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[Perception in space. Visual aspects of space perception].

The ability to apprehend and appropriate space is based on a series of perceptive and cognitive processes, in which vision plays a leading part. Preliminary, elementary operations first allow a subject to achieve the elaboration of a visually structured percept. Both experiences on healthy subjects, and pathological data have provided evidence for a right hemisphere superiority in tasks such as localization of stimuli and discrimination of line orientation. Depth perception rests both on indirect cues (e.g. relative size of objects, perspective and movement parallax) and on two types of specific stereoscopic processes: the so-called local and global stereoscopies, which depend respectively on the integrity of visual cortices and of inferior occipito-temporal areas (with a right-hemisphere dominance). Movement perception is integrated at the level of area V5, at the lateral occipito-temporal junction on both sides. The accuracy of reaching movements and displacements within space require the elaboration of a system of coordinates in which the position of the egocentric reference will then be taken into account. This is achieved by successive coding of eye and head position relative to the body axis, and by building the body reference from proprioceptive and vestibular afferences to the parietal cortex. Finally, attention must be both diffusely scattered throughout the whole space and voluntarily allocated as needed on a given object. Simultanagnosia and unilateral spatial neglect (USN) are examples of disruption of these attentional processes. Simultanagnosia illustrates the loss of the ability to shift attention from one point to another, but both shrinking of the attentional field and poorly sustained fixation are also possible mechanisms of this syndrome. USN probably has several components. Unilateral brain damage causes interhemispheric attentional imbalance that explains the attentional preference for the ipsilesional side of space. The predominance of neglect following right-sided lesions might be the consequence of hemispheric specialization regarding directed attention, with the left hemisphere preferentially allocating attention to objects and the right one being able to attend to the whole space. The anatomical basis of such a functional differentiation is still unclear.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Invariance in relation to transformations: a comparison of space perception and imagined space].

The present paper is based on the assumption of a functional equivalence between the processes of perception and imagination and a functional isomorphism between physical and phenomenal relations. The intention is to look for systematic deviations between 'measured', 'perceived' and 'imagined' space. Therefore a room was equipped with 32 pieces of furniture, giving it the appearance of a combined library and study room. A miniature model (1:10) of the room was constructed. In a two-factorial design with 10 experimental conditions, subjects performed model-reconstructions. The first factor refers to cognitive modality and represents different amounts of information of the physical layout, the endpoints of the continuum being 'complete insight' and 'no insight'. The second factor is a rotation of the model during the reconstruction (0 degrees vs. 180 degrees). Data analysis is based on location and orientation measures of the objects and distinguishes between 'semantic' and 'geometric' errors. The main results are: Even under conditions of only partial insight the spatial relations of the missing objects can be consensually reconstructed. While the absolute amount of the reconstruction errors largely depends on the two factors (modality and rotation), substantial relations of the original room are preserved under the different experimental conditions. The results are in good accordance with the assumption of functional equivalence and are critically discussed with respect to the concept of functional isomorphism.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Shadworth Hodgson and William James's formulation of space perception: phenomenology and perceptual realism.

This paper has two related goals. First, it seeks to show that the theory of perception found in William James's Principles of Psychology is thoroughly consistent if it is approached through the framework of perceptual realism versus constructionism rather than the nativism versus empiricism debate. As such, this paper offers an alternative to Nicholas Pastore's claim that there are two contradictory theories of perception in the Principles. James's commitment of perceptual realism is articulated within the contexts of his (1) critique of constructionist perception theories, (2) notion of the spatial quale, and (3) formulation of the role of knowledge in adult perception. The second goal of this paper deals with the historical development of James's perceptual realism. Here it is argued that Shadworth Hodgson's method of reflection-an anticipation of Husserl's phenomenological reduction-served as the basis of James's commitment of perceptual realism.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1976

Study of space perception functioning during simulation of certain space flight factors.

The results are reported of spatial perception function studies in 130 healthy males of 17-35 years of age and in 33 people with complete or partial inhibition of the function of the labyrinth (deaf-mutes). The comparative magnitudes of gravitational vertical perception impairments were studied during vestibular stimulation (Coriolis and linear acceleration), as well as during clino-orthostatic and antiorthostatic hypokinesia. Hypokinesia to a certain extent permitted the simulation of the blood redistribution in weightlessness. The ability of the subjects to determine the subjective visual vertical was used as the test criterion. The experiments have shown that the magnitude of the observed changes in the human sensory area depends on the physical properties of the vestibular stimulus, on the angle of inclination of the head of the bed during hypokinesia and on the duration of bed rest, but not necessarily on the level of vestibular tolerance. Possible mechanisms of impairment of perception in the space flight environment are discussed. Examinations of spatial perception function are useful during selection procedures for astronauts and airmen.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1980

Egocentrism in language and space perception: an examination of the concept.

Piaget's original work on egocentricity in language and thought and in the perception of space is reviewed, and various criticisms of his findings are summarized. It is argued that in these "experiments" children are often presented with unnatural problems, in situations of which they have had no prior experience. When deprived of customary cues they give poorly considered responses which are assessed as "egocentric." In everyday social interaction even very young children can give "decentered" responses, so the solution to Pigget's problem of egocentricity might be found in social awareness as much as in cognitive abilities and the processing of information.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Validation of the Warrington theory of visual processing and the Visual Object and Space Perception Battery.

Competing hypotheses regarding the nature of visual processing were examined using the performance of 111 healthy older persons on the Warrington and James (1990) Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VOSP). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a two-factor model corresponding to the Warrington theory of object and space perception as discrete domains showed excellent congruence with the data, despite limitations in the VOSP space perception tests that may have resulted in underestimation of model fit. Moreover, compared to a unidimensional model of visual processing, the Warrington model demonstrated a superior fit to the data. These findings add to the bodies of evidence supporting a dissociation between object- and space-perception abilities and defining the construct validity of the VOSP battery.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Space perception: the history and its significance for art].

Some aspects of the opthalmologic history of Denmark are briefly mentioned. Lens extraction in 1667 in Copenhagen, Edmund Hansen Gruts stereoophtalmoscopy in 1857, Ludvig Panums area in 1858 (single vision) space perception and outside this area double vision), squint treatment, Marius Tschernings periscopic spectacle lenses, Henning Rønnes stereoortograph and keiroscope and Gerhard Rønnes stereoscope. Space perception depends mostly on binocular function (convergens), but in fact some space perception occurs in vision due to perspective, accommodation, parallaxe, blurring, colours and shadows. The Danisk Poet, Hans Christian Andersen, has in his novels mentioned latent squint. The German poet Rainer Maria Rilke was much interested in perspective in connection with the development of impressionism, especially Paul Cézanne. Rilke in his later period developed the view that concentration on perspective removed those essential aspects from the world, in which he found God or a fourth dimension, as exemplified in the presence of ghosts.

Denmark↗
PubMed1980

Visual stability and space perception in monocular vision: mathematical model.

A deterministic model for monocular space perception is presented. According to the model, retinal luminance changes due to involuntary eye movements are detected and locally analyzed to yield the angular velocity of each image point. The stable three-dimensional spatial coordinates of viewed objects are then reconstructed using a method of infinitesimal transformations. The extraction of the movement (parallax) field from the optical flow is represented by a set of differential equations, the derivation of which is based on the conservation of energy principle. The relation of the model to retinal neurophysiology and to various aspects of visual space perception is discussed.

Depth Perception↗