Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SPINAL CORD”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Effects of distraction on physiologic integrity of the spinal cord, spinal cord blood flow, and clinical status.

The authors determined the effects of distraction of the spine on physiologic integrity of the spinal cord using neurogenic motor evoked potentials (NMEPs), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), spinal cord blood flow measurements, and clinical status in nine hogs. Spinal cord blood flow was measured after each level of distraction using the hydrogen washout technique. The results indicated that blood flow of at least 65% of baseline was required to maintain physiologic integrity of the spinal cord, and that a decrease of blood flow to 12% of baseline was associated with paraplegia. Neurogenic motor evoked potentials always correlated with the animal's postsurgical clinical status, whereas the SEP was falsely negative in one animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Pediatric rehabilitation. 3. Disorders of the spinal cord: spinal cord injury, myelodysplasia.

This self-directed learning module provides review and references for the basic concepts of, and highlights new advances in, disorders of the spinal cord in children. It is a section of the chapter on pediatric rehabilitation for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. For spinal cord injury, only data pertinent to the pediatric age group are discussed. Myelodysplasia is presented in detail to include genetic implications, early intervention, long-term management planning, psychosocial impact, and quality-of-life considerations.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Effect of ischemia on acetylcholinesterase activity and its molecular forms in the dog spinal cord, spinal ganglia and sciatic nerve.

Partial ischemia of the spinal cord was produced by the ligature of the abdominal aorta twice for 40 minutes with a 40 min. recirculation interval. At the end of the ischemic period acetylcholinesterase (AChE. EC 3.1.1.7) activity increased significantly in the lumbosacral part of the spinal cord but simultaneously decreased in the spinal ganglia; There was no significant change in the sciatic nerve. After 48 hours of recovery AChE activity returned to normal in the sacral part of the spinal cord and in the spinal ganglia, but a less expressive increase remained in the lumbal part. Electrophoretic separation of AChE on the polyacrylamide gel gave in intact control dogs: three or four molecular forms in the spinal cord, five in the spinal ganglia and two molecular forms in the sciatic nerve. Ischemia increased the relative content of the lower molecular forms and often a new low molecular form appeared.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1981

Androgen target cells in spinal cord, spinal ganglia, and glycogen body of chick embryos. Autoradiographic localization.

After injection of 3H dihydrotestosterone, concentration and retention of radioactivity occur in nuclei of certain neurons in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia as well as in dorsal and ventral root cells of chick embryos at day 10, 12, and 18. Cell of the glycogen body show nuclear labeling at day 12, but not at day 18. In motor neurons in the midlumbar and midbrachial regions in lamina IX and in single neurons in laminae I/II, the nuclear retention of androgen is strongest, but relatively weak in ventral horn cells in thoracic and sacral segments. Neurons with nuclear labeling are also found scattered in other laminae of the dorsal and ventral horns as well as in the lateral column. When unlabeled dihydrotestosterone is administered before 3H dihydrotestosterone, nuclear uptake of radioactivity is prevented, which is not the case, when estradiol is used. The results from these autoradiographic studies indicate the presence of nuclear receptors and suggest androgen effects during prenatal stages of development.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Nuclear and mitochondrial changes of co-cultivated spinal cord, spinal ganglia and muscle fibers following treatment with various doses of zidovudine.

