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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Decreased DNA repair activity in sunburn cells. A possible pathogenetic factor of the epidermal sunburn reaction.

The pathogenesis of the formation of sunburn cells is unknown. Based on autoradiographic methods the unscheduled DNA repair synthesis of UV-induced thymin dimers was investigated in vivo in sunburn cells and in irradiated but histologically normal stratum spinosum cells. The results show a significant lower number of sparsly labeled cells in the sunburn cell-population (13.2 +/- 2.5; mean) when compared to the population of normal stratum spinosum cells (57.8 +/- 7.5; mean). These data indicate that the population of those epidermal cells, which become manifest as sunburn cells 24 h after UV exposure exhibit a reduced DNA repair of UV induced thymine dimers immediately after UV irradiation. Nuclear factors thus seem to play at least some role in the origin of sunburn cells.

DNA Repair↗
PubMed2005

Sunburn related to UV radiation exposure, age, sex, occupation, and sun bed use based on time-stamped personal dosimetry and sun behavior diaries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess when sunburn occurs and who experiences sunburn by personal UV dosimetry and diaries. DESIGN: Open prospective observational study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 340 Danish volunteers: children, adolescents, indoor workers, sun worshippers, golfers, and gardeners (age range, 4-68 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects recorded sunburn and sun-exposure behavior in diaries and carried personal, electronic, wristwatch UV radiation (UVR) dosimeters that measured time-stamped UVR doses continuously for a median of 119 days covering 346 sun-years (1 sun-year equals 1 subject participating during 1 summer half-year). RESULTS: A typical sunburn day was a day off work (91%; odds ratio, 4.1) with risk behavior (sunbathing/exposing shoulders) (79%; odds ratio, 15.9) in May, June, or July (90%) for 6.4 exposure hours (interquartile range, 5-7.7 hours), of which 2.8 hours fell between noon and 3 pm. Subjects had a median of 1 sunburn per sun-year; adolescents, sun worshippers, and indoor workers had more than children, golfers, and gardeners (P<.05). Sunburn peaked at age 20 years, and female subjects had more sunburns than male subjects (P<.01). Skin type IV had fewer sunburns than types I through III (P<.01). Sunburned persons had more risk-behavior days and lower skin type (P<.01) than nonsunburned persons. The median UVR doses received were significantly higher on sunburn days than on nonsunburn days with risk behavior (P<.01). There was a significant correlation between sunburn size and severity; sunburn and sunscreen use; and sunburn and sun-bed use (P<.01 for all 3 comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Sunburn was highly correlated with risk behavior. Reduction of risk-behavior days and/or exposure hours around noon can reduce sunburn. Sunburn was not found during breaks on normal full-time indoor work or school days.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlates of sunburn experiences among U.S. adults: results of the 2000 National Health Interview Survey.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of sunburns in the U.S. adult population and the correlates of sunburns. METHODS: Data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey Cancer Control Module were used to calculate the number of sunburns (0, 1, 2, or > or = 3) experienced during the past year by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and skin sensitivity to sun exposure. The relationship between no sunburns vs. one or more sunburns and additional demographic, health, and behavioral factors for adults who self-identify as white Hispanic or white non-Hispanic was assessed using general linear contrasts. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was conducted to determine the most important covariates associated with sunburns. All analyses were weighted for the complex sampling design. RESULTS: The study data suggest that overall, 18.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.9, 19.1) of U.S. adults experience one sunburn a year, 9.7% (95% CI 9.3, 10.1) experience two, and 8.0% (95% CI 7.6, 8.4) experience > or = 3 sunburns. The data also indicate that adults who self-identify as white non-Hispanic experience sunburns more frequently than (in order of prevalence) those who identify as American Indian/Alaska Native, white Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, or black. Sunburns were found to be more common among men than among women, more common among younger age groups than among older age groups, and more common among those with skin more prone to sunburn than among those with skin less prone to sunburn. Among individuals who self-identify as white Hispanic or white non-Hispanic, protective behaviors associated with lower rates of one or more sunburns in multivariate analyses are staying in the shade (odds ratio [OR] 0.73, 95% CI 0.66, 0.80) and wearing long-sleeved shirts (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75, 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Many American adults have one or more sunburns per year. Methods to protect from sun exposure may not be used as needed to prevent sunburn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The economic impact of acute sunburn.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the economic impact of sunburn in a beachgoing population during the summer. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Galveston, Tex, beachfront. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 56 sunburned beachgoers. Intervention None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Days of work lost as a result of sunburn in the previous year. RESULTS: Thirty-eight respondents (68%) reported painful sunburn. Sunscreen use did not prevent painful sunburn (23/38 [60%]). Those consuming alcohol at the beach had more severe sunburns than nondrinkers and had a higher frequency of analgesic use after sunburn (69% vs 26%, P =.007). Five men (5/18 [28%]) and 4 women (4/38 [10%]) missed a total of 9 and 8 days of work, respectively, because of sunburn within the prior year. Based on these findings and attendant assumptions, it is estimated that sunburn may account for as many as 92 720 lost workdays by Galveston beachgoers each year. The annual economic impact for lost work and treatment may exceed $10 million. CONCLUSION: Sunburn is a costly and preventable skin injury.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2001

