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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Effect of salmon calcitonin on renal excretion of adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate in man.

Intravenous infusion of salmon calcitonin in six healthy subjects produced an increase in the plasma levels and urinary excretion of cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP clearance diminished but remained higher than inulin clearance. Salmon calcitonin was also infused in six hypertensive patients with normal glomerular filtration rate. Arterial and renal venous plasma concentration of cyclic AMP were clearly raised. The difference between both these concentrations was not significant in the control periods but became marked during the treatment and post treatment periods demonstrating a net extraction of cyclic AMP from plasma by the kidneys. Renal extraction of cyclic AMP was lower than its urinary excretion in the control periods whereas it was clearly higher after salmon calcitonin was given. This shows that salmon calcitonin stimulates the production of cyclic AMP in extra-renal tissues and that the excess of cyclic AMP formed is catabolized by the kidneys.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[The hypocalcemia test, using human and salmon synthetic calcitonins. Paradoxical hypercalcemic responses. Responses in patients with Paget's disease treated with EHDP].

The hypercalcemia observed during the acute calcitonin test reflects the size and the activity of the osteoclastic population throughout the entire skeleton. Several calcitonins of animal origin (pork, salmon) have already been used for this test in human pathology, but the results can be flawed by the presence of anti-calcitonin antibodies. The authors demonstrate that human synthetic anti-calcitonin in man has a hypocalcemia effect identical to salmon synthetic calcitonin, with an equipotential dose for the rat. The systematic study of acute salmon calcitonin in various osteopathies makes it possible to note a certain number of paradoxical responses with prolonged hypercalcemia in the hours following injection. This is observed especially in the "hyperosteoidosis states" and the authors attempt to give it a physiopathological explanation. Finally, the acute salmon calcitonin test can be used as a mean of surveillance of the anti-osteoclastic activity of the disphosphonates in the treatment of Paget's disease.

Calcitonin↗
PubMed1976

Effects of synthetic salmon calcitonin on gastric secretion and ulcer formation in conscious cats and rats.

In conscious and unrestrained cats the gastric secretion and ulcer formation induced by i.v. infusion of pentagastrin can be inhibited by synthetic salmon calcitonin given simultaneously. The volume and various constituents of gastric juice are proportionally diminished. Pepsin alone is definitely more inhibited, which may be of significance in respect to the mode of action of calcitonin. These effects are dose dependent in the range of 0.01 mug - 1.0 mug/kg/h salmon calcitonin, corresponding to 0.05 - 5.0 MRC units. Based on the finding that such minute doses have effects, it may be speculated that calcitonin has a regulatory function in gastric secretion of cats. In Shay-rats a dose dependent inhibitory effect of salmon calcitonin on ulcer formation and gastric secretion is demonstrated. Besides the volume, the acid concentration of gastric juice is reduced, which may explain the high efficacy of salmon calcitonin to prevent ulcer formation in this species. Ulcerations induced by pylorus ligation, stress and phenylbutazone can be inhibited to a similar degree by calcitonin, suggesting interference with a basal mechanism common to all three types of ulcerogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The use of glycol methacrylate embedding for studies of chromatin distribution and fine structure in salmon spermatid nuclei.

Glycol methacrylate has been used as an embedding medium for studies of spermiogenesis in the salmon. DNA and basic proteins are shown to stain with the same specificity in thick (0.5-1.0 mu) sections of GMA-embedded salmon testes as in sections of comparably fixed, paraffin-embedded testes. Stain can be localized far more precisely in GMA sections than in paraffin sections due to the thinness of the sections and to the excellent structural preservation of nuclei. In addition, ultra-thin sections of GMA-embedded salmon testes can be observed with the electron microscope, and this permits exact correlation between nuclear fine structure and chemical composition in consecutive sections of the same nuclei.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Ultrastructure of the thyroid gland in goitered coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).

Thyroid tissues in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) goiters showed marked regional variation in structure and ultrastructure. For the most part the follicles were small, were composed of tall epithelial cells, and contained little or no colloid material. The follicle epithelial cells were essentially similar in fine structure to hyperactive thyroids in mammals and one type of follicle in congenital goiters in humans. A second type of follicle, present in human goiters, was not found in coho salmon. The follicle cells in coho salmon contained dense bodies similar to lysosomes in other species, together with larger organelles which could be colloid droplets. There was also an extensive system of dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and large areas of Golgi membranes. A marked feature was the presence of homogeneous belectron-dense material in the intercellular spaces between adjacent follicle cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Antibodies reacting with salmon and human protamines in sera from infertile men and from vasectomized men and monkeys.