Long-term zidovudine (also termed azidothymidine, AZT) treatment of AIDS patients may cause severe myopathy characterized by conspicuous mitochondrial and nuclear changes. The mitochondrial changes are attributed to an inhibitory effect of AZT on the mitochondrial gamma-polymerase in a variety of cells. Inhibition of the nuclear alpha-polymerase is another well-known side effect of AZT, whereas the (nuclear) beta-polymerase appears to be rather insensitive. The nuclear changes seen in AIDS patients are usually considered secondary to the human immunodeficiency virus infection. To eliminate the influence of the virus on the nuclei, we studied the effect of AZT on non-infected, organotypic co-cultures of spinal ganglia, spinal cord, and skeletal muscle from fetal rats. We noted significant changes not only in the mitochondria but also in the nuclei of spinal ganglia, spinal cord, and muscle cells, which depended more on the duration of AZT application (1, 3, 5, and 8 days) than on the concentration (0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 microM). The alterations of the mitochondria consisted mainly of swelling, loss of cristae and, finally, disappearance. The nuclei showed nucleolar segregation, marginal condensation of heterochromatin, formation of interchromatin and perichromatin granules, nuclear protrusions and pseudoinclusions and, finally, disintegration. The changes were not as pleomorphic as those seen in biopsy specimens from AIDS patients who had received long-term treatment with AZT. However, this difference can easily be attributed to the short duration of drug application in tissue culture compared to the long-term medication in patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Distribution of free amino acids in the dog spinal cord, spinal ganglia and ischiadic nerve.

Levels of free amino acids were analysed in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord of dogs. The highest content was in the sacral segment (20.2 mmol/kg wet tissue), next in the cervical (17.0) and in the lumbal segment (16.2). It was lowest in the thoracic segment (15.4). There was no difference in the content of glutamine and alanine in grey matter in comparison to white matter of posterior funicles. In the ventral horns the content of glycine and aspartic acid was markedly higher than in dorsal horns, on the other hand, the dorsal grey matter had a higher concentration of GABA than the ventral part.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

Changes in truncated trkB and p75 receptor expression in the rat spinal cord following spinal cord hemisection and spinal cord hemisection plus neurotrophin treatment.

Although numerous studies have examined the effects of neurotrophin treatment following spinal cord injury, few have examined the changes that occur in the neurotrophin receptors following either such damage or neurotrophin treatment. To determine what changes occur in neurotrophin receptor expression following spinal cord damage, adult rats received a midthoracic spinal cord hemisection alone or in combination with intrathecal application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). Using immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques, p75, trkA, trkB, and trkC receptor expression was examined throughout the spinal cord. Results showed that trkA, full-length trkB, and trkC receptors were not present in the lesion site but had a normal expression pattern in uninjured parts of the spinal cord. In contrast, p75 receptor expression occurred on Schwann cells throughout the lesion site. BDNF and NT-3 (but not saline) applied to the lesion site increased this expression. In addition, the truncated trkB receptor was expressed in the border between the lesion and intact spinal cord. Truncated trkB receptor expression was also increased throughout the white matter ipsilateral to the lesion and BDNF (but not NT-3 or saline) prevented this increase. The study is the first to show changes in truncated trkB receptor expression that extend beyond the site of a spinal cord lesion and is one of the first to show that BDNF and NT-3 affect Schwann cells and/or p75 expression following spinal cord damage. These results indicate that changes in neurotrophin receptor expression following spinal cord injury could influence the availability of neurotrophins at the lesion site. In addition, neurotrophins may affect their own availability to damaged neurons by altering the expression of the p75 and truncated trkB receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Changes of intracellular calcium and the correlation with functional damage of the spinal cord after spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To observe dynamic changes of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) after spinal cord injury, and to study the relationship between the changes of [Ca(2+)]i and the functional damage of the spinal cord. METHODS: The rats were subjected to a spinal cord contusion by using a modified Allen's method. The [Ca(2+)]i in the injured segment of the spinal cord was measured by the technique of La(3+) blockage and atomic absorption spectroscopy at 1, 4, 8, 24, 72, and 168 hours after injury. The motor function on the inclined plane was measured at the same time. RESULTS: The spinal cord [Ca(2+)]i increased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) aft er spinal cord injury. There was a significant correlation (P<0.05) between the changes of [Ca(2+)]i and the motor function. CONCLUSIONS: [Ca(2+)]i overload may play an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Intercostal nerve neurouma (PNS) implantation in spinal cord bridging spinal cord transection a functional internuncal pathway system result in recovery from paraplegia.

