30,000-35,000 deaths per year. Overall mortality in the United States might be reduced about 1-1.5%. The greatest gains would accrue from strategies that encourage those who report no leisure-time physical activity to do some and that encourage those who are irregularly active to participate in 30 or more minutes of light to moderate activity for 5 or more d.wk-1. Mortality is only one aspect of public health burdens that would be reduced by greater participation in regular physical activity. Quality of life, which we have not attempted to quantify, would also improve.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

[Lipid profile of subjects undergoing coronary angiography in different Brazilian regions].

PURPOSE: To analyse the lipid profile and also nonlipid risk factors (RF) in individuals < or = 65 years subjected to coronary angiography in four Brazilian regions. METHODS: We determined in mg/dL plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) in 260 men and 144 women consecutively subjected to a first coronary angiography in 11 cardiologic centers of 4 Brazilian regions. We also analysed frequencies of hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, sedentary habits and family history. RESULTS: CAD patients exhibited higher mean values of TC, TG and LDL-C and lower of HDL-C and higher frequencies of undesirable values of those variables. CAD women > or = 50 yrs showed higher mean values of TC, HDL-C and LDL-C and higher frequencies of TC > or = 200 and LDL-C > or = 130 mg/dL. CAD men showed higher mean values of TG and lower of HDL-C. Higher mean values of TC were observed in CAD patients from Middle-West. Diabetes and smoking were more frequent in CAD; higher prevalence of diabetes was found in women > or = 50 yrs and of smoking in those < 50 yrs. No differences between CAD and control were observed regarding hypertension, sedentary habits, obesity and family history. CAD from South exhibited higher frequencies of smoking and family history and lower of sedentary habits. CONCLUSION: CAD exhibited differences on the lipid profile and on the prevalence of non lipid risk factor than controls. These differences were not similar in four Brazilian regions. This may reflect different lifestyles from region to region and probably depends on the different socio-economic and educational levels.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Causal Associations and Potential Mediating Factors between Sarcopenia-Related Traits and Heart Failure Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

INTRODUCTION: In this two-sample, two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) study, we aimed to elucidate the causal associations between sarcopenia-related characteristics and heart failure (HF) risk, and to identify the factors mediating these associations, with a particular focus on the mediating roles of obesity and sedentary habits. METHODS: Genetic instruments for appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength (HGS), walking pace (WP), and potential mediators were extracted from genome-wide association studies. Inverse-variance weighting (IVW) was used as the primary analytical method, supplemented by MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and weighted mode analyses. Sensitivity analyses including Cochran's Q test and MR-Egger intercept method were performed to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Bidirectional MR was conducted to exclude reverse causation. RESULTS: IVW revealed that a faster genetically predicted WP was associated with lower HF risk (odds ratio [OR] 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-0.60, p = 5.806 &#xd7; 10-7). The mediation analysis indicated that body mass index (BMI) accounted for 32% of this effect, while time spent watching television accounted for 14%. Elevated ALM showed a slight but significant positive association with HF risk (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.09, p = 5.437 &#xd7; 10-4). However, multivariable MR adjusting for BMI completely attenuated this association (p = 0.693), suggesting ALM reflects overall body composition rather than isolated muscle mass. No significant associations were found between HGS and HF. Bidirectional MR showed no robust reverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that genetically predicted increased WP exerts beneficial effects against HF, partially mediated by obesity and sedentary habits. Targeting weight management and anti-sedentary interventions may mitigate HF risk in individuals with sarcopenia-related characteristics.

Heart failure↗
PubMed1991

[24-hour blood pressure: effects of sports in aged subjects].

