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Results for “Schizotypal Personality Disorder”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Crossing the border into borderline personality and borderline schizophrenia. The development of criteria.

Although there is a large psychiatric literature on various "borderline" conditions, there has been no agreement as to the definition of the concept. A review of the literature reviewed two major uses of the term: Borderline Schizophrenia and Borderline Personality. Two item sets were developed to provide diagnostic criteria for the two concepts. High sensitivity and specificity were demonstrated for both item sets using data describing 808 borderline and 808 control patients. These criteria will be used in the forthcoming DSM-III classification for the categories of Borderline Personality Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Justification for separating schizotypal and borderline personality disorders.

Siever and Gunderson (1979) have questioned the decision to separate Schizotypal Personality Disorder from Borderline Personality Disorder in DSM-III. The justification for this separation rests not on genetic evidence, but rather on the relative independence of the behavioral characteristics of two dimensions that up to now have both been referred to with the appellation "borderline." We believe that this separation provides the tools with which investigators may usefully study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors as they relate to personality and the major psychiatric disorders. The benefits of this separation are already apparent in that research investigators are now using two terms to describe different phenomena, when previously they were using the single term borderline. Proposed diagnostic criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder are appended.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1978

Borderline diagnoses.

The author describes the development of the borderline concept and the apparent inaccuracy of the original hypothetical framework. The signs and symptoms used to describe a "borderline syndrome" are often shared with other psychiatric illnesses. The author recommends that clinicians consider patients with only those features as "undiagnosed" until further research determines whether a distinct syndrome exists.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Genetic Susceptibility to the Environment Moderates the Impact of Childhood Experiences on Psychotic, Depressive, and Anxiety Dimensions.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Gene-by-environment (GxE) studies in psychosis have exclusively focused on negative exposures. However, evidence supports the resilience-enhancing effect of positive factors on psychosis outcome. The Differential Susceptibility (DS) model proposes that common genetic variants may confer not only disproportionate responsiveness to negative environments, but also greater sensitivity to positive, resilience-enhancing conditions. This study is the first to apply the DS model to the expression of subclinical psychosis, employing polygenic risk scores of environmental sensitivity (PRS-ES). PRS-ES were hypothesized to moderate, in a DS manner, associations between childhood adversity and psychosis, affective, and anxiety dimensions in young adults. An exploratory goal examined whether PRS for psychotic-like experiences (PRS-PLE) also showed DS patterns. STUDY DESIGN: PRS, schizotypy, PLE, depression, anxiety, and childhood adversity ratings were obtained for 197 nonclinical young adults. LEGIT software for testing competitive-confirmatory GxE models was employed. STUDY RESULTS: Results largely supported DS: Individuals high on PRS-ES showed increased subclinical psychosis, depression, and anxiety if they had experienced elevated childhood adversity, and lower symptoms if exposed to low levels of adversity as compared with those with low PRS-ES. Similarly, PRS-PLE moderated the effect of adversity on PLE, positive schizotypy, and depression following the DS model, but only PRS-ES moderation on PLE survived statistical correction. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that genetic DS to the environment is relevant to psychosis, depression, and anxiety. Current debates on reconceptualization of genetic "risk" and resilience may benefit from this insight that support optimistic views on preventative efforts for early detection and intervention.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Behavioral toxicity. Neuroleptic-induced paradoxical behavioral toxicity in young borderline schizoprenics.

9 young borderline schizophrenics who developed an acute paradoxical behavioral toxicity as a reaction to the initiation of antipsychotic medication are described. The dynamics, the psychological issues as well as some possible psychopharmacological interactions are discussed. The risk of behavioral toxicity should not be overlooked or underestimated and the occurrence of this reaction must be carefully differentiated from other drug-induced reactions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The borderline syndrome - a sign of our times].

In conclusion, I would like to say until about 30 to 40 years ago, the patients we saw in our clinical practices presented mainly mono-symptomatic disturbances. Now the picture tends to be multi-symptomatic. It is possible that stronger Victorian influences on ego disciplines were responsible for the mono-symptomatic pattern; in any case, at present, the ego-self boundaries seem weakened, more "permissive", yielding and permeable and this may account for the more multi-symptomatic picture.

Ego↗
PubMed1979

Borderline schizophrenia: evidence of its validity.

Borderline schizophrenia is held to be a valid entity that should be included in the DSM-III. It is a chronic illness that may be associated with many other symptoms but is best characterized by perceptual-cognitive abnormalities. It has a familial distribution and a genetic relationship with schizophrenia. The term schizotypal personality is an acceptable alternative to borderline schizophrenia, but given the apparent genetic relationship with schizophrenia, and given that we are dealing with a vulnerability to episodic symptoms more than personality traits, we prefer the older term.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1978

Evoked potential correlates of psychosis.

