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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1982

Joint segregation of biochemical loci in salmonidae. III. Linkage associations in Salmonidae including data from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

The results of 107 pairwise examinations of joint segregation of biochemical and skin color loci in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, are presented. Three examinations revealed significant nonrandom assortment: Idh-3 with Me-2, Ada-1 with G3p-3, and Mdh-3, with Mdh-4. We believe the first two instances to be cases of classical linkage and the latter instance to reflect pseudolinkage based on similar findings in Salvelinus. All known salmonid linkage associations are reviewed. The results of this summary indicate a high degree of genome conservatism among genera within the Salmonidae, which would seem to be in contrast to the highly plastic genome of this family based on karyotypic data. Data are presented which negate the view that Robertsonian fusion of homologous acrocentric chromosome arms was the preferred mode of metacentric formation in salmonid evolution.

Albinism↗
PubMed1995

Easel, a gypsy LTR-retrotransposon in the Salmonidae.

Despite the close similarities between retroviruses and the gypsy/Ty3 group of LTR-retrotransposons their host ranges are largely distinct: the retroviruses are found only in vertebrates, whereas the gypsy LTR-retrotransposons are almost exclusively restricted to invertebrates, plants and fungi. Here we report the amplification by PCR, and characterisation, of one of the first LTR-retrotransposons to be discovered in vertebrates--in several members of the piscine family Salmonidae. Phylogenetic analysis of this retroelement, termed easel, indicates that it is probably a phylogeneticaly basal member of the gypsy group of LTR-retrotransposons and occurs in some of the same species from which retroviruses have previously been isolated. Thus some members of the Salmonidae are the first organisms known to harbour both retroviral branch elements and the gypsy LTR-retrotransposon branch elements. This creates an overlap in the host ranges of the two retroelement families.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Susceptibility of several species of Cyprinidae and Salmonidae freshwater fish to larval Gnathostoma nipponicum infection.

Susceptibility of five species of Cyprinidae and Salmonidae freshwater fish to the early third-stage larvae (EaL3) and advanced third-stage larvae (AdL3) of Gnathostoma nipponicum infection were examined. Two fish species inoculated orally with EaL3 were infected, and AdL3 were recovered from them with rate of 21.0% in Tribolodon hakonensis and 0.5% in Cyprinus carpio at 30 days postinoculation (PI). Attempts to infect five fish species with AdL3 were all successful. The recovery rate of AdL3 was 69.0% in T. hakonensis, 47.5% in Carassius auratus subsp., 35.0% in C. carpio, 53.0% in Oncorhynchus masou, and 32.0% in O. mykiss at 10 days PI. These results confirmed that the Cyprinidae and Salmonidae fish species reported here were susceptible to larval G. nipponicum infection and AdL3 had higher infectivity to them than the EaL3.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Molecular systematics of Salmonidae: combined nuclear data yields a robust phylogeny.

The phylogeny of salmonid fishes has been the focus of intensive study for many years, but some of the most important relationships within this group remain unclear. We used 269 Genbank sequences of mitochondrial DNA (from 16 genes) and nuclear DNA (from nine genes) to infer phylogenies for 30 species of salmonids. We used maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood to analyze each gene separately, the mtDNA data combined, the nuclear data combined, and all of the data together. The phylogeny with the best overall resolution and support from bootstrapping and Bayesian analyses was inferred from the combined nuclear DNA data set, for which the different genes reinforced and complemented one another to a considerable degree. Addition of the mitochondrial DNA degraded the phylogenetic signal, apparently as a result of saturation, hybridization, selection, or some combination of these processes. By the nuclear-DNA phylogeny: (1) (Hucho hucho, Brachymystax lenok) form the sister group to (Salmo, Salvelinus, Oncorhynchus, H. perryi); (2) Salmo is the sister-group to (Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus); (3) Salvelinus is the sister-group to Oncorhynchus; and (4) Oncorhynchus masou forms a monophyletic group with O. mykiss and O. clarki, with these three taxa constituting the sister-group to the five other Oncorhynchus species. Species-level relationships within Oncorhynchus and Salvelinus were well supported by bootstrap levels and Bayesian analyses. These findings have important implications for understanding the evolution of behavior, ecology and life-history in Salmonidae.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Localization of 5S rRNA loci in three coregonid species (Salmonidae).

