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Results for “Sampling Studies”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Drug usage review sample studies in long-term care facilities.

The usage of 10 drugs in five long-term care facilities was reviewed to evaluate the effectiveness of a five-step systematic method of drug usage review. Medical care evaluation sample studies are required under the Medicare and Medicaid programs, and drug usage review sample studies may satisfy this requirement. The five-step method involved selection of the health problem to be studied; development of criteria of care; measurement of specific performance data and comparison with the criteria; establishment of the audit committee evaluation process; and design and implementation of educational activities. In each facility, data were collected on abstract sheets designed to indicate when a patient's drug usage did not conform to criteria established by a committee of health professionals. Incidents of nonconformance were then examined. The largest number of exceptions to the criteria related to monitoring the effectiveness of drug therapy. Data by drug revealed higher nonconformance rates for digoxin, hydrochlorothiazide, methyldopa and thioridazine. A small number of exceptions was found in drug administration, indicating that the patients were receiving medications as ordered and that few errors were made in transcribing. This systematic approach to identifying drug usage patterns can be used by pharmacists to coordinate sample studies and to fulfill their consultant role in long-term facilities required by federal regulations.

Drug Therapy↗
PubMed1990

Tryptophan-47 rotational isomerization in variant-3 scorpion neurotoxin. A combination thermodynamic perturbation and umbrella sampling study.

A combination thermodynamic perturbation and umbrella sampling study predicts two free energy wells for the rotational isomerization of the variant-3 scorpion neurotoxin tryptophan-47 indole side chain. One well has the indole side chain in the crystallographic orientation; the other has the indole rotated approximately 220 degrees to form a new conformation with a relative free energy of 3 +/- 2 kcal/mol. The activation barrier is 8.5 kcal/mol from the crystallographic well, from which transition state theory predicts a rate of escape of 2 x 10(5) s-1. Correlations in the displacements of side chains neighboring tryptophan-47 and the isomerization reaction coordinate last up to 20 ps. Favorable conditions of experimental verification are discussed.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1975

A work sampling study of midlevel health professionals in a rural medical clinic.

A work sampling study was initiated to provide a comprehensive description of the tasks performed by midlevel health personnel in the rural component of an experimental medical care delivery system. The investigation determined the proportion of time spent on various activities by the staff members of a rural clinic which is linked to supervisory physicians in a distant urban medical center. Over 800 observations were recorded during ten randomly selected days in a two-month period on each of the three staff members. The family nurse practitioner spent one-third of her time in direct patient care activities with almost one-half of the day devoted to indirect patient care tasks. The laboratory aide allocated one-half of her day to providing direct patient services whereas the clerk-receptionist spent over 40 per cent of her day on patient records and billing. Work sampling results were considered within a comparative framework to qualitatively assess performance. The findings were coupled with proposed changes in administrative and medical policy to provide a quantitative basis for developing cost-reducing alternative staffing configurations.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1992

Supporting women in labor: a work sampling study of the activities of labor and delivery nurses.

Studies demonstrated that support during labor and birth has a positive impact on childbirth outcomes, and that women reported they received little supportive care from nurses during parturition. This study piloted a work sampling method that was adapted to determine the proportion of time the average intrapartum nurse at a Toronto teaching hospital spends in supportive care activities. Supportive care was operationally defined within four categories of activities: emotional support, physical comfort measures, instruction/information, and advocacy. Work sampling was an effective method of measuring support as a specific aspect of direct intrapartum care. The proportion of time that nurses spent in supportive versus all other activities was 9.9 percent (95% confidence interval 7.5% and 12%), based on a sample of 616 random observations of 18 nurses. Findings are discussed in terms of the social and political factors that affect the meaning and value of the supportive activities of work by obstetric nurses.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed1975

Age and perceived effects of erotica-pornography: a national sample study.

In the spring of 1970, a national sample survey of 2486 adults (aged 20-80) was studied to ascertain U.S. public attitudes toward and experience with erotic materials. Twelve items measured whether or not those interviewed believed that looking at or reading sexual materials had certain effects on themselves or others. Initial description of the results revealed a considerable diversity of opinion. This report provides a multistage typology of those item responses, beginning with characterization of items as positive, neutral, or negative in effect. Striking age gradients were observed at each stage in the typology formation. At first glance, these results are hardly surprising, yet introduction of controls for level of education, gender, and reported previous levels of actual exposure to erotica did not appreciably change the age-graded response pattern. The last stage in the typology contained four levels and showed an attribute solely desirable and/or neutral effects to erotica. Those who expressed neutral and mixed (strongly positive and negative) views were somewhat older. The next age norms about explicit sexual materials took on a perception of no effects or a position of uncertainty. Finally, those who believed that pornography has largely or solely undesirable effects on its consumers were oldest. The replicability of the pattern suggests a specific order in the underlying process of change in values (historical and/or intraindividual).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Planning of sampling studies of morbidity and hospitalization at large territories].

