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3 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Mobilization of blaVIM genes via the Tn6292 transposon among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates from colonized patients in a Spanish hospital.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to perform molecular characterization of the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) isolates from colonized patients in a hospital using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology. As part of routine surveillance for multidrug-resistant bacterial colonization, 21 ECC isolates were recovered from patients at San Carlos Hospital in Madrid (Spain) between December 2020 and November 2024. WGS was used to determine their genetic relatedness. Furthermore, species identification, sequence type (ST), resistome, plasmid content, and flanking mobile genetic elements (MGEs) of the carbapenemase genes were derived from the WGS data. The most prevalent carbapenemase gene identified was blaVIM-1 (n = 18, 85.7%), with other notable genes including blaKPC-2 (n = 1, 4.8%), blaKPC-3 (n = 1, 4.8%), and blaOXA-48 (n = 1, 4.8%). Several blaACT and blaESBL variants were also found among the carbapenem-resistant ECC isolates. All of them carried at least one blaACT gene, with blaACT-7 (11/21) and blaTEM-type (14/21) genes being the most common AmpC and ESBL-encoding genes, respectively. Additionally, two isolates exhibited the presence of the mcr-9 gene. Overall, E. hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii (ST93), followed by E. hormaechei subsp. hoffmanii (ST78 and ST50), were the predominant species and STs circulating among the carbapenem-resistant ECC strains. The blaVIM-1 gene was part of class 1 integrons located within a Tn3-family transposon, Tn6292. blaKPC and blaOXA-48 were linked to Tn4401 and Tn1999 transposons, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of the blaVIM within a transposon Tn6292 enhances its mobility across bacterial genomes, underscoring the value of high-throughput sequencing in monitoring the spread of carbapenem-resistant ECC isolates. IMPORTANCE: This study highlights why monitoring the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals is critical. By analyzing the complete DNA of carbapenem-resistant bacteria, antibiotics were considered a last line of treatment. We found that the resistance genes are not isolated. Instead, they are embedded within mobile elements called transposons. This means that they can "jump" between different bacteria, accelerating the spread of resistance. These findings emphasize the importance of high-resolution genomic technologies to track and control the spread of these dangerous bacteria in clinical settings, helping preserve the effectiveness of life-saving treatments.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Australian wildlife admitted to a veterinary hospital.

Although antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing One Health concern, little is known about AMR in Staphylococcus aureus from Australian wildlife. This study investigated the occurrence, phenotypic AMR profiles, and genetic characteristics of S. aureus from six representative Australian wildlife species admitted to a wildlife hospital in Western Australia, including the western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus), quenda (Isoodon fusciventer), pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus), galah (Eolophus roseicapilla), shingleback skink (Tiliqua rugosa) and long-necked turtle (Chelodina colliei). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 11.7% (21/180, 95% CI: 7.4%-17.3%) of the animals on admission. Whole genome sequencing identified 13 multi-locus sequence types (STs) and various virulence factors, including the human-specific immune evasion cluster (IEC). Resistance to at least one antimicrobial class was observed in 63.6% of the isolates. The blaZ, erm(T), aac(6')-aph(2″), and tet(L) AMR genes were detected in 63.6%, 13.6%, 4.5%, and 4.5% of S. aureus, respectively. After 7 days of hospitalisation, S. aureus was isolated from 16.5% (16/97, 95% CI: 9.7%-25.4%) of the animals, including two methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from two pelicans. The two MRSA were identified as community-associated MRSA clones (mecA-positive ST1-IV and ST93-IV), suggesting direct or indirect transmission between humans and wildlife during hospitalisation may have occurred. This study highlighted Australian wildlife may be a potential reservoir for genetically diverse antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus. AMR surveillance including wildlife using a One Health approach may be required.

Animals↗
PubMed2024

Virulence-associated variants in Cryptococcus neoformans sequence type 93 are less likely to be associated with population structure compared to independent rare mutations.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast that is the causative agent of cryptococcal meningitis. While it is well known that the genotype of C. neoformans impacts patient outcomes, the reason for this association has not been well elucidated. In this study, we examined the relationship between two subpopulations in the sequence type 93 clade of C. neoformans: ST93A and ST93B. We found extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD) among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that differentiate ST93A from ST93B. We also found differences in the extent of linkage among SNPs within each subpopulation; LD was more extensive within ST93B than ST93A. SNPs associated with virulence were in long-range linkage disequilibrium with less frequency than recurrent SNPs not associated with virulence. We investigated the karyotype of ST93A and ST93B using contour-clamped gel electrophoresis and long-read sequencing and found that the extensive long-range linkage was not due to chromosomal rearrangements. Overall, we found that the two subpopulations in ST93 are driven by SNPs in LD. We additionally found that recurrent SNPs associated with virulence were less frequently evolutionarily linked and were two times more likely to be independent, congruent mutations rather than tied to phylogeny.IMPORTANCECryptococcus neoformans is an important pathogen that is widely distributed and ubiquitous in the environment. The majority of the human population has a latent, controlled infection suggesting that C. neoformans is uniquely adapted to cause infection. In spite of this, the reason C. neoformans is a pathogen remains unknown; interestingly, most environmental isolates are avirulent but are genetically very similar to disease-causing virulent isolates. Recent evidence from genome-wide association studies shows that small mutations in key virulence-associated genes are associated with the virulence of specific isolates. The data presented here provide an evolutionary framework for those small mutations. The mutations that impact disease are not being collected over long-term evolution. The mutations may instead occur independently during infection. Identifying these genes that are more likely to be mutated during infection will be fundamental for understanding C. neoformans virulence.

Cryptococcus neoformans↗