In the present study the chromosome distribution of the 5S rDNA loci and its relation to the major rDNA genes were investigated in three Coregonid species (Salmonidae): Coregonus lavaretus, Coregonus peled and Coregonus albula, a family which has experienced large karyotype rearrangements along its evolution starting from a tetraploid ancestor. 5S PRINS/CMA3 sequential staining together with previous data enabled us to locate 5S rRNA genes and nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in the three species analyzed. PRINS revealed the 5S rDNA cluster at the distal part of the long arm of a similar submetacentric chromosome pair in the three species. Our data indicate that 5S rDNA clusters have probably conserved chromosomal location in the genus Coregonus, whereas 45S rDNA (NOR) sites are clearly differentiated, from a single locus in C. peled, to multiple loci in C. lavaretus and highly polymorphic multichromosomal location in C. albula.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Chromosomal characteristics of rDNA in European grayling Thymallus thymallus (Salmonidae).

The chromosomal characteristics, locations and variations of two classes of ribosomal DNA (5S and 18S) were studied in European grayling karyotype (Thymallus thymallus, Salmonidae). Major rDNA sites as revealed by sequential CMA3/Ag staining and confirmed by in situ hybridization with a 18S rDNA probe were situated in two loci and were found to be polymorphic in size and displaying several distinct forms. The 5S rDNA was located by PRINS on three pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes, additional minor signal was present at the centromere of one metacentric element. 5S sites were not associated with NORs. The dosage compensation mechanism was proposed as an explanation of high frequency of lethal rDNA-deleted forms of the NOR-bearing chromosomes. Double variable pattern in the number and location of NORs supported the bi-directional evolution of salmonid rDNA loci.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Ribosomal genes in Coregonid fishes (Coregonus lavaretus, C. albula and C. peled) (Salmonidae): single and multiple nucleolus organizer regions.

Major rDNA loci, i.e. nucleolus-organizing regions (NORs), were assigned using chromomycin-A3 (CMA3) staining followed by sequential silver (Ag) staining and in situ hybridization (ISH) with a rDNA probe to the chromosomes of the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), the peled (Coregonus peled) and the vendace (Coregonus albula), three closely related coregonine salmonid fishes. One pair of NOR-bearing chromosomes was found in the peled karyotype. Multichromosomal, but stable, locations of rDNA sites on three pairs of chromosomes were observed in the European whitefish karyotype. Multichromosomal polymorphic locations, both in site and number, were observed in the karyotype of the vendace. Several Ag-, CMA3- and ISH-positive regions were found which defined up to seven cytotypes of five NOR-bearing chromosomes. All positive Ag-NORs detected corresponded both to rDNA-ISH- and CMA3-positive signals, which suggests extensive structural polymorphism in the locations of rDNA sites. Stable NOR sites were found at the same location on both homologous elements of the chromosome no. 9 in all individuals, while the remaining NORs were quite variable between individuals, and often present in heterozygous condition. The apparently similar and parallel evolutionary rDNA differentiation patterns in the subfamilies Coregoninae and Salmoninae (family Salmonidae) are observed and discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Genetic lineages and postglacial colonization of grayling (Thymallus thymallus, Salmonidae) in Europe, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses.

In stark contrast to other species within the Salmonidae family, phylogeographic information on European grayling, Thymallus thymallus, is virtually nonexistent. In this paper, we utilized mitochondrial DNA polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (mtDNA PCR-RFLP) and sequence variation to infer the postglacial dispersal routes of T. thymallus into and within northern Europe, and to locate geographically, potential evolutionarily distinct populations. Mitochondrial analyses revealed a total of 27 T. thymallus haplotypes which clustered into three distinct lineages. Average pairwise interlineage divergence was four and nine times higher than average intralineage divergence for RFLP and sequence data, respectively. Two European grayling individuals from the easternmost sample in Russia exhibited haplotypes more genetically diverged from any T. thymallus haplotype than T. arcticus haplotype, and suggested that hybridization/introgression zone of these two sister species may extend much further west than previously thought. Geographic division of the lineages was generally very clear with northern Europe comprising of two genetically differentiated areas: (i) Finland, Estonia and north-western Russia; and (ii) central Germany, Poland and western Fennoscandia. Average interpopulation divergence in North European T. thymallus was 10 times higher than that observed in a recent mtDNA study of North American T. arcticus. We conclude that (i) North European T. thymallus populations have survived dramatic Pleistocene temperature oscillations and originate from ancient eastern and central European refugia; (ii) genetic divergence of population groups within northern Europe is substantial and geographically distinct; and (iii) the remainder of Europe harbours additional differentiated assemblages that likely descend from a Danubian refugium. These findings should provide useful information for developing appropriate conservation strategies for European grayling and exemplify a case with a clear need for multinational co-operation for managing and conserving biodiversity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Green fluorescent protein labeling of primordial germ cells using a nontransgenic method and its application for germ cell transplantation in salmonidae.

