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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

A comparison between the adult rat and neonate rat of the architecture of sympathetic preganglionic neurones projecting to the superior cervical ganglion, stellate ganglion and adrenal medulla.

Sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPN) projecting to the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and adrenal medulla (AM) in the neonate (< 14 days) and SCG, stellate ganglion (SG) and AM in the adult rat (> 3 months) were retrogradely labelled with cholera B horseradish peroxidase (CBHRP). Labelled neurones were found in 4 four distinct nuclei: the nucleus intermediolateralis thoracolumbalis pars principalis (ILp), a nucleus equivalent to the intemediolateral cell column (IML); the nucleus intermediolateralis thoracolumbalis pars funicularis (ILf); the nucleus intercalatus spinalis (IC) and the nucleus intercalatus pars paraependymatis (ICpe) or central autonomic area (CA). These were represented to a similar extent in both neonate and adult. Neonate and adult SCG, SG and AM-SPN had a similar segmental distribution cervical 8 (C8) to thoracic 5 (T5) for SCG-SPN and thoracic 3 (T3) to thoracic (T13) for AM-SPN whereas adult SG-SPN were distributed over segments C8 to T9. Most labelled neurones (70%) were located in the ILp with one segment containing the highest proportion of SPN. Three morphologically distinct neurones were evident. Fusiform and roundbodied were the most common. Fusiform somata of the ILp were orientated both mediolaterally and rostrocaudally in the neonate but only rostrocaudally in the adult. Dendrites of the SPN in the adult and neonate extended in a dense rostrocaudal band along the ILp, more diffusely into the white matter of the Ilf and in bundles medially towards the central canal (CC). The neonate showed some significant differences. In the ILp, the cell bodies were less tightly packed into a narrow band and into clusters and the dendrites were more diffuse. It was concluded that at 12 days postnatally the organisation of the sympathetic nuclei had still nor reached the adult form. However, there is no extensive realignment of dendrites in the adult so the ILp remains an 'open' nucleus like the neonate.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1996

[Influence of stellate ganglion block and electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglion on bilateral brachial arterial blood flow--is stellate ganglion block effective either unilaterally or bilaterally?].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the stellate ganglion block (SGB), stellate ganglion electrical stimulation (SGES) and stellate ganglionectomy on bilateral arterial blood flows (BAF). Sixteen mongrel dogs were divided into two groups; a SGB group (n = 8) and a SGES group (n = 8). Anesthesia was induced with pentobarbital 25 mg.kg-1 and the animals were mechanically ventilated to maintain proper PaO2 (90-100 mmHg) and PaCO2 (35-40 mmHg). After a thoracotomy, the SGB with 0.5% mepivacaine 1.0 ml was performed in the SGB group. SGES was performed at a strength of 12 volts, and at a frequency of 50 Hz, applied for 15 minutes and then 15 minutes after the SGES, stellate ganglionectomy was performed in SGES group. In the SGB group, BAF in the blocked side increased significantly but BAF in the contralateral side decreased significantly after SGB. In the SGES group, bilateral BAF decreased significantly (Lt > Rt) and after the stellate ganglionectomy, bilateral BAF increased more than after SGES. These results suggest that the SGB may not be effective on the contralateral side under normal conditions, but under the conditions of sympathetic stimulation, the SGB may be effective on the contralateral side.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Differences of regional blood flow after stellate ganglion block with local anesthetic and that after stellate ganglion resection using ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter].