Predictors of sunburn among Canadian adults.

BACKGROUND: Data from the 1996 National Survey on Sun Exposure & Protective Behaviors (4,023 respondents) were analyzed to identify independent predictors of sunburn among adult Canadians. METHODS: Multivariate models predicting sunburn odds were developed using unconditional logistic regression. Backward elimination model selection was used to identify independent predictors of sunburn. RESULTS: Nonbehavioral characteristics found to predict sunburn were younger age, male sex, light skin color, nonblack hair color, and birthplace in North America or Europe. Behavioral predictors of sunburn included high awareness of the UV Index, working outdoors in the summer, longer leisure time in the sun, forgetfulness about protecting oneself from the sun, and seeking a tan. Sun avoidance between 11 AM and 4 PM was associated with lower odds of sunburn, while seeking shade when outside and use of protective clothing showed nonsignificant associations with lower sunburn odds. Sunscreen use was found to have a nonsignificant positive association with sunburn. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight risk factors to be considered in the targeting of sunburn reduction strategies to high-risk groups and suggest that sun avoidance, seeking shade, and use of protective clothing may be effective in preventing sunburn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The epidemiology of sunburn in the US population in 2003.

BACKGROUND: Sunburn is a major preventable risk factor for skin cancer. OBJECTIVE: We investigated risk factors for sunburn in the United States based on the 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. DESIGN AND METHODS: A random sample of 207,776 respondents provided data for the population-based survey. The main outcome measure was any report of sunburn within the previous 12 months. RESULTS: Overall, 39% of respondents had at least one sunburn. The strongest factors associated with sunburn were age and socioeconomic factors. Sunburn prevalence was greatest in respondents 18 to 24 years old (61%). This group was more likely to have a sunburn than respondents 45 to 54 years of age (odds ratio [OR] = 2.76). Higher income and higher levels of education were positively associated with sunburn (OR 1.67 and 1.63, respectively). Individuals reporting recent binge drinking had a higher prevalence of sunburn (OR = 1.33). LIMITATIONS: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System does not include data on skin type or sun protection behavior; therefore the impact of these factors was not assessed. CONCLUSION: Sunburn occurs at a very high rate in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Factors associated with sunburn in white children aged 6 months to 11 years.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sunburn experience and factors associated with sunburn among white children aged 6 months to 11 years. METHODS: Telephone interviews were conducted with parents and primary caretakers of children, selected by random, stratified sampling, in the contiguous United States in the summer of 1998. Information was gathered on demographic characteristics of parents and children, and children's sunburn experience during the past year, protection from sun exposure, and hours per week spent outdoors. The proportion of children experiencing sunburn in the past year was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with sunburn. Information for 1052 white children was available for the analyses. RESULTS: An estimated 42.6% of U.S. white children experienced one or more sunburns within the past year (95% CI 38.2-47.0). Sunburn was less common among children who ever wore hats (adjusted OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.40-0.87) and more common among children who did not always wear sunscreen (OR for using sunscreen sometimes compared with always, 2.25; 95% CI 1.31-3. 86). Sunburn was also more common among children with sun-sensitive skin and older children. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of U.S. white children experience sunburns. Parents and children may benefit from education about protection from sun exposure.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Predictors of sunburn in North Queensland recreational boat users.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: Identify personal and situationalfactors predicting sunburn in north Queensland recreational boat users over summer. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey with prospective 24-hour follow-up for sunburn, conducted in Townsville, north Queensland, during the summer of 2003. Ninety-three out of 100 boat users returning after a day trip agreed to participate. All were followed up, with three later excluded from analysis due to prior sunburn (n=90, response rate 93%). RESULTS: Overall, 48% of participants experienced sunburn as a result of their boat trip; 57% of these developed sunburn on the face and 43% on both the V of the neck and the legs. Factors found to increase the occurrence of sunburn were longer time on the water between 10 am-2 pm, not wearing a wide-brimmed hat, not working outdoors, and going boating less than once per month. CONCLUSIONS: The survey shows unacceptably high levels of sunburn in north Queensland boat users. Sunburn appears related to not using optimal sun protection between 10 am and 2 pm. Boat users in the tropics need to wear a brimmed hat to better protect the face, a collared long-sleeved shirt buttoned up at the throat to protect the V of the neck and arms, long pants, and rely less on sunscreen and on darker skin types that are perceived to sunburn less readily.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Summer sunburn and sun exposure among US youths ages 11 to 18: national prevalence and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: Epidemiologic evidence suggests that ultraviolet radiation (UVR), from sun exposure and sunburns during early life, is associated with increased risk of melanoma and other skin cancers in adulthood. The objective of this study was to gather national, population-based data on sun exposure and protection behaviors among US youths ages 11 to 18 to quantify the magnitude and patterns of sun exposure and establish baselines for continued surveillance. METHODS: A nationwide survey based on random-digit dialing and stratified, 2-stage national probability sampling was conducted of households with telephones in the 48 contiguous states of the United States during July through October of 1998; a population-based sample of 1192 youth ages 11 to 18 was studied to measure weighted prevalence estimates of summer sunburn and sun exposure and adjusted prevalence odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from logistic regression analyses of sunburn. RESULTS: Among youths ages 11 to 18, 72% reported having had at least 1 summer sunburn, 30% reported at least 3, and 12% reported at least 5 sunburns. Before receiving their most serious summer sunburn, 39% of youths reported having applied sunscreen. Factors associated with increased odds of sunburn included greater sun sensitivity, white race, age younger than 16 years, more hours spent outdoors, and high desirability of a tan. CONCLUSIONS: Summer sunburn was the norm among US youths ages 11 to 18. The high frequency of sunscreen use during the sunburning episodes suggests the need to educate youth and parents better about proper use of these agents, as well as the importance of practicing other sun protection behaviors, such as wearing hats and protective clothing and avoiding the sun during peak exposure times. These data may serve as a baseline for tracking progress in skin cancer prevention efforts and will inform the crafting of future public health campaigns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Melanoma and sunburn.

A computer-aided search identified 16 case-control studies which specifically assessed sunburn as a risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Using unadjusted estimates, a history of sunburn was associated with significantly increased risk of melanoma in all but one study. Four studies were defined as core studies after assessment of study quality; however, only two of these had sufficiently similar definitions of sunburn to allow pooling of results. Using pooled data, the risk of melanoma in those ever sunburned was 2.0 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.6-2.6), while the highest category of sunburn exposure had a risk of 3.7 (CI = 2.5-5.4). The suggestion that sunburns in childhood carry greater risk of melanoma cannot be supported by pooled analysis. This review demonstrated considerable variation in design and method among the studies, and identified sources of bias which prevented a pooled analysis using all available data. The need for strong epidemiologic evidence relating sunburn to melanoma, particularly in childhood, is of prime importance, since avoidance of sunburn is one of the few potential means of primary prevention of melanoma.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Trends in sunburns, sun protection practices, and attitudes toward sun exposure protection and tanning among US adolescents, 1998-2004.