Transplanting primordial germ cells (PGCs) has a number of potential applications in fish bioengineering. Previously, we established a system to visualize live PGCs in the rainbow trout by introducing the green fluorescent protein (Gfp) gene driven by rainbow trout vasa gene regulatory regions. However, for PGC transplantation to be practically useful in aquaculture, visualization of PGCs using a nontransgenic technique is required. In this study, we demonstrate a method for labeling PGCs from various fish species by introducing chimeric RNAs composed of the Gfp coding region and vasa gene 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs); these sequences play a critical role in stabilizing mRNA in zebrafish PGCs. The GFP chimeric RNAs, including vasa 3'-UTR RNAs from rainbow trout, Nibe croaker, and zebrafish, were microinjected into the cytoplasm of fertilized eggs of several Salmonidae species. All the resulting embryos showed specific labeling in PGCs after the somatogenesis stage, which continued to be visible for at least 50 days. To apply this technique to PGC transplantation, PGCs labeled with chimeric RNA were microinjected into the peritoneal cavity of newly hatched salmonid embryos. The GFP labeling was sufficiently long-lived for the initial stage of donor PGC behavior to be followed in the recipient embryos. Importantly, donor PGCs from brown trout and masu salmon were incorporated into xenogeneic genital ridges in recipient rainbow trout. This nontransgenic method for labeling fish PGCs should be extremely useful for applications of PGC transplantation where the resulting progeny are to be released into the environment, such as PGC cryopreservation for fish stocks and surrogate brood stock technology.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1982

Biochemical polymorphisms in South African freshwater fish. Isoenzyme patterns in fish of the families Cyprinidae and Salmonidae.

Isoenzyme patterns were studied in local populations of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the bream (Sarotherodon mossambicus) of the Cyprinid family, and in the trout (Salmo giardneri) of the family Salmonidae. Homogenates of heart muscle extracts were used in the identification of PGI, NADP-IDH, PGM and 6-PGD. Polymorphisms found and gene frequencies obtained are discussed separately for each enzyme and species or population. In the bream, variation was found only at the PGI locus. In the carp only the PGM locus was polymorphic whereas both PGM and IDH showed variation in the trout. The variation at the PGM locus in the trout cannot support the three locus model suggested elsewhere and clearly indicates a single locus for the monomeric enzyme. The large variety of NADP-IDH types in trout not only illucidates the complexity of this locus but confirms a disomic mode of inheritance. Genetic differences in the trout populations could be related to possible advantages for management purposes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Microsporidiosis of Sakhalin Salmonidae: the incidence and dynamics of the infection].

Four-year summer observations have shown that G. takedai distribution in Salmonidae of Sakhalin is limited by the rivers entering the Aniva Bay. Maximum infection of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) amounts to 70-100%, that of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) to 9.0-45.6% and was recorded in September. Dynamics and possible ways of infection are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Helminths in trout (fam. Salmonidae) in freshwater reservoirs].

