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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1980

The fine surface structure and composition of salivary calculi.

Salivary calculi were formed by a laminated mixture of inorganic and organic substancs. However, there was no regular pattern for the growth of stones, as laminal thickness and the arrangement of the laminal component were not uniform. Finger-like radial projections, longitudinal pavements or amorphous structures were seen on the fractured surface of the calculi. No inert foreign body or microorganism was found in the calculi. There were two modes of formation in calculous nucleus, one developed by maturation of a primitive core, the other formed in homogenous mineral mass. X-ray microanalysis proved that most salivary calculi contained chemical elements such as calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, sulfur, manganese, chromium and aluminum. As far as we have examined, these elements were distributed with almost equal density throughout the calculus.

Calcium Carbonate↗
PubMed1992

[Salivary calculi].

Salivary calculi are frequent and revealed by very painful signs, which need an urgent therapy. These calculi are more often localized in the submaxillary gland, sometimes in the parotid gland, and unfrequently in the sublingual glands. Their clinical signs include an increased volume of the gland (salivary hernia), pain of infectious complication. Diagnosis is confirmed by standard x-ray and sialography, which also predicate the localization of the calculi. The treatment is symptomatic including antispasmodic, sympatholytic and parasympathomimetic drugs and washings of the canal with antibiotic solutions. After few months of this treatment, the surgical treatment is indicated if the calculi stays in the canal. Depending on the localization of the calculi, the access way will be either endobuccal or external.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

[Microanalysis of salivary calculi].

Eight salivary calculi were sectioned along a plane of symmetry and the sections studied by microanalysis. Three different regions were observed: a central region with one or several strongly mineralized nuclei, a stratified, less mineralized region with a lower Ca/P ratio and finally a peripheral weakly calcified region. Although inclusions with high silicium or sulfur concentrations were found in all samples, their role in the genesis of calculus is not clear. Most often filamentous mineralized bacteria were observed by scanning electron microscopy on the external stone surface.

Microscopy, Electron, Scanning↗
PubMed1989

Structural analysis of phleboliths and salivary calculi.

Three phleboliths and ten salivary calculi in the submandibular duct were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computer aided microanalyser (CMA). The surface of the phleboliths was rather even with some irregularity. According to their surface structure the salivary calculi were divided into three types: the rock-like type, the granular type, and the globular type. The phleboliths were classified into two types according to their cut surface: the calcified-core type, and the uncalcified-core type. The core structure was similar to the surface structure in the calcified-core type of phleboliths, but in the salivary calculi the core structure was different from the surface structure in that the cut surface of the core was an accumulation of circular or polygonal structures forming a honey-comb pattern which was surrounded by small projections distributed radially. On the basis of these results some etiological factors of phleboliths and salivary calculi are discussed.

Electron Probe Microanalysis↗
PubMed2001

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for salivary calculi in pediatric patients.

Salivary gland lithiasis is uncommon in pediatric patients. Color Doppler ultrasonography (US) enables an accurate diagnosis of lithiasis to be made without exposure to the radiation of traditional imaging techniques. The development of minimally invasive techniques in the ENT field has made salivary lithotripsy a feasible alternative to traditional invasive surgery. The safety and efficacy of shock wave lithotripsy for salivary calculi were evaluated in pediatric patients. Seven children (5 males; age 4-15 years) with single calculi (mean diameter 4.4 mm) of the submandibular (n = 4) and parotid glands (n = 3) underwent extracorporeal electromagnetic shock wave lithotripsy (EESWL). In four cases the stone was intraductal (two submandibular and two parotideal) and in the remaining three cases it was intraparenchymal (two submandibular and one parotideal). In one case sedative anesthesia was performed. The mean number of therapeutic sessions was five. Patients were followed up clinically and with US for 6-72 months (mean 32 months). Complete disintegration of the calculi was achieved in five cases while in two cases a residual fragment < 2 mm in diameter was observed. None of the patients had recurrence of calculi in the treated gland. Mild self-limited adverse effects (pain, swelling of the gland, self-limiting bleeding from the duct, cutaneous petechiae) were observed in four cases. Our data suggest that EESWL is effective, safe and well tolerated; the minimal invasiveness of the technique suggests that EESWL should be used as the primary approach to salivary calculi in pediatric patients. The continuous US monitoring enables the efficacy of EESWL to be evaluated during both treatment and follow-up, with only slight discomfort for the pediatric patient.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Ultrastructure of salivary calculi.

Twenty-one submandibular salivary calculi from 19 patients were examined with the light and electron microscope. Adjacent to the peripheral parts of the calculi metaplastic squamous epithelium or connective tissue was seen in close contact to the mineralized matrix. Disintegrated cellular substances from these tissue components were in some cases found to condense in a peripherally located zone of the salivary calculi. The morphology of the examined salivary calculi varied extensively not only within each calculus but also from one calculus to another. High and low incidence of crystals gave rise to the lamellated pattern. In some cases the crystals were so abundant as to five a dense homogeneous appearance. In the central parts of the calculi spheroid bodies of very low electron density with a size ranging from 1 to 100micrometer were found in an amorphous matrix. The origin of these structures is discussed. In the peripheral parts of some calculi osmiophilic spherical bodies with an electron microscopical appearance similar to lipid granules as well as bacteria of cocci or coliform type were found. Degenerated bacteria might in some cases contribute in forming part of the peripheral organic matrix.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Morphology of salivary calculi. The distribution of the inorganic component.

Different hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of salivary calculi have been postulated on the basis of their morphology. In the present study, microradiography of plane-polished ground sections of a number of salivary calculi has shown that the morphology of salivary calculi varies considerably. The commonly accepted concept that salivary calculi emanate from an inorganic nucleus, which then successively grows by the apposition of alternating shells of organic and inorganic substances, could not be established by this study, as the microradiographs show that the distribution of mineral elements varied extensively from one calculus to another. Thus, whereas some calculi exhibited a lamellar structure, others consisted largely of homogeneous, irregular layers of alternatively high and low mineral content. The lamellar structure also showed great variation, extending in some cases over the entire diameter of the calculus. Some calculi lacked the lamination in their peripheral parts whereas, in others, lamination occurred only in the most peripheral zone. The structure of the central portions also showed a varied configuration. The calculi were often built up around one or more mineralized nuclei, often centrally located, while in some cases a mineralized nucleus was lacking. This report discusses some of the significant factors in the great variation in morphological features and therefore also in the pathogenesis of salivary calculi.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

[An electron paramagnetic resonance study of 4 salivary calculi treated in an ionized oxygen atmosphere].

Four salivary calculi and synthetically prepared hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and B-type carbonated fluorapatite or hydroxyapatite were treated under excited oxygen atmosphere. All these samples were studied by Electron Spin Resonance at 100 K. The presence of paramagnetic ozonide ions was observed only in the salivary calculi and in the hydroxyapatite. This indicates that the dominant apatite phase in salivary calculi is weakly carbonated hydroxyapatite.

Apatites↗