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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

Saunders v. State.

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Euthanasia, Passive↗
PubMed1990

Photoperiodic diapause in Drosophila melanogaster involves a block to the juvenile hormone regulation of ovarian maturation.

Females of Drosophila melanogaster held under short-day photoperiods at a moderately low temperature (12 degrees) enter a state of ovarian diapause in which yolk deposition in the oocytes is suspended (D. S. Saunders, V. C. Henrich, and L. I. Gilbert, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 3748-3752, 1989). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal antibodies raised against D. melanogaster yolk polypeptides (YPs) showed that diapausing flies synthesize and accumulate YPs in the hemolymph, but very little in the ovary. Nondiapausing females at the same temperature but at long days, and short-day flies in which diapause was broken by an upshift in temperature or topical application of juvenile hormone (JH), showed enhanced titers of YPs in the ovaries, suggesting stimulating uptake. Determinations of juvenile hormone bisepoxide (JHB3) and JH III synthesis in vitro by single excised corpora allata showed that glands from nondiapausing flies or corpora allata from flies in which diapause had been broken synthesized JH at a rate about four times higher than glands from diapausing flies. Corpora allata incubated in medium supplemented with farnesoic acid showed an increase in the rate of JH synthesis, but the increase was relatively greater with corpora allata from nondiapausing flies. Glands from diapausing flies presented the appearance of newly emerged or "immature" glands. Ovarian diapause is terminated at 12 degrees LD 10:14 in 7 days following topical application of either JH III or JHB3 at a concentration of about 0.5 micrograms per fly, diapause termination being expressed by an increased rate of vitellogenesis and by an increase in the number of fully developed eggs per vitellogenic female. It is concluded that the short-day-elicited diapause in D. melanogaster results from a "block" to the JH-stimulated uptake of yolk proteins from the hemolymph, caused by a reduced rate of JH synthesis by the corpus allatum. Photoperiodic regulation of the corpus allatum may be mediated via the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Wilms tumor genes.

Multiple 'WT' genes exist. The WT1 gene at chromosomal band 11p13 has been cloned and is known to be important in the etiology of at least some tumors by virtue of the identification of both germline and somatic mutations in WT patients. Genes at 11p15 and 16q are also involved, either as initiating or tumor progression events. An unlocalized familial predisposition gene is also known to be important etiologically. The identification of several genes that are involved in the etiology or progression of WT, the preferential loss of maternally derived alleles in tumor tissue, and the observed reduction to 11p homozygosity in normal tissue DNA from some patients, all strikingly indicate that a simple, one-locus-'two-hit' genetic model for WT is inadequate. The question is not if this model needs to be modified, but how it should be modified, or if it is even valid enough to be a starting point for understanding the genetics of Wilms tumor. To begin to address this, several questions can be asked. Do all Wilms tumors carry mutations at the WT1 locus? Do both alleles at the WT1 locus need to be inactivated or lost for tumorigenesis? Or, instead, do some WT1 mutations act dominantly? Do patients with bilateral disease carry germline mutations as originally hypothesized, or, as more recently suggested, is bilateral disease the result of early somatic mutations, genomic imprinting, or multifactorial inheritance? Must mutations at an 11p15 locus and/or 11p15 LOH accompany WT1 mutations, or do 11p13 and 11p15 mutations act independently of each other? Have tumors from familial WT cases (who do not carry germline WT1 mutations) sustained somatic mutations at the WT1 locus, the 11p15 locus or the 16q locus? Conversely, do tumors from sporadic WT patients carry somatic mutations at the non-11p familial predisposition gene? Will most tumors be found to carry mutations at the same one or two loci, but differ only with regard to whether the mutations are somatic or germline? Are effects of genomic imprinting layered over, so to speak, a framework of classically mendelian mutations, or in some cases is imprinting the mechanism by which genes are inactivated or their normal function modulated? Although not definitive, there are data that bear on some of these questions. Germline mutations have been observed in patients with bilateral tumors, but may not prove to be a universal feature of bilateral disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Genes, Wilms Tumor↗
PubMed1979

Happenings.

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Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

Molecular typing of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains from different hosts and regions.

The IS1311 polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease analysis was used to detect genetic differences among 38 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) isolates from cattle, sheep, goats and bison from distinct regions of Spain, India and the United States of America (USA). In Spain, all eight bovine isolates, three out of six caprine isolates and one of ten ovine isolates were of the C type, while the other nine ovine isolates and three caprine isolates were of the S type. In India, all five ovine isolates and six caprine isolates were of the B type, and so were all three isolates from bison (Bison bison) from the USA. These results show that there are genetic differences between Map isolates related to geographic and host factors that have a potential use in the epidemiological tracing of new paratuberculosis isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cost and utilization of blood transfusion associated with spinal surgeries in the United States.

The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with the utilization and cost of blood transfusion during and post-spinal fusion surgery. A retrospective, observational study of 42,029 inpatients undergoing spinal fusion surgery in United States hospitals participating in the Perspective( Comparative Database for inpatient use was conducted. Descriptive analysis, logistic regression, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression were used to describe the factors associated with the use and cost of allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT). Hospitalization costs were $18,690 (SD=14,159) per patient, erythropoietin costs were $85.25 (SD=3,691.66) per patient, and topical sealant costs were $414.34 (SD=1,020.06) per patient. Sub-analysis of ABT restricted to users revealed ABT costs ranged from $312.24 (SD=543.35) per patient with whole blood to $2,520 (SD=3,033.49) per patient with fresh frozen plasma. Patients that received hypotensive anesthesia (OR,1.61; 95% CI, 1.47-1.77), a volume expander (OR,1.95; 95% CI, 1.75-2.18), autologous blood (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.71-2.42), or an erythropoietic agent (OR=1.64; 95% CI, 1.27-2.12) had a higher risk of ABT. Patients that received cell salvage had a lower risk of transfusion (OR=0.40; 95% CI, 0.32-0.50). Most blood avoidance techniques have low utilization or do not reduce the burden of transfusion associated with spinal fusion.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Resource utilization and costs of blood management services associated with knee and hip surgeries in US hospitals.