BACKGROUND: Sun exposure in childhood is an important risk factor for developing skin cancer as an adult. Despite extensive efforts to reduce sun exposure among the young, there are no population-based data on trends in sunburns and sun protection practices in the young. The aim of this study was to describe nationally representative trend data on sunburns, sun protection, and attitudes related to sun exposure among US youth. METHODS: Cross-sectional telephone surveys of youth aged 11 to 18 years in 1998 (N = 1196) and in 2004 (N = 1613) were conducted using a 2-stage sampling process to draw population-based samples. The surveys asked identical questions about sun protection, number of sunburns experienced, and attitudes toward sun exposure. Time trends were evaluated using pooled logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In 2004, 69% of subjects reported having been sunburned during the summer, not significantly less than in 1998 (72%). There was a significant decrease in the percentage of those aged 11 to 15 years who reported sunburns and a nonsignificant increase among the 16- to 18-year-olds. The proportion of youth who reported regular sunscreen use increased significantly from 31% to 39%. Little change occurred in other recommended sun protection practices. CONCLUSIONS: A small reduction in sunburn frequency and modest increases in sun protection practices were observed among youth between 1998 and 2004, despite widespread sun protection campaigns. Nevertheless, the decrease in sunburns among younger teens may be cause for optimism regarding future trends. Overall, there was rather limited progress in improving sun protection practices and reducing sunburns among US youth between 1998 and 2004.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Sunburn prevalence among adults in the United States, 1999.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to high levels of sunlight, such as a sunburn, is a strong determinant of melanoma risk. METHODS: To describe statewide and U.S. estimates of sunburn prevalence in the United States and determine demographic and behavioral predictors of sunburn, we analyzed data from the 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a population-based telephone survey conducted in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. RESULTS: Of 156,354 adults aged > or =18 years, 31.7% (95% confidence interval, 31.3%-32.1%) reported a sunburn in the past year; of adults aged 18 to 29 years, 57.5% reported such a sunburn. Reporting was highest among white, non-Hispanic males (44.1%), followed by white non-Hispanic females (35.3%), and lowest among black non-Hispanic males and females (5.1% and 5.3%, respectively). Statewide period prevalence of sunburn among whites was highest (>45%) in Wisconsin, Utah, Wyoming, Washington, DC, and Indiana, and lowest (<30%) in Puerto Rico, Arizona, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and New York. CONCLUSIONS: Nationwide and statewide skin cancer prevention efforts should target young adults. Periodic monitoring of sunburn is important in evaluating the effectiveness of those efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

At what age do sunburn episodes play a crucial role for the development of malignant melanoma.

The age relationship between sunburns and malignant melanoma was investigated in a population-based, matched, case-control study from the South Swedish Health Care Region (the highest risk area for melanoma in Sweden). Between 1988 and 1990, a total of 400 patients with a first diagnosis of malignant melanoma and 640 healthy controls aged 15-75 years answered a comprehensive questionnaire including questions regarding ultraviolet radiation exposure. In addition, a literature review was performed. The average number of episodes of sunburn per year was significantly associated with malignant melanoma (relative risk, RR = 1.9 for > or = three episodes per year versus never). Outdoor employment during the summer was associated with a decreased risk for the development of malignant melanoma (RR = 0.8). Data from case-control studies and migration studies concerning age relationship between sunburns and melanoma are inconsistent. From our own data, we did not find a higher risk of melanoma developed in individuals who had experienced severe sunburns in childhood. Instead, a significantly increased risk was associated with sunburns after age 19 years, RR = 2.2 for a history of more than five times versus never. Even if the hypothesis is biologically plausible, that episodes of sunburn early in life are associated with a higher risk of melanoma, so far epidemiological evidence is scarce. There is a need for better prospective epidemiological studies addressing this issue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Alcohol consumption and self-reported sunburn: a cross-sectional, population-based survey.

BACKGROUND: Heavy drinking has been associated with several cancers, including melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether excessive drinking is associated with sunburn, a risk factor for skin cancer. METHODS: As part of the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a population-based telephone survey, 299,658 adults reported their use of alcohol in the preceding month and a history of sunburn in the preceding year. RESULTS: Approximately 33.5% of respondents reported a sunburn within the past year. Heavier average alcohol use and binge drinking were both positively associated with prevalence and number of sunburns within the past year. The adjusted odds ratios for prevalence and number of sunburns among binge drinkers were 1.39 (95% confidence interval 1.31-1.48) and 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.20-1.38), respectively. Associations tended to be of similar magnitude for average alcohol use and in all subgroups evaluated. LIMITATIONS: This study was cross-sectional and relied upon participant self-report. CONCLUSION: Excessive drinking is associated with higher rates of sunburn among American adults. The observed relationship typifies the high-risk behavior associated with excessive drinking and suggests one pathway linking alcohol use with skin cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).