A micro-complement fixation test was modified for the detection of low-titred antibodies to protamines. Specific immunological reactions with salmon protamine were found with some sera obtained from infertile men and vasectomized men and monkeys. The possibilities that allergic reactions, observed in patients receiving salmon protamine, result from immunity to the fish protamine and from immunological cross-reaction between human and salmon protamines (in cases where auto-immunity to human protamine has developed prior to the administration of fish protamine) are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Furosemide, mithramycin, and salmon calcitonin in hypercalcemia.

Twenty-nine patients with acute hypercalcemia secondary to carcinoma, myeloma and parathyroid adenoma have been treated with large doses of furosemide, mithramycin, or salmon calcitonin perfusion. With furosemide administration the treatment was successful in 6 of 10 patients. Furosemide was injected intravenously at the rate of 125 mg every 3 hours. With mithramycin perfusion only 2 of 8 patients have a return of the serum calcium levels to normal. With salmon thyrocalcitonin 3 of 10 patients obtained a good result. It can be interesting to suggest the association of furosemide and salmon calcitonin infusion to treat hypercalcemia of myeloma.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1978

Enolase isozymes in Coho salmon.

1. Analysis of the enolase isozymic distribution has been performed in tissues of the Coho salmon, using electrophoretic separation on cellulose acetate strips followed by localization of enzymatic activity. 2. A total of six electrophoretically distinct forms are seen in Coho salmon in patterns that differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from one tissue to another. 3. The isozymes in skeletal muscle and liver are sufficiently similar to one another that a purification procedure previously developed for trout muscle enolase by Cory & Wold (1966) can be used to partially purify enolase from either of the above-mentioned Coho tissues. The main form of enolase in Coho muscle has an isoelectric point of 7.57. 4. Both liver and skeletal muscle enolases can be reversibly denatured in guanidine HCl and subsequently renatured. Liver enolase appeared to renature somewhat faster than muscle enolase under the same conditions. 5. While polyploidy among salmonids may contribute to the complexity of enolase patterns in fish, the differences in isozymic patterns seen from one tissue to another indicate the presence of distinct, nonallelic genes, probably arising through gene duplication.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Influence of dietary lipid on lipogenic enzyme activities in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum).

Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), 8 to 18 months of age, were maintained in culture tanks and were fed three semipurified diets. The diets contained 40% of energy from protein and 11.5%, 23%, or 46% of energy from lipid. The body weight gain and food conversion factors were similar among groups of fish fed the diets in each of the three experiments. Wet weight of mesenteric adipose tissue increased with increased amount of lipid in the diet; however, epaxial muscle lipid content was not influenced by the lipid content of the diet. Several hepatic and adipose tissue lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthetase, citrate cleavage enzyme, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase) were assayed. These lipogenic enzymes exhibited high activities in liver and relatively low concentration in adipose tissue of the fish. The activities of all the hepatic lipogenic enzymes assayed, except for NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, were depressed as the level of lipid in the diet was increased; however, the activities of these enzymes in mesenteric adipose tissue were not influenced by the diets fed. The results of this study indicate that dietary lipid depresses hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities and that the liver may be a more important site for fatty acid synthesis than is adipose tissue in coho salmon.

ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase↗
PubMed2026

Impaired adaptation to smoke-derived phenolic compounds in Listeria monocytogenes CC204 from smoked salmon and trout.

Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen in ready-to-eat smoked fish products. This study evaluated whether clonal complex affiliation contributes to variability in growth responses to stresses representative of smoked salmon and trout processing. Ten strains were studied, including strains from CC121, CC26 and CC204, the three major clonal complexes reported in the French smoked salmon and trout sectors, together with the EGDe reference strain. Strains were exposed to salt, cold, smoke-derived phenolic compounds and combined stress conditions. Growth responses were compared with whole-genome-based phylogeny, and the impaired phenotype observed under phenolic exposure was further investigated using viable counts, live/dead microscopy and comparative genomics. Growth profiles were partly structured by clonal complex, with strains from the same clonal complex showing similar behaviour across stress conditions. Salt and cold reduced growth globally, while smoke-derived phenolic compounds were the most discriminating conditions. CC204 strains showed markedly lower growth rates under phenolic exposure than CC121, CC26 and EGDe. This phenotype was not associated with loss of cultivability or significant loss of membrane integrity. Comparative genomics did not identify a clear gene-content determinant explaining the CC204 phenotype. These results suggest that CC204 has an impaired adaptive response to smoke-derived compounds, likely involving regulatory or physiological mechanisms.

