Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is/is not mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species.
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Animals↗
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There are two different species B adenovirus receptors: sBAR, common to species B1 and B2 adenoviruses, and sB2AR, exclusively used by species B2 adenoviruses.
Unlike most adenovirus (Ad) serotypes, the species B Ads do not use the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor as an attachment receptor. The species B attachment receptor(s) has not yet been identified and is also poorly characterized. Species B Ads can be further divided into species B1 and B2 Ads, and these display different organ tropisms, suggesting a difference in receptor usage. We have studied the receptor interactions of the species B1 serotypes 3p and 7p and the species B2 serotypes 11p and 35 and characterized the properties of the species B receptor(s). Reciprocal blocking experiments using unlabeled Ad11p or Ad3p virions to block the binding to A549 cells of (35)S-labeled 3p, 7p, 11p, and 35 showed that only Ad11p virions efficiently blocked the binding of all the species B Ads studied (> or =70%). Thus, there is apparently a common species B Ad receptor (sBAR). However, Ad3p virions only partially (< or =30%) blocked the binding of Ad11p and Ad35 to A549 cells. Binding experiments after trypsin treatment of the cells confirmed that the species B2 serotypes address at least two different receptors on A549 and J82 cells, since sBAR is trypsin sensitive but the species B2 Ad receptor (sB2AR) is not. Both receptors are proteins or glycoproteins, since binding of all species B serotypes was abolished after proteinase K or subtilisin treatment of A549 or J82 cells. Furthermore, binding of the species B serotypes to sBAR was abolished with EDTA and restored with Ca(2+), whereas the binding of Ad11p and Ad35 to SB2AR was independent of divalent cations.
Adenoviridae↗
[Clinical efficacy of cefpirome sulfate against Bacteroides species, Prevotella species and Porphyromonas species. Society of Anaerobic Bacterial Infections in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology in Gifu].
The injectable cephalosporin cefpirome (CPR) was launched in Japan in 1993. It has widely been used in the various infectious diseases. We therefore studied the clinical and bacteriological efficacy of CPR against infections caused by Bacteroides species, Prevotella species and Porphyromonas species frequently isolated from the obstetric and gynecologic infections. Thirteen institutions were involved in this study which ran from March 1994 to January 1999. The administration dosage of CPR was 2 to 4 gram per day administered by drip infusion or intravenous infusion. The duration of treatment was from 3 to 15 days. The evaluations were performed before and after the treatment. CPR was administered to 194 patients with obstetric and gynecologic infections, and 146 of 194 cases were acceptable for the evaluation of drug efficacy. Bacteroides species were identified in 102 patients. Clinical efficacy in 146 cases was excellent in 12 patients, good in 110, fair in 9 and poor in 15 patients. The eradication rate for Bacteroides species could be in 37 cases out of 54 evaluable cases; Prevotella species in 38 out of 49; and Porphyromonas species in 5 out of 5. The overall assessment of bacteriological efficacy was "eradicated" in 91 cases out of 133 (68.4%). Adverse reactions including abnormal findings in laboratory tests were seen in 8 patients (4.76%). Based on these results, CPR promises efficacy and safety in the treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections due to Bacteroides species.
Adult↗
Assessing contaminant sensitivity of endangered and threatened aquatic species: part II. Chronic toxicity of copper and pentachlorophenol to two endangered species and two surrogate species.
Early life-stage toxicity tests with copper and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were conducted with two species listed under the United States Endangered Species Act (the endangered fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola, and the threatened spotfin chub, Cyprinella monacha) and two commonly tested species (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss). Results were compared using lowest-observed effect concentrations (LOECs) based on statistical hypothesis tests and by point estimates derived by linear interpolation and logistic regression. Sublethal end points, growth (mean individual dry weight) and biomass (total dry weight per replicate) were usually more sensitive than survival. The biomass end point was equally sensitive as growth and had less among-test variation. Effect concentrations based on linear interpolation were less variable than LOECs, which corresponded to effects ranging from 9% to 76% relative to controls and were consistent with thresholds based on logistic regression. Fountain darter was the most sensitive species for both chemicals tested, with effect concentrations for biomass at < or = 11 microg/L (LOEC and 25% inhibition concentration [IC25]) for copper and at 21 microg/L (IC25) for PCP, but spotfin chub was no more sensitive than the commonly tested species. Effect concentrations for fountain darter were lower than current chronic water quality criteria for both copper and PCP. Protectiveness of chronic water-quality criteria for threatened and endangered species could be improved by the use of safety factors or by conducting additional chronic toxicity tests with species and chemicals of concern.