Ten mongrel dogs were divided into two groups; stellate ganglion block (SGB, n = 5) group and stellate ganglion resection (SGR, n = 5) group. Anesthesia was induced with pentobarbital 25 mg.kg-1. The animals were mechanically ventilated to maintain a constant PaCO2 (35-40 mmHg). Left common carotid arterial flow (CCAF), left external carotid arterial flow (ECAF), left vertebral arterial flow (VAF) and left brachial arterial flow (BAF) were measured using an ultrasonic transit time flowmeter. Internal carotid arterial flow (ICAF) was calculated by subtracting ECAF from CCAF. After thoracotomy, the first SGB with 0.5% mepivacaine 1.5 ml or SGR was performed. Ninety minutes after the first SGB, the second SGB was performed. The data were taken for 180 minutes after the first SGB or SGR. In SGB, CCAF and BAF increased significantly for the duration of action of local anesthetic. But VAF and ICAF increased significantly for a short time after the block. In SGR, CCAF, BAF and ICAF increased significantly during the experiment. But VAF showed a transitory increase immediately after the resection. The authors conclude that sympathetic ganglion block with local anesthetic should be performed repeatedly when increase of blood flow in blood vessels with strong autoregulation from the brain is anticipated.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[The stellate ganglion blockade].

Stellate ganglion block is a selective sympathetic blockade affecting one side of the head and neck, and the upper extremity and upper part of the thorax on the same side. It is an important method of treating impaired vascular circulation, sympathetic reflex dystrophy, causalgia and herpes zoster in the area other indications, e.g. acute hearing loss and retinal arterial spasms, are still disputed. The anatomy of the cervical sympathetic chain, the technique used to achieve the block (paratracheal access) and tests of the effectiveness of stellate ganglion blockade are described. The side-effects and complications of the method and other means of sympathetic blockade are discussed. Patients need to be informed of the possible complications and the alternatives available before being asked to give informed consent.

Autonomic Nerve Block↗
PubMed2004

A novel approach employing ultrasound guidance for percutaneous cardiac muscle injection to retrograde label rat stellate ganglion neurons.

Stellate ganglion (SG) neurons provide the main sympathetic innervation to the heart and help to regulate cardiac function. The purpose of this study was to determine if ultrasound imaging could be employed to retrograde label rat SG neurons innervating the heart without employing thoracotomy. In addition, electrophysiological experiments were performed to characterize the modulation of Ca(2+) channels by neurotransmitters in unlabeled and dye-labeled SG neurons. Fluorescence imaging of actutely isolated cells revealed that dye uptake was successful within five days following injection of dye in the cardiac muscle. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings revealed that the majority of the Ca(2+) current was carried by N-type Ca(2+) channels. Finally, fluorescence dye uptake did not appear to affect the modulation of Ca(2+) currents following exposure of SG neurons to norepinephrine, adenosine and neurokinin A. These results demonstrate that ultrasound imaging-guided percutaneous injection can be effectively employed to retrograde label neurons innervating the heart.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

[Changes in the partial pressure of oxygen of the nasal mucosa caused by stellate ganglion block].

Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is clinically used for the treatments of various lesions diseases. SGB gives rise to nasal obstruction of transient duration. It is also suggested that derangement of the autonomic nervous system underlies nasal allergy. In order to study the hemodynamics of the nasal mucosa after SGB, two groups of the subjects, i.e. healthy volunteers and patients with nasal allergy, were included for evaluation of the partial pressure of oxygen of nasal mucosa (PtsO2) after SGB. Simultaneous evaluations were done to assess the nasal patency in the normal group and the temperature at the anterior tip of the inferior nasal turbinate in the nasal allergy group. The results thus obtained are summarized as follows: 1) In the normal group, SGB was resulted in a reduction in nasal patency on the blocked side and a significant increase in PtsO2 when compared with the non-blocked side. The PtsO2 remained higher than normal after although nasal patency was restored. 2) The PtsO2 at rest was lower in the nasal allergy group than in the normal group. 3) Changes in PtsO2 following SGB were similar in the two groups. 4) A parallelism was noted between changes in the temperature at the tip of inferior nasal turbinate and those in PtsO2 during SGB. These results suggest that SGB augments the arterial blood flow in the nasal mucosa. The compromised nasal mucosa of nasal allergy patients is in a state of hypoxia but showed virtually the similar improvement in circulation after SGB as noted in the nasal mucosa of normal subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Anatomically and physiologically based guidelines for use of the sphenopalatine ganglion block versus the stellate ganglion block to reduce atypical facial pain.