A survey is made of the helminths parasitizing in representatives of family Salmonidae caught mainly in the free fresh-water basins in the country. More detailed information and study concerned the American and the Balkan trout--Salmo irideus gairdneri and Salmo trutta m. fario respectively--because of their higher economic importance. In the course of the study some corrections were made of the names of some of the species in the light of the new data obtained concerning all helminths alreay mentioned in th literature. Salmo trutta m. fario was found to be the host of Crepidostomum metoecus, C. farionis, Nicolla skrjabini, N. wisniewski, N. testiobliqua, N. proavitum, Gyrodactylus truttae, Pomphorhynchus laevis, Acanthocephalus anguillae, Metechinorhynchus truttae, Cystidicoloides tennuissima, Cucullanus truttae, Rhabdochona hellihi, and Salmo irideus gairdneri was the host of Pseudochetosoma salmonicola, Gyrodactylus truttae, Contracaecumaduncum, Cystidicoloides tennussima, Rhabdochona hellihi, and Metechinorhinchus truttae. Pathogenic for S. t. m. fario proved the helminths Metechinorhynchus truttae and Pomphorhynchus laevis, and for S. gairdneri--Pseudochetosoma salmonicola, Contracaecum aduncum, and metechinorhynchus truttae. No helminths hazardous for humans were found in these trout species.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Histones of Salmonidae fishes. Comparative study of histones from different species and intraspecies variability of Oncorhynchus nerka H1].

The comparative electrophoretic properties of erythrocyte histones from 7 Salmonidae species were investigated. Using Na-SDS gel electrophoresis, it was shown that all the species studied possess the erythrocyte-specific fraction of histone H5. High resolution gel electrophoresis in acetic acid--urea gels demonstrated differences in the subfractional composition of histone H1 from erythrocytes and liver of O. nerka. The analysis of the sample of 40 individuals from the same population revealed the existence of intraspecies polymorphism in histone H1 subfractional composition.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Restriction analysis of the mitochondrial genome of Salmonid fishes of the family Salmonidae].

Based on comparative restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA, genetic divergence between 11 species belonging to four genera of the family Salmonidae was estimated. About 2% of the mitochondrial genome (304 np) was examined using 16 restrictases that recognize 6-nucleotide sites. Nucleotide difference estimates ranged from 0-5.17 +/- 1.07% in chars of the genus Salvelinus to 2.05 +/- 0.71%-8.64 +/- 1.14% in the Pacific salmon species of the genus Oncorhynchus. The greatest divergence was found between the genera Oncorhynchus and Parahucho (9.42 +/- 1.31%-13.08 +/- 1.24%), and between Oncorhynchus and Salvelinus (12.50 +/- 1.00%). The divergence between the Pacific salmon and trout species was equal to 8.17 +/- 1.17. The generic status of Parahucho and Parasalmo is confirmed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evolution of Hox clusters in Salmonidae: a comparative analysis between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

We studied the genomic organization of Hox genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and made comparisons to that in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), another member of the family Salmonidae. We used these two species to test the hypothesis that the Hox genes would provide evidence for a fourth round of duplication (4R) of this gene family given the recent polyploid ancestry of the salmonid fish. Thirteen putative Hox clusters were identified and 10 of these complexes were localized to the current Atlantic salmon genetic map. Syntenic regions with the rainbow trout linkage map were detected and further homologies and homeologies are suggested. We propose that the common ancestor of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout possessed at least 14 clusters of Hox genes, and additional clusters cannot be ruled out. Salmonid Hox cluster complements seem to be more similar to those of zebrafish (Danio rerio) than medaka (Oryzias latipes) or pufferfish (Sphoeroides nephelus and Takifugu rubripes), as both Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout have retained HoxCb ortholog, which has been lost in medaka and pufferfish but not in zebrafish. However, our data suggest that phylogenetically, the homologous genes within each cluster express mosaic relationships among the teleosts tested and, thus, leave unresolved the interfamilial relationships among these taxa.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evidence for historical introgression along a contact zone between two species of char (Pisces: Salmonidae) in northwestern North America.