BACKGROUND: UV radiation causes acute adverse effects like sunburn, photosensitivity reactions, or immunologic suppression, as well as long-term sequelae like photoaging or malignant skin tumors. UV radiation induces tissues to produce reactive oxygen species, eicosanoids and cytokines. Inhibition of these mediators might reduce skin damage. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and d-alpha-tocopherol have been found to be photoprotective in some in vitro studies and animal experiments. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess the protective effect of systemic vitamins C and E against sunburn in human beings. METHODS: In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, each of 10 subjects took daily either 2 gm of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) combined with 1000 IU of d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or placebo. The sunburn reaction before and after 8 days of treatment was assessed by determination of the threshold UV dose for eliciting sunburn (minimal erythema dose [MED]) and by measuring the cutaneous blood flow of skin irradiated with incremental UV doses against that of nonirradiated skin. RESULTS: The median MED of those taking vitamins increased from 80 to 96.5 mJ/cm2 (p < 0.01), whereas it declined from 80 to 68.5 mJ/cm2 in the placebo group. Cutaneous blood flow changed significantly (p < 0.05) for most irradiation doses with decreases in those given vitamins and increases in the placebo group. CONCLUSION: Combined vitamins C and E reduce the sunburn reaction, which might indicate a consequent reduced risk for later sequelae of UV-induced skin damage. The increase of sunburn reactivity in the placebo group could be related to "priming" by the previous UV exposure.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Sun protection behaviours and the predictors of sunburn in young children.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of sun protection behaviours and the experience of sunburn in a sample of parents and their children in New Zealand. METHODOLOGY: Information was collected from 887 parents using postal questionnaires at the beginning of and during the summer. RESULTS: Thirty per cent of the parents believed their child looked healthier with a suntan, and 40% intended to let their child get a suntan during the summer. Predictors of intention to tan included level of parental education, the child's age, the child's sensitivity to burning and experience of sunburn in the parent. At the end of the summer period, 29% of the children were reported as being sunburned. Predictors of sunburn in the child were the age of the child, experience of sunburn in the parent and use of sunscreen SPF15+ by the parent. CONCLUSION: Despite intense media coverage of the dangers of overexposure to the sun, it is clear that a significant proportion of children are still getting sunburned.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Increase in sunburns and photosensitivity disorders at the edge of the Antarctic ozone hole, southern Chile, 1986-2000.

BACKGROUND: Over the past 15 years Punta Arenas, Chile, a medium-sized city located on the extreme southern tip of South America, has repeatedly been exposed to acute, sudden episodes of highly increased levels of ultraviolet B (UVB) 280-320 nm radiation because of the passage of the spring Antarctic "Ozone Hole" overhead, or nearby. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to observe the relationship between episodes of ozone depletion, increased UVB radiation, and sunburns and photosensitivity disorders in Punta Arenas, Chile, during spring. METHODS: Incidence of photosensitivity disorders and sunburns was registered by dermatologists during each of the past 15 springs. Local data of sudden, severe ozone depletions (<250 Dobson units) and the corresponding increase of UVB radiation were reviewed. RESULTS: Patients with sunburn increased significantly during the austral spring of 1999 (P <.01). This was especially noticeable (29/31 cases) on weekends with ozone depletion, and increased UVB radiation (P <.01) occurred on the Sundays Oct 31, Nov 21, and Dec 5, 1999. The incidence of photosensitivity disorders, although statistically not significant, increased 51% over the past 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: An acute impact on human health (sunburn) occurred because of abrupt ozone depletion and the accompanying increase in UVB during the mid and late austral spring of 1999. Most sunburns (93.5%) occurred on weekends. Ozone levels as well as seasonal and recreational factors played a mayor role in the increase in sunburns. The increase in radiation at 300 nm, the most carcinogenic wavelength, on days under the Antarctic ozone hole is a matter of special concern.

Chile↗