The present study deals with the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) 24-h pattern in aged people of both sexes ranging in age from 66 to 75 years. 20 subjects were active in agonistic sports (running and swimming), 20 others had sedentary habits. BP and HR were studied by non-invasive monitoring along with chronobiometric analysis. The BP and HR 24-h pattern was seen to preserve its circadian rhythm in both aged athletes and sedentary elderly. The analysis reveals that the aged athletes show a higher mesor for systolic BP and a lower mesor for diastolic BP and HR. The daily pressure load, as the integral of the BP 24-h values multiplied by the HR mesor, is lower in aged people practising sport as compared to age-matched individuals with sedentary habits. The spectral analysis reveals that physical exercise acts to change the time structure of BP and HR 24-h patterns. The conclusion is drawn that active sport plays beneficial effects in aged people because of a lower pressure load.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of coronary heart disease and coronary risk factors in an urban population of Rajasthan.

To determine the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and coronary risk factors in an urban Indian population, we studied a random sample of population of Jaipur. A physician-administered questionnaire, physical examination and a 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed on 2,212 adults of > or = 20 years of age (males 1,415, females 797). CHD was diagnosed on the basis of past documentation, response to WHO-Rose questionnaire or changes in the electrocardiogram. The overall prevalence of CHD was 7.6 percent (168 cases). The prevalence rate was 6.0 percent (84) in males and 10.4 percent (84) in females with an age-related increase in prevalence ('p' for trend < 0.001). When diagnosed on the basis of electrocardiographic changes alone (Q, ST or T wave), the prevalence was 5.2 percent (116), with 3.5 percent in males and 8.4 percent in females. CHD was silent in 57 percent males and 79 percent females. Coronary risk factors were observed in a significant proportion: smoking in 32 percent (males 39 percent, females 19 percent), hypertension (> or = 140/90 mm Hg) in 31 percent (males 30 percent, females 34 percent-JNC-V) and > or = 160/95 mm Hg in 11 percent (males 10 percent, females 12 percent; WHO classification), diabetes in 1 percent and sedentary habits in 71 percent. Additional risk factors were generalised obesity (body-mass index > or = 27 Kg/m2) in 11 percent and truncal obesity (waist-hip ratio > 0.95) in 17 percent males and 13 percent females. Significant association of CHD prevalence were seen with age, sedentary habits and presence of hypertension in both males and females, and in addition with smoking in males.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dynamics of Kudoa camarguensis (myxosporean) infection in two gobiid species, Pomatoschistus microps and P. minutus (Teleostei: Pisces), in the Rhĵne River delta, France.

The occurrence of the myxosporean parasite Kudoa camarguensis was surveyed monthly during 1997 in a brackish-water lagoon of the Rhĵne River delta (France). K. camarguensis was found on its typical host, Pomatoschistus microps, and on an additional host, P. minutus. Prevalence and mean abundance were higher in the typical host than in the additional host due to differences in the temporal occupancy of the lagoon by the 2 species. The temporal occurrence of this myxosporean parasite is discussed in relation to the migratory habits of P. minutus and the sedentary habits of P. microps.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Leg endurance training has no effect on the autonomic control of heart rate during isometric exercise.