Phylogeographic analyses can yield valuable insights into the geographic and historical contexts of contact and hybridization between taxa. Two species of char (Salmonidae), Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) and bull trout (S. confluentus) have largely parapatric distributions in watersheds of northwestern North America. They are, however, sympatric in several localities and hybridization and some introgression occurs across a broad area of contact. We conducted a comparative phylogenetic analysis of Dolly Varden and bull trout to gain a historical perspective of hybridization between these species and to test for footprints of historical introgression. We resolved two major Dolly Varden mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clades (with 1.4-2.2% sequence divergence between haplotypes) that had different geographical distributions. Clade N is distributed across most of the range of Dolly Varden, from southern British Columbia through to the Kuril Islands in Asia. Clade S had a much more limited distribution, from Washington state, at the southern limit of the Dolly Varden range, to the middle of Vancouver Island. The distribution and inferred ages of the mtDNA clades suggested that Dolly Varden survived the Wisconsinan glaciation in a previously unsuspected refuge south of the ice sheet, and that Dolly Varden and bull trout were probably in continuous contact over most of the last 100,000 years. When bull trout were included in the phylogenetic analysis, however, the mtDNA of neither species was monophyletic: Clade S Dolly Varden clustered within the bull trout mtDNA clade. This pattern was discordant with two nuclear phylogenies produced (growth hormone 2 and rRNA internal transcribed sequence 1), in which Dolly Varden and bull trout were reciprocally monophyletic. This discordance between mtDNA- and nDNA-based phylogenies indicates that historical introgression of bull trout mtDNA into Dolly Varden occurred. Percent sequence divergence within these introgressed Dolly Varden (clade S) was 0.2-0.6%, implying that the introgression occurred prior to the most recent glaciation. Our analysis and other evidence of contact between divergent lineages in northwestern North America strongly suggests that the area may be the site of previously unsuspected suture zones of aquatic biotas.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The influence of history and contemporary stream hydrology on the evolution of genetic diversity within species: an examination of microsatellite DNA variation in bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus (Pisces: Salmonidae).

An understanding of the relative roles of historical and contemporary factors in structuring genetic variation is a fundamental, but understudied aspect of geographic variation. We examined geographic variation in microsatellite DNA allele frequencies in bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus, Salmonidae) to test hypotheses concerning the relative roles of postglacial dispersal (historical) and current landscape features (contemporary) in structuring genetic variability and population differentiation. Bull trout exhibit relatively low intrapopulation microsatellite variation (average of 1.9 alleles per locus, average He = 0.24), but high levels of interpopulation divergence (F(ST) = 0.39). We found evidence of historical influences on microsatellite variation in the form of a decrease in the number of alleles and heterozygosities in populations on the periphery of the range relative to populations closer to putative glacial refugia. In addition, one region of British Columbia that was colonized later during deglaciation and by more indirect watershed connections showed less developed and more variable patterns of isolation by distance than a similar region colonized earlier and more directly from refugia. Current spatial and drainage interconnectedness among sites and the presence of migration barriers (falls and cascades) within individual streams were found to be important contemporary factors influencing historical patterns of genetic variability and interpopulation divergence. Our work illustrates the limited utility of equilibrium models to delineate population structure and patterns of genetic diversity in recently founded populations or those inhabiting highly heterogeneous environments, and it highlights the need for approaches incorporating a landscape context for population divergence. Substantial microsatellite DNA divergence among bull trout populations may also signal divergence in traits important to population persistence in specific environments.

Alberta↗
PubMed2002

Distribution and molecular evolution of rhamnose-binding lectins in Salmonidae: isolation and characterization of two lectins from white-spotted Charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) eggs.

L-Rhamnose-binding lectins were isolated from white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) eggs to understand the distribution and molecular evolution of the lectins in Salmonidae. Only two L-rhamnose-binding lectins, named WCL1 and WCL3, were isolated from white-spotted charr eggs, though three lectins, named STL1, STL2, and STL3, had been obtained from steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs. The cDNAs of WCL1 and WCL3 included 1,245 and 838 bp nucleotides with open reading frames of 933 and 651 nucleotides, respectively, and encoded for the complete amino acid sequences of mature proteins consisted of 288 (WCL1) and 195 (WCL3) residues, and signal sequences of 23 and 22 residues, respectively. WCLs were composed of three (for WCL1) or two (for WCL3) tandemly repeated homologous domains, which consisted of about 95 amino acid residues, and showed 91 and 93% sequence identities to STL1 and STL3, respectively. The mRNAs of WCL1 and WCL3 were detected exclusively in liver and ovary, respectively, however, neither a protein nor mRNA corresponding to STL2 could be identified in white-spotted charr. The phylogenetic tree of the sequences encoding carbohydrate recognition domains of 7 lectins from 4 species shows 5 functional clusters and their evolutional process. These results indicate that multiple L-rhamnose-binding isolectins have diverged by gene duplication and exon shuffling to play various biological roles in each species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