Animals↗
Optimal conservation strategy in fluctuating environments with species interactions: resource-enhancement of the native species versus extermination of the alien species.
Alien species are often a major threat to native species. We consider optimal conservation strategies for a population whose viability is affected both by an alien species (such as a competitor, a predator, or a pathogen) and by random fluctuations of the environment (e.g. precipitation, temperature). We assume that the survivorship of the native population can be improved by providing resources such as food and shelter, and also by an extermination effort that decreases the abundance of the alien species. These efforts decrease the extinction probability of the native population, but they are accompanied by economic costs. We search for the optimal strategy that minimizes the weighted sum of the extinction probability and the economic costs over a single year. We derive conditions under which investment should be made in both resource-enhancement and extermination, and examine how the optimal effort levels change with parameters. When the optimal strategy includes both types of efforts, the optimal extermination effort level turns out to be independent of the density and economic value of the native species, or the variance of the environmental fluctuation. Furthermore, the optimal resource-enhancement effort is then independent of the density of the alien species. However, the parameter dependencies greatly change if one of the efforts becomes zero. We also examine the situation in which the impact of the alien species is uncertain. The optimal extermination effort increases with the uncertainty of this impact except when the cost of extermination is very high.
Animals↗
Redescription of four species of Mehdiella from Testudinidae, with a key to the species and discussion on the relationships among the species of this genus.
Four species of the genus Mehdiella Seurat, 1918 are redescribed: M. cristata Petter, 1966 and M. stylosa dollfusi Petter, 1966, parasite of Pyxix arachnoides Bell, 1827 from Madagascar, M. s. stylosa (Thapar, 1925) and M. uncinata (Drasche, 1884), parasite of Testudo graeca Linneaus, 1758, Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789 and Testudo horsfieldii (Gray, 1844) from Palaearctic region. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies revealed new informations on the morphology of these species. On the basis of this morphological study, the sub-species Mehdiella stylosa dollfusi and M. s. stylosa are raised to level of species. The position of Mehdiella cristata among the species of the genus Mehdiella and the relationships among the species of the genus Mehdiella are discussed. A key to the eight valid species Mehdiella is given.
Animals↗
An annotated checklist by genus and species of 93 species level names for 51 recognized species of small strongyles (Nematoda: Strongyloidea: Cyathostominea) of horses, asses and zebras of the world.
The results of an international collaborative effort to prepare a recommended list of scientific names for the small strongyles (Nematoda: Strongyloidea: Cyathostominea) of horses, donkeys and zebras are reported. Fifty-one valid species are recognized in 13 genera, including Cyathostomum, Coronocyclus, Cylicodontophorus, Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanus, Skrjabinodentus, Tridentoinfundibulum, Petrovinema, Poteriostomum, Parapoteriostomum, Hsiungia, Cylindropharynx and Caballonema. In addition, 42 other species level names are listed as synonyms of the 51 recognized species or as species inquirendae (10 species) or nomen nudum (one species). Numerous annotations provide information on the nomenclatural and systematics history, current status and additional studies needed.
Animals↗
Molecular studies on the aerolysin gene of Aeromonas species and discovery of a species-specific probe for Aeromonas trota species nova.
A large group of aeromonads and other enteric microorganisms were assayed for the presence of the aerolysin gene with use of DNA-DNA hybridization. Two DNA fragments corresponding to the regulatory region (aerC) and the structural gene (aerA) were used as probes for the detection of the aerolysin gene in these strains. Sequences corresponding to the aerolysin structural gene were widespread among Aeromonas isolates. In contrast, the aerC probe was much more selective, and sequences corresponding to the aerC region were detected in only a small subset of strains. Concurrent studies using numerical taxonomy and DNA hybridization with the aerC probe on a larger set of strains led to the identification of a distinct cluster of 14 presumed atypical Aeromonas sobria strains. These strains have recently been grouped into a new species designated Aeromonas trota. Hence, the DNA fragment aerC used in the study is a species-specific gene probe for A. trota. The ability of the aerC probe to detect strains belonging to a single species suggests that there is selection pressure to maintain the clonality of this species. These results have important implications with respect to the evolution of "pathogenic profiles" among these medically important bacteria.