1. Heart rate (HR) response to isometric exercise (handgrip) was investigated in 7 normal males of sedentary habits before and after endurance training involving the muscles of the lower limbs. Thirteen additional sedentary individuals and 7 middle-distance runners were also studied. Isometric exercise was performed at 100, 75 and 50% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) during 10, 20 and 40 s, respectively. Training produced a 15.6 +/- 1.4% (mean +/- SEM) increase in VO2max and a reduction in resting HR from 69 +/- 1.9 to 58 +/- 1.7 bpm. HR was monitored throughout each period of isometric exercise. 2. The pattern of HR response to static effort performed by untrained muscles was comparable before and after training as well as in athletes and sedentary individuals during the first 10 s of contraction, a period during which tachycardia is mainly mediated by vagal release. After the first 10 s, when the sympathetic influence on tachycardia becomes evident, athletes and trained individuals showed a slight but nonsignificant tendency toward lower HR increases. 3. These results do not demonstrate any appreciable alteration in the efferent activity of autonomic components induced by aerobic training of the leg muscles when isometric exercise is performed with untrained muscles.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence and determinants of coronary heart disease in a rural population of India.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and determinants of coronary heart disease (CHD) have been inadequately studied in rural areas of developing countries. METHODS: Entire communities were surveyed in randomly selected villages in Rajasthan, India. A physician-administered questionnaire, physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG) were performed on 3148 adults > or = 20 years of age (1982 males, 1166 females). Fasting blood samples for determination of lipids were obtained from 202 males and 98 females. Prevalence of coronary risk factors--smoking, hypertension, sedentary life-style, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia--was determined. CHD was diagnosed on basis of past documentation, response to WHO-Rose questionnaire, or changes in ECG. Three methods were used: (a) documentation, history, and ECG criteria, (b) ECG-Q, ST, or T changes, and (c) presence of Q waves. RESULTS: Coronary risk factors: smoking was present in 51% males and 5% females, hypertension (> or = 140/90 mmHg) in 24% males and 17% females, hypercholesterolemia (> 200 mg/dl) in 22%, diabetes history in 0.2%, and irregular physical activity or sedentary habits in 85%. Other risk factors were lack of formal education in 44%, obesity (body-mass index > or = 27 kg/m2) in 6% and truncal obesity (waist-hip ratio > or = 0.95) in 5%. The prevalence of CHD (clinical + ECG criteria) was 3.4% in males and 3.7% in females. According to ECG criteria only, it was 2.8% in males and 3.3% in females and according to Q-waves only, it was 1.6% in males and 0.9% in females. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age and smoking in males and age and systolic blood pressure in females were associated with higher prevalence of Q-wave CHD. In males, higher educational level and prayer habit were associated with lower prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CHD in this rural community is higher than in previously reported Indian studies. Smoking, hypertension, and sedentary lifestyle have high prevalence. Significant determinants of CHD are increasing age and smoking while education and prayer-habit are protective.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

How much physical activity is good for health?

Research studies over the past several decades confirm the health benefits of regular physical activity, a concept with foundations in antiquity. The effects of activity on certain individual health conditions, the precise dose of activity that is required for specific benefits, the role (if any) of intensity of effort, and the elucidation of biological pathways whereby activity contributes to health are topics for further research. Although details remain to be clarified, it is now clear that regular physical activity reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality from several chronic diseases and increases physical fitness, which leads to improved function. Table 3 outlines the relationship of activity to several diseases, a judgment on the strength of the evidence, and a rough determination of the amount of research extant. Results from clinical exercise studies and epidemiological investigations can be integrated into a consistent and coherent theory of healthful physical activity. However, some differences between these two research streams need to be reconciled. Exercise physiologists have generally recommended relatively intensive activity and a formal approach to exercise prescription. The epidemiological studies suggest a linear dose-response relationship, at least up to a point, between physical activity and health and functional effects. These data support public health recommendations directed toward the most sedentary and unfit stratum of the population and emphasize doing at least moderate physical activity. If this group of adults would accumulate 30 minutes of walking per day (or the equivalent energy expenditure in other activities), they would receive clinically significant health benefits. An important point is that it does not matter what type of physical activity is performed: Sports, planned exercise, household or yard work, or occupational tasks are all beneficial. The key factor is total energy expenditure; if that is constant, improvements in fitness and health will be comparable. There are probably 40 million adults in the US whose sedentary habits place them at considerably increased risk of morbidity and mortality from several diseases. These same individuals also are more likely to have functional limitations, especially as they move into the later years of life. The sizable independent relative risk for impaired health in sedentary persons, and the large number at risk, leads to a substantial public health burden. This problem deserves continued and increased attention by physicians and other health professionals, scientists, and the public health establishment.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1995

[Diabetes mellitus and hypertension, clinical and epidemiological aspects in the population of La Plata].