Evoked potential (EP) correlates of several psychiatric disorders were investigated by applying a comprehensive EP procedure to 102 psychiatric patients and 28 nonpatients. EPs to left and right median nerve shocks, visual pattern flashes, and auditory clicks were recorded from one EOG and 14 monopolar scalp derivations. Nine age- and sex-matched groups were compared to yield the following main results: (i) EPs of overtly psychotic patients (schizophrenics, depressives, manics) differed markedly from normal, while those of patients without overt psychosis (neurotics, personality disorders, latent schizophrenics) did not; in the overtly psychotic, later EP events (100 msec or more poststimulus) were attenuated. (ii) EPs of neurotic depressives differed greatly from those of psychotic depressives. (iii) A somatosensory negative peak occurring 60-msec poststimulus (N60) was more posteriorly distributed in chronic schizophrenics (paranoid, undifferentiated) than in any other subject group. The attenuated later EP activity associated with overt psychosis was interpreted as a concomitant of cognitive (attention?) impairment, rather than of emotional disturbance.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1979

Assessing vulnerability to schizophrenia or manic-depression in borderline states.

In a discussion of the article on genetic determinants of borderline conditions by Siever and Gunderson, a phenotypic continuum between pure schizotypal and pure affective conditions is postulated. Many "borderline" cases are seen as attenuated forms of schizophrenia, schizoaffective psychosis, or manic-depression. A Venn diagram illustrates differences among syndromes described by Gunderson, Kernberg, Spitzer, and Klein ("hysteroid dysphoria"). Evidence is presented suggesting that Gunderson's borderline syndrome contains more schizotypal individuals than Kernberg's, whereas hysteroid dysphoria is nearer the affective pole of the continuum. A second diagram illustrates how the strength and nature of the genetic factors vary according to the syndrome.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1976

Serum creatine phosphokinase activity in psychiatrically hospitalized children.

Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was determined in a series of 101 sequential admissions to the Pritzker Children's Hospital, an inpatient psychiatric facility. Black children had significantly higher serum CPK levels than whites, and males had significantly higher levels than females, as is the case with adults. There was a higher incidence of CPK elevations in children with organic brain pathology than in children with personality disorders or schizoprenia. Children with chronic symptoms of a psychotic nature did not have increased serum CPK activity, which is similar to the findings in adults. There were no children in the sample with acute psychotic symptoms, so it was not possible to determine whether acute psychosis in children is accompanied by increased serum CPK activity, as it frequently is in psychotics over the age of 17.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Is borderline a distinct entity?

There is no agreement in American psychiatry as to whether borderline should be regarded as a distinct entity. A review of the major viewpoints in the field reveals that borderline is variously used to designate: (1) a clinical disorder distinguishable by behavioral criteria; (2) a milder form of schizophrenia; (3) a nonspecific term encompassing several atypical affective disorders; (4) a psychostructural distinction. When the St. Louis approach to diagnostic validity is used as a guideline, the conclusion reached is that available data do not weigh conclusively for or against borderline's status as an independent entity. In particular, borderline, as defined by several investigators, appears distinct from schizophrenia, but requires further delimitation from the affective disorders.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1977

Objectivation of latent psychoses.

A method--the flicker-frequency-analysis (FFA)--is reported by which it is possible to differentiate latent psychoses with neurotic sensation- and behaviour-disorders and "neuroses". The consecutive early treatment prevents irreversible lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Genetic determinants of borderline conditions.

Evidence about the genetic determinants for borderline conditions is reviewed. The research data are too limited and the diagnostic practices followed in existing studies are too varied to allow firm conclusions to be drawn. Thus, the need for new studies starting with well-defined samples of borderline patients is clear. Previous work implicates genetic factors in the etiology of at least some borderlines, but it is unclear that borderlines by any definition will, as a group, have uniformly strong and specific genetic determinants. With further research, partially overlapping subgroups might be defined on the basis of careful examination of borderline patients' clinical characteristics and family histories. Such characterization could have potential clinical value since there may be subgroups of borderlines who respond differently to various psychopharmacologic treatments (Klein 1975) or to exploratory versus ego supportive psychotherapy (Stone 1977). Characterizations based on genetic considerations may have their limitations, since the genetics of these disorders probably involve complex interactions of a variety of factors that may be more or less specifically related to other major diagnostic groups.

Adoption↗