This literature review is designed to develop guidelines needed for the use of a sphenopalatine ganglion block versus a stellate ganglion block to reduce atypical facial pain. We have reviewed the basic anatomy of both ganglia and the physiological responses usually associated with each, and have given an opinion on appropriate use of these therapeutic modalities.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1990

Characterization of the distinctive neurofilament subunits of the soma and axon initial segments in the squid stellate ganglion.

The stellate ganglion, which gives rise to the giant axons of the squid, was dissected into two parts, one containing primarily cell bodies and the other axon initial segments. A neurofilament protein-enriched extract of each was prepared and compared biochemically and immunochemically with an axoplasmic neurofilament preparation and with the glial sheath that surrounds the axons. Both parts of the ganglion lacked the 220 kDa subunit of axoplasmic neurofilaments (NFs). However, they did contain a protein of about 190 kDa that reacted with the Pruss anti-intermediate filament antibody (aIFA; Pruss et al.: Cell 27:419-428, 1981), but not with a phosphorylation-dependent NF antibody (Cohen et al.: J Neurosci 7: 2056-2074, 1987). Dephosphorylation of the axoplasmic NF220 yielded a product that comigrated on two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis with the 190 kDa ganglion protein, suggesting that the latter represented the incompletely phosphorylated precursor of NF220. The major low molecular weight aIFA-reactive species in the ganglion preparations was a polypeptide of about 65 kDa. A relatively small quantity of that polypeptide was also found in axoplasm and it comigrated in 2D gels with an aIFA-reactive polypeptide from the glial sheath. These results indicate that the site of modification of the 190 kDa NF precursor to the 220 kDa axonal form is probably at the point where the axon initial segments leave the ganglion, which is several mm distal to its site of synthesis in the cell body. Furthermore, the filament network of the axoplasm and possibly the cell bodies includes a glial-like intermediate filament protein in addition to the NF protein subunits.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Traumatic cerebral edema relieved by stellate ganglion anesthesia.

Stellate ganglion neural blockade reverses within seconds anoxemia and edema by release of catecholamine vasoconstriction of the small arteries. The factor XII enzyme cascade is controlled by increased oxygenated arterial blood flow and a normal pH. My patient's rapid recovery reflects the effectiveness of this approach for treatment of traumatic cerebral edema. Continuing edema with its scar-forming process injures brain neuron function. A patient's level of recovery or survival requires such immediate and effective control of edema.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Stellate ganglion block with transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS): a double-blind study with healthy probands].

OBJECTIVE: Blockade of the stellate ganglion is an established and highly effective diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for management of certain acute and chronic pain syndromes or other disorders. The paratracheal injection of a local anaesthetic is the simplest and most frequently used approach for blocking the cervicothoracic sympathetic nerves (ganglion stellate). However, since serious complications can occur during or following the anterior paratracheal technique including accidental intravenous or intraarterial injection, non-invasive methods for blockade of the stellate ganglion have been suggested. In 1980 Jenkner (15) reported the successful interruption of the sympathetic outflow from the stellate ganglion together with the relief of pain by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), followed by the development of an "optimal wave form" in 1981 (14). Since we were unable to reproduce Jenkner's results of sympathetic blockade in our patients, this study was designed to investigate the effects of TENS on the sympathetic activity of the stellate ganglion in healthy volunteers. METHODS: 50 healthy volunteers were randomised into two groups (n = 25). In group I the left stellate ganglion was stimulated for 20 min by the mode described by Jenkner (monophasic pulse, small anode, large cathode, frequency 20 Hz), while group II was stimulated by conventional TENS (biphasic pulse, electrodes of identical size, frequency 100 Hz). The method of stimulation was blinded to both the investigator and the subjects investigated. Measurements included cutaneous blood flow of the volar forearm (laser Doppler), skin temperature on two sites of the cheeks (thermistor), pupil diameter and size of the palpebral fissures, sweat production (ninhydrine test) and global sensitivity and pain perception thresholds on both sides (electrical stimulation). Measurements were performed before TENS of the stellate ganglion, after 5, 10, 15 and 20 min of stimulation and 10 min after termination of TENS. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed by Friedman-Test and by Mann-Whitney-U-Test. p < 0.05 was assigned statistical significance. MAIN RESULTS: Skin temperature increased in both groups and on both sides by 1.2 degrees C, while skin perfusion rate, pupil size, size of the palpebral fissure and sweat production remained unchanged. Global sensitivity and pain perception thresholds of forehead decreased in both groups and on both sides, while there was no change of both parameters on the hands. CONCLUSION: No signs and symptoms of sympathetic blockade could be demonstrated in any of the groups, neither by TENS of the stellate ganglion as described by Jenkner nor by unspecific TENS. Thus, pain relief by TENS of the stellate ganglion as reported in the literature must involve other mechanisms than sympathetic blockade. In addition, TENS may not replace traditional blockade of the stellate ganglion by local anesthetics, if sympathetic blockade is required for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of diaphragm function after stellate ganglion block using magnetic stimulation.