The purpose of this study was to determine socio-demographic characteristics, habits, most frequent morbid associations and degree of compliance with the control and treatment of their illness in a population of diabetic and hypertense patients of the La Plata area. A representative sample (890 people) was selected through a home survey (413 housing units). The results obtained show that diabetic and hypertense people a) are in average older than the general population and that the percentage of sedentary habits among them is also higher; b) show multiple typical symptoms of the illness but do not identify them as such and consequently diagnosis is frequently haphazardous; c) have a higher frequency of association with other risk factors, intercurrencies and hospitalization; d) are treated mainly by giving priority to drugs over changes in their detrimental habits; e) tend to ignore those indications that prescribe a change in their habits and f) control their illness at an inadequate periodicity. Consequently, it would be advisable to emphasize the incorporation of education strategies into the treatment of these patients in order to give more importance to preventive and health promoting actions. Education programmes should include not only patients and their families but also members of the health team and the community in general.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Sympathetic and parasympathetic changes in heart rate control during dynamic exercise induced by endurance training in man.

1. Seven healthy young men of sedentary habits were submitted to a 10-week period of endurance physical training on a cycle ergometer. The training program caused a 15% increase in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and a 16% reduction in resting heart rate (HR). Before and after training, these volunteers performed dynamic exercise (DE) on a cycle ergometer at loads of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 w for 4 min at each level. The same exercise protocol was applied to 13 sedentary individuals and to 7 athletes (medium distance runners) who showed a VO2max of 39.4 and 53.8 ml/kg, respectively. HR was continuously monitored throughout the period of effort at each workload. 2. During the first 10 s of DE, a period when tachycardia is mediated almost exclusively by vagal withdrawal, the athletes presented a more rapid increase in HR than sedentary subjects. The same tendency was observed in the sedentary individuals after the training period, although of a lesser magnitude. 3. During the DE phase in which sympathetic mediation plays an important role (between 30 s and 4 min), the athletes presented a lower HR increase than the sedentary individuals, and the same response pattern was observed in the group submitted to physical training. Total HR increase (from 0 to 4 min) induced by DE was lower in athletes than in sedentary subjects and was not changed by training of the sedentary subjects. 4. These results suggest that aerobic training decreases the slow sympathetic and increases the fast parasympathetic contribution to HR during dynamic exercise at the same absolute workloads. 5. These functional changes in the autonomic control of HR may or may not be associated with modifications of absolute HR values which increase from rest to the end of exercise. In contrast to what happens in athletes, the autonomic adaptations observed after short-term aerobic training may occur during DE without changes in the total HR response.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1987

New perspectives on cardiovascular risk factors.

Atherogenic traits, living habits, signs of preclinical disease, and susceptibility all contribute to cardiovascular disease. High low-density lipoprotein is positively related to coronary heart disease, and high high-density lipoprotein is inversely related. Systolic or diastolic hypertension at any age in either sex contributes powerfully. The impact of diabetes is greater for women and varies with the number of accompanying risk factors. High-normal fibrinogen values further escalate risk of these atherogenic factors. An atherogenic life-style is typified by a diet excessive in fat, calories, and salt; sedentary habits; unrestrained weight gain; and cigarette smoking. Moderate alcohol use may be beneficial. Use of oral contraceptives beyond age 35 years and in conjunction with cigarette smoking predisposes one to thromboembolism. Type A behavior carries an increased risk, and men married to more highly educated women and to women in white-collar jobs are more vulnerable. Signs of preclinical ischemia include silent myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG, blocked intraventricular conduction, and repolarization abnormalities. Measures of innate susceptibility include a family history of early cardiovascular disease. Quantitative combination of risk factors provides optimal prediction, including persons with multiple marginal abnormalities. Preventive management should also be multifactorial and requires a commitment to behavior modification and alteration in life-style.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Status of risk factors and their consideration in antihypertensive therapy.