Listeria monocytogenes↗
PubMed1975

Fish gonadotropin(s). II. Isolation of gonadotropin(s) from chum salmon pituitary glands using affinity chromatography.

A highly purified gonadotropic hormone preparation has been obtained from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) pituitaries by extraction with ethanolic or aqueous buffer, affinity chromatography on Con A Sepharose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine. A purified fraction from Sephadex G-75 averaged 448 mug NIH-LH-S18/mg glycoprotein as measured by the uptake of radiophosphate into chick testes. A total of 1.1 g of salmon gonadotropin (s) (SG)/kg fresh tissue was recovered when the isolation began with an aqueous extraction. Analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (P.A.G.E.) of the purified fraction from Sephadex G-75 displayed a single broad zone in non-dissociating conditions and two bands in 8 M urea. Polyacrylamide gel electrofocusing yielded six sharp bands with an isoelectric point range of 4.38 to 5.05, and four bands with an isoelectric point range of 4.31 to 4.95 in 8 M urea. A molecular weight of 41,000 was determined by gel filtration. A subunit molecular weight of 17,800 +/- 10% was found by P.A.G.E. in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), suggesting that native SG consists of two subunits. Purified preparations were highly stable in Tris-Cl buffers and retained their activity for several months when stored at -73 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Calcitonin in the ultimobrancial body of Anguilla (Anguilla anguilla L.): cytologic localization by indirect immunofluorescence using human anti-salmon-calcitonin antibodies].

The localization of intracellular calcitonin has been achieved by immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm of all cells forming the epithelium of the ultimobranchial body of eels, using a human antiserum against synthetic Salmon calcitonin I. The specificity of the reaction is demonstrated by inhibition with synthetic salmon calcitonin (S.C.T.); the fluorescence is not inhibited by synthetic human calcitonin (H.C.T.).

Anguilla↗
PubMed2025

Large Haplotypes Linked to Climate and Life History Variation in Divergent Lineages of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar).

Advances in sequencing are revealing that linked genomic architectures, enabling the evolution of co-adapted alleles at multiple loci, often shape complex phenotypes. Several recent studies have identified such architectures (e.g., chromosomal rearrangements and supergenes) contributing to adaptation or divergence across diverse species, from plants to mammals. Specifically, within Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ), genomic studies are revealing large haplotypes and structural variants that may underpin local adaptation in the species. Using data from > 4000 individuals from 134 locations spanning the North Atlantic Ocean, we identify a large (~3 Mbp) genomic region on Ssa18 showing patterns of differentiation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) indicative of a large haplotype block containing three divergent haplotypes (herein A, B and C haplotypes). In Europe, haplotypes A and B were common, whereas A and C were more common within North America, suggesting a shared 'ancestral' A haplotype, with different continent-specific alternative haplotypes. Data support independent origins of divergent haplotypes in each continent, as well as signals of trans-oceanic introgression of haplotypes. Haplotype frequency is strongly associated with latitude, climate and life history (smolt age); however, the strength and direction of these relationships vary across continents. Overall, our analyses were consistent with other studies that identify chromosomal rearrangements; however, long-read sequence data did not find evidence of a structural variant, and instead an ancestral fusion may explain the formation and maintenance of the observed haplotypes. Our study contributes to ongoing efforts to understand the evolutionary role of linked genomic architecture in Atlantic salmon and its significance in salmonid diversification.

Climate Change↗
PubMed1976

[Renal production and excretion of AMPc after intravenous infusion of salmon calcitonin in man].