In these studies 76 mature female dogs were used. The spinal cord was transacted at T6 or T8. The intercostal nerve or nerves originating cephalic to the transaction were inserted into the distal isolated cord close to the transaction and plasma clot sutured to anchor the peripheral end of the nerve into the spinal cord. The transacted isolated spinal cord at the mid thoracic level results in paraplegia. 3, 4, 21 The isolated distal transacted spinal cord is capable of producing complex, detailed locomotor functions. The anatomical substrate is produced by systems of interconnected interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord that forms the central pattern generators (CPG). 3, 4, 21 The interneurons comprising (CPG) coordinates patterned movements of the rear limbs as flexion, extension, weight bearing, postural adjustments and alternating patterned limb movements. 3, 4, 21 In the case of implantation of a peripheral nerve distal stump into the transacted spinal cord the procedure enhances the function mediated by the central patterned generators (CPG) by training, conditioning and chemical and molecular treatments. 3, 4, 7, 8, 15, 1, 18, 19, 21.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Neurogenic bladder model for spinal cord injury: spinal cord microdialysis and chronic urodynamics.

We describe an animal model to study neurotransmitter changes in parallel with urodynamic testing following Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Urodynamic access was achieved using a subcutaneously placed 7 French dual lumen portacatheter. Spinal cord injury was induced by weight drop technique onto exposed dura at T8. The L6-S1 detrusor nuclei were localized stereotactically and microdialysis probe placement was confirmed through histologic methods. Chronic urodynamics revealed detrusor hyperreflexia (DH) 14 days following SCI. In vivo microdialysis of spinal cord amino acids was performed using CMA 11 (240 uM) probes in halothane-anesthetized rats at baseline and intervals of 20-30 min following spinal cord injury. Significant increases in the excitatory amino acid glutamate, and the inhibitory amino acids, glycine and taurine, were seen following spinal cord injury. Amino acid levels peaked at approximately 40 min following contusion injury with glycine demonstrating the highest levels of all amino acids measured. This neurogenic rat model provides a useful means of examining the effects of spinal cord injury on bladder function. By utilizing spinal cord microdialysis, one could intervene at the level of the detrusor nuclei to modulate bladder function.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Suppression of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia by immunoneutralization of nerve growth factor in lumbosacral spinal cord in spinal cord injured rats.

PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of intrathecal application of nerve growth factor (NGF) antibodies (NGF-Abs) and desensitization of C-fiber afferent pathways by capsaicin treatment on detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) after spinal cord injury (SCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In adult female rats SCI was induced by complete transection of the spinal cord at Th8 to 9. Ten days after spinalization vehicle or NGF-Ab (10 microg daily) was continuously administered at the level of the L6-S1 spinal cord through an implanted intrathecal catheter connected to an osmotic pump for 2 weeks. Another group of spinalized rats was treated with capsaicin (125 mg/kg subcutaneously) 3 weeks after spinalization and 5 days before experiments. Simultaneous recordings of intravesical pressure and urethral perfusion pressure were then performed. NGF levels in the L6 spinal cord were measured in vehicle or NGF-Ab treated spinalized rats using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: DSD was observed in all vehicle treated spinalized rats. The average urethral pressure increase at the peak bladder contraction was significantly lower by 84% and 78% in NGF-Ab and capsaicin treated spinalized rats, respectively, than in vehicle treated rats. After NGF-Ab treatment NGF levels were significantly decreased by 38% in the L6 spinal cord compared with vehicle treated spinalized rats, in which NGF levels in the L6 spinal cord were 7 times higher than in spinal intact rats. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of NGF in the spinal cord could contribute to the emergence of DSD that is at least in part mediated by C-fiber bladder afferents after SCI. Thus suppression of NGF levels in afferent pathways could be useful for treating DSD following SCI.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1984

Progressive cystic degeneration of the spinal cord following spinal cord injury.

From a group of 520 spinal cord injury patients treated at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, two cases of progressive myelopathy secondary to cystic degeneration of the spinal cord have been identified. The cyst may dissect proximately to produce progressive neurologic deficit. Surgical treatment with shunting can allow stabilization and improvement with return of newly lost function.

Adult↗