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include atherogenic personal attributes, living habits that promote them, signs of preclinical disease and host susceptibility. Atherogenic traits include the blood lipids, blood pressure and glucose tolerance. An increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol level is positively related, and an increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol level is inversely related, to cardiovascular disease incidence. Hypertension, whether systolic or diastolic, labile or fixed, casual or basal, at any age in either sex contributes greatly. The impact of diabetes is greater for women than men and varies depending on the level of the foregoing risk factors. An atherogenic lifestyle is typified by a diet excessive in calories, fat and salt, sedentary habits, unrestrained weight gain and smoking. Alcohol used in moderation may be beneficial. Oral contraceptives worsen atherogenic traits and, when used for long periods beyond age 35 and in conjunction with cigarettes, predispose to thromboembolism. Type A persons with an overdeveloped sense of time urgency, drive and competitiveness develop an excess of angina pectoris. Men married to more highly educated women are at increased risk as are men married to women in white collar jobs. Preclinical signs of compromised coronary circulation include silent myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram, blocked intraventricular conduction and repolarization abnormalities. An electrocardiogram obtained during exercise may elicit still earlier evidence. Measures of innate susceptibility include a family history, history of premature cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension and gout. Optimal prediction of risk requires a quantitative combination of risk factors in multiple logistic risk formulations to identify high risk persons with multiple marginal abnormalities.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[High prevalence of arterial hypertension in women over 50 years of age in the city of Leon, Guanajuato].

We studied the prevalence of arterial hypertension and its associated risk factors in the urban population of León, State of Guanajuato. Using a cross sectional design we selected by home interview 1000 volunteers 16 to 70 years old from three socioeconomic levels. Forty seven of 468 males (10.0%) and 67 of 532 females (12.6%) were found with hypertension. Increased rates for women were significant (p < 0.01). The rates of hypertension increased slowly with age for men, but for women a sudden increase was found at 48 years of age, the mean age of menopause. At 50 years of age or older, the rate for hypertension was 22.3% for men and 41.7% for women (chi 2 = 7.27, p = 0.007). The multivariate study of factors associated with hypertension showed significance for age, body mass index and smoking habit for the total group and for men, but only age and body weight for women. No association was seen for alcoholism, life style and socioeconomy. A univariate analysis of menopause was strongly associated with hypertension (chi 2 = 46.8, p < 0.0001) and the relative risk for hypertension in menopausal women was 8.04 (7.56-9.73). We conclude that the frequency of hypertension in this urban population is similar to that found in other studies except for women over 50 years of age. Such excess risk of hypertension in this group may be explained by an increased frequency of obesity and an increment in sedentary habits which occur in our female population, and the possible participation of hormone deprivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Psychosocial and other features of coronary heart disease: insights from the Framingham Study.

Contributors to CHD include atherogenic personal attributes, living habits which promote these, signs of preclinical disease, and host susceptibility to these influences. Atherogenic traits include the blood lipids, blood pressure, and glucose tolerance. High LDL cholesterol is positively and high HDL cholesterol inversely related to CHD incidence. Hypertension, whether systolic or diastolic, labile or fixed, casual or basal, at any age in either sex contributes powerfully to coronary heart disease. The impact of diabetes on CHD is greater for women than for men and varies according to the level of the foregoing risk factors. The faulty life-style is typified by a diet excessive in calories, fat, and salt, a sedentary habit, unrestrained weight gain, and cigarettes. Alcohol used in moderation may be beneficial. Oral contraceptives worsen atherogenic traits and, when used for long periods beyond age 35 in conjunction with cigarettes, predispose to thromboembolism. Type A persons with an overdeveloped sense of time urgency, drive, and competitiveness develop an excess of angina pectoris. Men married to more highly educated women are at increased risk, as are men married to women in white-collar jobs. Preclinical signs of a compromised coronary circulation include silent MI, ECG-LVH, blocked intraventricular conduction, and repolarization abnormalities. Exercise ECG may elicit still earlier evidence. Measures of innate susceptibility include a family history of premature cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and gout. Optimal prediction of CHD requires a quantitative combination of risk factors in multiple logistic risk formulations that identify high-risk persons with multiple marginal abnormalities. Preventive management should also be multifactorial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Pressure↗