Intravenous infusion of salmon calcitonin in man produced an increase in the plasma levels and urinary excretion of cyclic AMP. This study demonstrates a net extraction of cyclic AMP from plasma by the kidneys but salmon calcitonin does not act only on the kidney and stimulates the production of cyclic AMP in extra renal tissues. The excess of cyclic AMP formed is catabolized by the kidneys.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Does salmon calcitonin influence the motility of the human gastrointestinal tract? An electromanometric and endoscopic study.

The effect of salmon calcitonin--as a relatively high dose of 25 mug by single iv. injection--upon the basal and metoclopramide-stimulated motility phenomena of the stomach and proximal duodenum as well as upon the unstimulated colon and rectosigmoid was evaluated in 12 subjects without gastrointestinal disease by quantitative electromanometric measurements performed for one hour with the aid of fluid-filled micro-balloon-catheter-systems. Additionally, in 9 subjects the reaction of the cardia, stomach, pylorus and proximal duodenum upon the same dose of the hormone was observed endoscopically for 30 minutes. Under the conditions of our study there was no evidence to be obtained for any measurable or visible effect of salmon calcitonin upon the tonus and motility of the smooth muscle organs of the human gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Gonadotropic cells in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. An experimental immunocytological, electron miscroscopical study.

The gonadotropin-producing cells (GTH-cells) in the Atlantic salmon were studied light and electron microscopically before, during and after spawning, and after injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). The double immunofluorescent technique was applied using rabbit anti-carp GTH as the first antibody. Numerous immunofluorescent cells were observed throughout the pars distalis, but very few in the pars intermedia. These cells are basophilic and PAS-positive, and ultrastructurally classified as globular gonadotropes. Only one gonadotropic cell type could be identified; its size, morphology and fine structure vary considerably. In the same specimen the GTH-cells can be predominantly globular or vesicular in appearance, depending on the reproductive phase of the fish. At spawning and after LH-RH injection, many GTH-cells reach a vacuolar stage; the content of the vacuoles is not immunofluorescent. Another cell type, which resembles GTH-cells in semi-thin sections, did not show gonadotropic properties; its nature and functional significance are unknown. In addition, the present study revealed an increase in the synthetic and exocytotic activity of prolactin cells after LH-RH injections. It is suggested that LH-RH mediates this effect via LH and eventually via estradiol.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Comparisons of Methods for Mucus Sampling and Mucin Semi-Quantification on Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Epithelial Sites.

Fish epithelial surfaces are covered by a mucus layer. The highly glycosylated proteins called mucins are a main component of the mucus, which also contains a range of antibacterial enzymes, proteins, and peptides of importance for its protective properties. Here, we compared the practicality and yield of mucus harvesting from barramundi and Atlantic salmon epithelial sites using glass slide, swab, Super·SAL™ and whole tissue extract. We also compared the feasibility of using the orcinol assay, a glycan-on-membrane assay, and absorbance at 230 nm in combination with standard curves of pig gastric mucin to estimate the mucin concentration. Glycomics demonstrated that non-amine hexose content differed more between fish and tissues than terminal monosaccharides with cis-hydroxy groups, and that non-mucin molecules had a major impact on the A230-based results, making the glycan-on-membrane assay the most versatile method for estimating mucin concentration. We conclude that the most versatile tool for mucus harvesting was swabs, allowing for sufficient amounts of sample to be harvested with relative ease and low levels of contamination from the oral cavity, gill, skin, and intestine. Furthermore, the glycan-on-membrane assay was useful for measuring mucus concentration, and it was beneficial to estimate both sample concentration and purity by comparing samples at relatively similar concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Biological and immunological properties of tritiated salmon calcitonin.

Tritiated salmon calcitonin was prepared by methylation of the free amino groups using tritiated sodium borohydride as precursor. Specific radioactivity was measured in competitive inhibition studies with specific anticalcitonin antibodies or tubular membranes as binding sites for calcitonin. The value observed, approx. 4 Ci/mmol, corresponded to methylation of one third of the available N-H bonds. Tritiated calcitonin prepared in this way retained full biological activity as assessed in vitro by stimulation of adenylate cyclase and in vivo by rat bioassay. Tritiated calcitonin specifically bound to isolated renal cells and nonspecific binding did not exceed 10% of total binding. Equilibrium was obtained after 15 min incubation. The hormone-receptor complex could be dissociated in the presence of an excess of unlabelled calcitonin. This data shows that tritiated calcitonin can be used in metabolic and receptor studies.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