This article assesses the use and costs of blood transfusion during knee and hip surgery through a retrospective observational study of 92,223 discharged inpatients who had undergone knee or hip surgery from July 1, 2003, through June 30, 2004; a sample of US hospitals that participated in the Perspective Comparative Database (Premier Inc., Charlotte, NC) was used. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the use and costs of allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT). The average cost of ABT per user ranged from $387 (SD=$952) for red blood cells to $6585 (SD=$11,162) for cryoprecipitate. Utilization rates in the sample were as follows: antifibrinolytics, 0.14%; topical sealants, 3.24%; volume expanders, 3.89%; erythropoietin agents, 5.08%; and hypotensive anesthesia, 22.28%. Patients who were given volume expanders ($133.73, SD=$23.00, P<.01) or erythropoietin ($177.72, SD=$34.61, P<.01) had higher costs associated with ABT than did those who did not use volume expanders or erythropoietin. Patients who received hypotensive anesthesia (odds ratio [OR]=1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.87-2.06), a volume expander (OR=1.71; 95% CI, 1.57- 1.85), a topical sealant (OR=1.61; 95% CI, 1.45-1.79), or an erythropoietic agent (OR=2.30; 95% CI, 2.06-2.57) had a greater likelihood of ABT. Investigators concluded that most transfusion reduction techniques are underused, or they do not reduce the burden of ABT associated with knee or hip surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Creating change agents: a national substance abuse education project.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of a national interdisciplinary faculty development program, Project MAINSTREAM, on creating curriculum enhancement in health professional education. METHOD: Thirty-nine faculty completed a two-year, part-time fellowship program featuring interdisciplinary collaboration, mentoring, training meetings, and Internet-based instructional materials. The main vehicle for curricular change was a required collaborative education project to develop trainees' core competencies in substance abuse prevention services. RESULTS: Fellows used a variety of approaches to implement 123 curricula and provide 66,995 hours of training to 10,170 trainees. Ninety percent of the training hours occurred in required courses, a potential indication of sustainability. Fellows indicated that a majority of the offerings would be sustained beyond the fellowship. CONCLUSION: Project MAINSTREAM shows promise as a model for achieving durable curriculum change in response to the public health crisis associated with a workforce untrained to deliver substance abuse services.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2001

Costs of care for irritable bowel syndrome patients in a health maintenance organization.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the total costs of care and costs related to lower GI-related problems for patients who received a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and 2) to compare them to age- and sex-matched population controls and patients treated for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: Use and cost data were obtained through the computerized information systems of a large staff-model health maintenance organization on three groups of patients diagnosed in 1994 or 1995 with IBS, IBD, or GERD; and an age- and sex-matched control group of patients without any of these listed diagnoses. The IBS patient group was compared to the three comparison groups on components of total and IBS-related costs. RESULTS: Total costs of care for IBS patients were 49% higher than population controls during the year starting with the visit at which IBS patients were identified. In the index year, every component of total costs except inpatient care was significantly higher for IBS patients than for population controls. The costs of care for lower GI problems were significantly higher for patients with IBS than for population controls across a range of services. However, only 33% of the difference in total costs of care between IBS patients and population controls was due to lower GI-related services in the index year. In the subsequent years, lower GI-related services accounted for 18% and 20% of the total cost difference between IBS patients and population controls. The total costs of care as well as the components of costs of care were generally higher for IBD patients than for IBS patients, but were comparable for GERD and IBS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IBS show sustained increases in health care costs relative to population controls for both lower GI services and care unrelated to lower GI problems. However, the majority of the excess in health care costs resulted from medical care not directly related to lower GI problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Stimulation of plasminogen activator and inhibitor in the lymphatic endothelium.

Chromogenic assays, immunoblotting, and Northern blot hybridization methods were employed to assess the effects of various agonists on the production of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) by the lymphatic endothelium (LEC). Fibrin autography showed that plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic activity occurred at M(r) of 110 kDa, which represents a complex of tPA with PAI-1, and 65- and 55-kDa bands corresponding to tPA and uPA, respectively. The fractionation of lymph collected from ovine lymphatic vessels also produced a prominent lytic band of approximately 110 kDa, suggesting the formation of PA/PAI complexes in lymph. The stimulation of various agonists produced large-scale increases in tPA mRNA, as shown by Northern blot hybridization analyses. The effects of ECGF, histamine, and LPS on the presence of tPA and on enhancing the levels of mRNA reached maximum activity at 4 h and declined to levels below that of controls by 8 h. However, phorbol-treated cells exhibited reduced levels of tPA mRNA at 4 h, but was significantly increased by 8 h. A large-scale increase in PAI-1 mRNA steady-state levels was also stimulated by the agonists used in these studies. Both the 3.4- and 2.4-kb species of PAI-1 mRNA were increased. These observations demonstrated that tPA and PAI-1 are produced and secreted by LEC monolayer cultures and are also present in lymph.

Animals↗