Aeromonas↗
Species diversity in gastrointestinal nematode communities of dairy goats: species-area and species-climate relationships.
Gastrointestinal nematode communities (12 species) of dairy goats were studied in four regions located in the centre of the western part of France. These regions had very similar annual mean temperatures (11 to 12.5 degrees C) but had rainfall accumulations ranging from 600 to 1330 mm per year. Breeding management (area of pastures, number of goats in the flock, the age of the farm, and the size of the initial goat population) was investigated only in the driest region. The number of helminth species and Shannon diversity index were positively correlated to the permanent pasture area and negatively to the age of the farm. Evenness was negatively correlated to the age of the farm and increased with the increasing levels of rainfall. The results are interpreted in the following terms: i) large areas of permanent pasture include a large array of environments favourable to the development of the free-living stages of various species of nematodes; ii) age of the farm is unfavourable to the maintenance of all introduced species as the farms are helminth-isolated and infestation can only occur during the grazing season thus imposing the necessity of successive annual recolonization of the pastures; and iii) free-living stages are very susceptible to dryness and survive better in areas with heavy rainfall.
Analysis of Variance↗
The status of Rhoptrobothrium Shipley et Hornell, 1906 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), with redescription of the type species, R. myliobatidis, and description of three new species from two species of Aetomylaeus (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae) from Malaysian Borneo.
As part of a metazoan parasite survey of elasmobranchs from Malaysian Borneo, specimens of Rhoptrobothrium Shipley et Hornell, 1906 were collected from the eagle rays Aetomylaeus maculatus (Gray) and Aetomylaeus niehofii (Bloch et Schneider). The type species is redescribed from its type host, and a neotype specimen is designated. In addition, three new species of Rhoptrobothrium are described: R. chongi sp. n., R. gambangi sp. n. and R. limae sp. n. Rhoptrobothrium myliobatidis conspicuously differs from the three new species in its lack of a secondary areola; R. limae is distinguished from R. chongi and R. gambangi based on its greater total length; R. chongi possesses conspicuously stalked remi, while R. gambangi possesses short remi, often folded anteriorly. Rhoptrobothrium is somewhat unusual among tetraphyllideans in its possession of a "metascolex," a character it shares with other taxa in the Thysanocephalinae (i.e., Myzocephalus Shipley et Hornell, 1906, Myzophyllobothrium Shipley et Hornell, 1906 and Thysanocephalum Linton, 1889). The morphology of the "metascolex" of Rhoptrobothrium is investigated and new terminology is suggested to standardise the names given to structures constituting a metascolex. As a result, Rhoptrobothrium is considered to possess cephalic peduncle extensions, termed remi. In Rhoptrobothrium, each remus bears, at its distal end, a primary areola, and, in the case of the three new species, also a secondary areola proximal to the primary areola. Myzocephalus and Myzophyllobothrium are tentatively considered to possess remi; the configuration of the "metascolex" of Thysanocephalum, however, is not considered homologous to the condition in the other three genera currently placed in the Thysanocephalinae.
Animals↗
Avian Eimeria species: effect of prior or simultaneous inoculation of one species on cellular invasion by a second species in vivo and in vitro.
The effect of prior or simultaneous administration of Eimeria acervulina on cellular invasion by E. acervulina, E. tenella, or E. adenoeides was examined in vivo and/or in vitro. In chickens immunized with E. acervulina oocysts, invasion by sporozoites from a challenge inoculum of E. acervulina increased slightly over invasion in naive controls, and invasion by sporozoites of E. tenella and E. adenoeides increased by factors of 1.99 and 2.26, respectively, over that in controls. Conversely, simultaneous inoculation of E. acervulina along with E. tenella or E. adenoeides did not have a significant effect on invasion. Cultured baby hamster kidney cells that had been previously inoculated with E. acervulina sporozoites also supported significantly greater (by factors of 1.39 to 2.66) invasion by E. adenoeides sporozoites than did control cultures. The enhancement of invasion in vitro appeared to depend upon either the interval between the inoculation of cells with E. acervulina and E. adenoeides or the interval between the replating of the cells and their inoculation with E. adenoeides. There were no gross changes in the culture morphology between the E. acervulina-inoculated and noninoculated cultures. The data indicate that prior exposure to E. acervulina enhances invasion by other species of avian coccidia and, therefore, may exacerbate the infection produced by these species.