Stellate ganglion block is a procedure frequently used for the management of patients with chronic sympathetically mediated pain affecting the arm, neck or head. We studied the effect of stellate ganglion block on ipsilateral phrenic nerve function, and hence diaphragmatic strength, in 11 adult patients with chronic sympathetically mediated pain. Pre- and post-block forced vital capacity (FVC) measurements were recorded using a pneumotachograph and a Magstim nerve stimulator was used to generate pre- and post-block twitch mouth pressures (P(TWM)). This device can be used to stimulate the phrenic nerves and hence the diaphragm. The resulting change in airway pressure was measured at the mouth and has previously been shown to reflect diaphragm strength. There was no statistically significant difference in FVC or P(TWM) pre- or post stellate ganglion block. In conclusion, a stellate ganglion block has no adverse effect on ipsilateral phrenic nerve function or diaphragm strength in healthy adult patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

High thoracic epidural block relieves acute herpetic pain involving the trigeminal and cervical regions: comparison with effects of stellate ganglion block.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Stellate ganglion block can promptly relieve acute herpetic pain (AHP) involving the trigeminal and cervical regions. However, repeated blocks are needed to maintain pain relief in most patients with severe AHP. Because continuous epidural block is easily performed using an indwelling catheter, we compared the effect of high thoracic epidural block with that of stellate ganglion block to relieve moderate-to-severe AHP involving these regions. METHODS: Six patients received stellate ganglion blocks and seven patients received high thoracic epidural blocks. Six milliliters 1% of mepivacaine was given to each patient. Acute herpetic pain was evaluated before and up to 60 minutes after the blocks, using a visual analog scale (VAS) of pain. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in VAS pain scores before the blocks between the groups, but there were significant (P < .05) decreases in VAS pain scores for both groups between 10 and 60 minutes after the blocks. There were no significant differences in VAS pain scores between the groups after the blocks. CONCLUSIONS: High thoracic epidural block was as effective as stellate ganglion block in relieving moderate-to-severe AHP involving the trigeminal and cervical regions.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phantom pain with probable reflex sympathetic dystrophy: efficacy of fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The stellate ganglion can alleviate phantom pain of the upper extremity, possibly because of the presence in it of enkephalin receptors, as has been suggested by experimental and clinical reports. A case is reported in which fentanyl, instead of local anesthetic, was used for stellate ganglion block. METHODS: A 49-year-old man, with a left below-elbow amputation, presented with probable symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy, pain and temperature changes at the stump, and phantom hand symptoms the English-language literature revealed no reports of the use of fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion was performed for management of this condition. RESULTS: Significant alleviation of pain and sensation of warmth at the stump and in the phantom hand was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion proved to be successful in the management of the pain and temperature sensation changes in the stump and phantom upper extremity.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1992

MR imaging of the stellate ganglion: normal appearance.

The stellate ganglion has not previously been identified by imaging techniques. MR imaging shows the stellate ganglion at the thoracic inlet adjacent to the neck of the first rib, lateral to the longus colli muscle and posterior to the vertebral artery. Although its shape varies somewhat, it can be identified consistently in normal persons.

Adult↗