This paper provides the methodological principles of planning sample survey of hospital morbidity of population at the level of large economic regions and the republic at large. Proceeding from the example of socio-hygienic study of burn injuries requiring hospital treatment, and organization of hospital care for the burned, the methods of elaborating the principles of sample surveys, the use of stratified cluster selection with optimum placing of sample units are described. The methodological scheme permits to minimize the size of the sample and to obtain representative evaluations of the needed indices at large territories. While studying 23 sample units from 796 formed in the republic, evaluations of a number of indices were obtained which virtually coincided with the indices calculated according to the total data reported.

Burn Units↗
PubMed1991

[Sampling study for larval density quantification of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the state of São Paulo, Brazil].

The Yellow Fever and Dengue Vector Control Program developed by the Superintendency for the Control of Endemic Diseases in the State of S. Paulo recommends Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larval density monitoring in cities with domiciliar infestation. The sampling plan which has been applied in the countries of the Presidente Prudente region (SP- Brazil) since 1987 is described. The infestation is measured by using the Breteau Index. A sample of buildings is drawn, monthly and independently, in the infested cities, in which measurements are to be made. The sample is stratified and the elementary unit selection is made by using two-stage cluster sampling: of blocks and buildings. The sample sizes were defined using the coefficient of variation and the intraclass correlation as estimated for towns covered by the Regional Health Service of S. José do Rio Preto. These sizes must be corrected periodically in accordance with the values of the Breteau Index and its variance obtained in previous months.

Aedes↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence of nonclassical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency based on a morning salivary 17-hydroxyprogesterone screening test: a small sample study.

Early morning salivary 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) determination differentiates patients with non-classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency (NC21OHD) from those who are not affected. Using this test, we have conducted a trial screening study for NC21OHD and have compared the study results with previously reported figures for the frequency of this disorder. Testing was performed on 258 subjects recruited from among the medical students and employees of the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. In 2 of the 249 admissible subjects, the 0700-0900 h salivary 17-OHP level was within the range for NC21OHD patients (0.72-6.7 nmol/L; n = 8). These 2 individuals were subsequently confirmed to be affected by ACTH testing. Of the subjects with morning salivary 17-OHP levels below the cut-off point of 0.72 nmol/L, 29 were recalled for ACTH testing and were confirmed to be unaffected. Prevalence of NC21OHD in the test population was determined according to ethnic group. Our study gives a prevalence by screening of 1.14% among caucasians, which agrees with values of 0.81% and 1.06% obtained by different analytical methods. Further, both affected subjects were Ashkenazi Jews, and the prevalence of 3.23% among study members from this group concurs with increased rates of 3.64% and 4.97% already reported. On the basis of a small population sample, screening so far confirms the claim that NC21OHD is the most common autosomal recessive human disorder. Using values from ACTH-proven unaffected subjects (n = 47) and NC21OHD patients (n = 10), we establish preliminary normative data for morning salivary 17-OHP levels of 0.172 nmol/L for unaffected subjects (95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.54 nmol/L) and 1.76 nmol/L for NC21OHD-affected subjects (95% confidence interval, 0.42-7.32 nmol/L).

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone↗
PubMed1991

Selecting the sample for a research study.

Sample selection is a very important but sometimes underestimated part of a research study. Sampling theory describes two sampling domains: probability and nonprobability. Probability samples contain some type of randomization and consist of simple, stratified, systematic, cluster, and sequential types. Nonprobability samples lack randomization and consist of convenience or accidental, purposive, quota, volunteer, and expert types. The primary distinction between the two domains is that the probability sampling study findings can be generalized to the target population while the nonprobability sampling study findings can only be generalized to the institution where the sample was studied.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

The surgical work day in the British Isles: some observations from a small sample studied in depth.

The daily activities of nine surgeons in the British Isles, representing a variety of practice settings, were observed. British surgeons had a mean total workweek of 45.8 hours, of which 34.5 hours were expended in professional activities. American community surgeons, as reported in the literature, had an analogous professional workweek of 28.7 hours, and American prepaid group surgeons, 50.7 hours. The American community surgeons performed many fewer operations, but the American prepaid group surgeons had operative loads similar to those of the British, although with a much greater time expenditure. Superior organization of British operating rooms in "lists," the designation of certain operating days each week, a more rapid anesthesia induction and case turnover, all aided more rapid completion of a number of sequential surgical operations. Non-operative professional time expended per patient was less for the British group than any of the reported American groups.

General Surgery↗
PubMed1975

Antisocial children in a summer camp environment: a time-sampling study.

A discussion is set forth regarding the possibly dysfunctional consequences of grouping antisocial children in homogeneous contexts for treatment. It is posited that antisocial children can profit from being placed for treatment in community based settings (for example, community centers, YMCAs, and neighborhood settlement houses) in which most of the other children are considered prosocial. In the present study 5 antisocial boys were placed in a residential summer camp consisting of 81 boys and 75 girls. Comparisons are made among the frequencies of prosocial, nonsocial, and antisocial behavior observed for the antisocial children placed in four groups, prosocial children in these groups, and the prosocial children in four other groups. These comparisons yield no significant differences among the antisocial and prosocial children's behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for the helping professions.

Camping↗