Animals↗
Prevalence of Bartonella species, haemoplasma species, Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Neorickettsia risticii DNA in the blood of cats and their fleas in the United States.
Ctenocephalides felis were killed and collected from 92 cats in Alabama, Maryland, and Texas. The fleas and blood from the corresponding cat were digested and assessed in polymerase chain reaction assays that amplify DNA of Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neorickettsia risticii, Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus M haemominutum' and Bartonella species. DNA consistent with B henselae, B clarridgeiae, M haemofelis, or 'Candidatus M haemominutum' was commonly amplified from cats (60.9%) and their fleas (65.2%). Results of this study support the recommendation to maintain flea control on cats in endemic areas.
Alabama↗
Species concepts and biodiversity in Trichoderma and Hypocrea: from aggregate species to species clusters?
Trichoderma/Hypocrea is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, but also as opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised humans. Species identification, while essential in view of the controversial properties of taxa of this genus, has been problematic by traditional methods. Here we will present a critical survey of the various identification methods in use. In addition, we will present an update on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the 88 taxa (which occur as 14 holomorphs, 49 teleomorphs and 25 anamorphs in nature) of Trichoderma/Hypocrea that have been confirmed by a combination of morphological, physiological and genetic approaches.
Chromosome Mapping↗
Estimating species richness and accumulation by modeling species occurrence and detectability.
A statistical model is developed for estimating species richness and accumulation by formulating these community-level attributes as functions of model-based estimators of species occurrence while accounting for imperfect detection of individual species. The model requires a sampling protocol wherein repeated observations are made at a collection of sample locations selected to be representative of the community. This temporal replication provides the data needed to resolve the ambiguity between species absence and nondetection when species are unobserved at sample locations. Estimates of species richness and accumulation are computed for two communities, an avian community and a butterfly community. Our model-based estimates suggest that detection failures in many bird species were attributed to low rates of occurrence, as opposed to simply low rates of detection. We estimate that the avian community contains a substantial number of uncommon species and that species richness greatly exceeds the number of species actually observed in the sample. In fact, predictions of species accumulation suggest that even doubling the number of sample locations would not have revealed all of the species in the community. In contrast, our analysis of the butterfly community suggests that many species are relatively common and that the estimated richness of species in the community is nearly equal to the number of species actually detected in the sample. Our predictions of species accumulation suggest that the number of sample locations actually used in the butterfly survey could have been cut in half and the asymptotic richness of species still would have been attained. Our approach of developing occurrence-based summaries of communities while allowing for imperfect detection of species is broadly applicable and should prove useful in the design and analysis of surveys of biodiversity.
Animals↗
Crossing experiments of Anopheles minimus species C and putative species E.
In the Anopheles minimus complex, 2 sibling species (A and C) are generally accepted. Recently, a 3rd species, provisionally designated An. minimus species E, has been described from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, based on crossing experiments (A and E), DNA analysis, mitotic karyotypes, and some morphological characteristics. The present study reports the results of crossing experiments between species C and putative species E. Hybridization between the progeny of An. minimus species C from Thailand and putative species E from Japan revealed postzygotic genetic incompatibility. Although F1 hybrid progeny were obtained from both directions of crosses, the hybrid males from C female x E male crosses were completely sterile, with atrophied testes and accessory glands. In addition, the external terminalia of all of these males never completely rotated and the males failed to copulate by artificial mating. In E female x C male crosses, the hybrid males showed partially sterile testes in which most spermatozoa were abnormal (enlarged head) and inactive, and they had very little success in inseminating females. The salivary gland polytene chromosomes of F1 hybrid larvae from species C female x species E male showed a fixed heterozygous inversion on the 3L arm. Those F1 hybrids from species E female x species C male showed partial asynapsis on identified arms (2R and 3L) and a fixed heterozygous inversion on the 3R arm. When the F1 hybrid females from both directions of crosses were backcrossed with either C or E males, they produced male progeny with abnormal spermatozoa. Study of mating behavior in a 30 x 30 x 30-cm cage showed that the C males failed to mate with either C or E females, indicating that species C males cannot breed in confined spaces (lack stenogamy). Putative species E males had little success in inseminating species C females. This study provides strong evidence of genetic incompatibility between An. minimus species C and putative species E, supporting previous data that species E is a distinct species in the An. minimus complex.
Animals↗
Cross-species hybridizations on a multi-species cDNA microarray to identify evolutionarily conserved genes expressed in oocytes.
BACKGROUND: Comparative genomic analysis using cDNA microarray is a new approach and a useful tool to identify important genetic sequences or genes that are conserved throughout evolution. Identification of these conserved sequences will help elucidate important molecular mechanisms or pathways common to many species. For example, the stockpiled transcripts in the oocyte necessary for successful fertilization and early embryonic development still remain relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to identify genes expressed in oocytes and conserved in three evolutionarily distant species. RESULTS: In this study we report the construction of a multi-species cDNA microarray containing 3,456 transcripts from three distinct oocyte-libraries from bovine, mouse and Xenopus laevis. Following the cross-species hybridizations, data analysis revealed that 1,541 positive hybridization signals were generated by oocytes of all three species, and 268 of these are preferentially expressed in the oocyte. Data reproducibility analyses comparing same-species to cross-species hybridization indicates that cross-species hybridizations are highly reproducible, thus increasing the confidence level in their specificity. A validation by RT-PCR using gene- and species-specific primers confirmed that cross-species hybridization allows the production of specific and reliable data. Finally, a second validation step through gene-specific microarray hybridizations further supported the validity of our cross-species microarray results. Results from these cross-species hybridizations on our multi-species cDNA microarray revealed that SMFN (Small fragment nuclease), Spin (Spindlin), and PRMT1 (Protein arginine methyltransferase 1) are transcripts present in oocytes and conserved in three evolutionarily distant species. CONCLUSION: Cross-species hybridization using a multi-species cDNA microarray is a powerful tool for the discovery of genes involved in evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms. The present study identified conserved genes in the oocytes of three distant species that will help understand the unique role of maternal transcripts in early embryonic development.
Animals↗
Effect of species pool size on species occurrence frequencies: Musical chairs on islands.
If species interactions affect species distributions, then species occurrence frequencies (nu(i)), defined as the fraction of an archipelago's islands that species i inhabits, should vary with species pool size. A "natural experiment" approximating this test is provided by the Bismarck, Solomon, and New Hebrides archipelagoes, whose bird species pools decrease in that order, the species of each archipelago being mostly a subset of those of the next richer archipelago. The average nu for an archipelago's species decreases with archipelago pool size. In the archipelago with the largest pool, most species are on few islands and few species are on most islands, whereas the reverse is true in the archipelago with the smallest pool. For species shared between two or more archipelagoes, nu(i) decreases with pool size or number of species in the same guild. These interarchipelagal differences in nu(i) or average nu reflect differences in level of interspecific competition, which reduces nus in species-rich archipelagoes in two ways: usually, by reducing a species' incidence on small islands and restricting the species to larger islands; less often (for so-called supertramps), by restricting a species to small islands.
Journal Article↗
Cross-species transferability of G. arboreum-derived EST-SSRs in the diploid species of Gossypium.
Diploid species with a common Gossypium origin are highly diverse in morphology and have been classified into eight genomic groups designated A-G and K. In this study, the transferability of 207 Gossypium arboreum-derived expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) primer pairs was examined among 25 different diploid accessions representing 7 genomes and 23 Gossypium species. We found that 124 of the 207 (60%) primer pairs produced amplification products in all 25 accessions. The remaining 83 (40%) primer pairs produced amplification in only a subset of species, ranging from 13 to 22 species, which is consistent with some genome- and species-specific amplification. The cross-species amplification of these EST-SSRs in 22 diploid species was 96.5% in 4,554 combinations (207 SSRsx22 species), indicative of a high transferability among the Gossypium species. Furthermore, a high level of polymorphism with an average number of 6.53 alleles per SSR marker was detected. No correlation was found between the repeat motif type and cross-species amplification. DNA sequencing showed that the high-level polymorphism findings was mainly due to changes in the number of repeat motifs and that the high transferability can be attributed to a higher-level conservation in the flanking regions among these diploid Gossypium species. The transferability among these different diploid species presented here can increase the efficiency of transferring genetic information across species and further enhance their introgression into cultivated cotton species by the molecular tagging of important genes existing in these diploid species using the EST-SSR markers.
Alleles↗