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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Self-rating scales in schizophrenia: validity assessment of the Paranoid-Depression Scale (PD-S), the Frankfurt Self-feeling Scale (FBS) and of two visual analogy scales].

AIM: To assess the validity of the Paranoid-Depressivity Scale (PD-S, Paranoid-Depresivitäts-Skala), the Frankfurt Self-feeling Scale (FBS, Frankfurter Befindlichkeitsskala), and of two visual analogy scales: the Sense of Illness Scale (WAC) and the Self-feeling Scale (WAS). METHOD: 210 patients with schizophrenia of various clinical courses. Diagnostic validity was evaluated by comparing the results of self-rating with clinical assessment using the CGI, KOSS-C, BPRS, and KOSS-W scales. Content validity was evaluated by analysis of the results' correlation with given clinical and social-demographic variables. Theoretical (construct) validity was evaluated through factorial analysis with Varimax rotation of the principal elements. RESULTS: The correlation between the self-rating scales and the clinical assessment scales was moderate in the case of questionnaire scales and low for the visual analogy scales. Scales of a similar type were found to correlate to a very high degree. Correlation with clinical assessment depended significantly on the phase and degree of disorder--it was lower in periods of exacerbation and higher during remission. The results of the complex questionnaire scales en somme, correlate better with symptoms considered as typical for schizophrenia, than with others, whereas the isolated self-rating constructs (paranoid, depressive) correlate well with the appropriate dimensions of clinical assessment. There was no significant correlation between the clinical symptoms and dimensions, and the results of self-rating using the two visual analogy scales. Factorial analysis revealed that the internal structure of the basic constructs of the questionnaire scales (general attitude, mood, self-feeling) was based on a very rational concept, as well as the fact that the factors isolated have a rational foundation within the theoretical and clinical picture of schizophrenic disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of self-rating scales remains a complex question; analysis of diagnostic, content and theoretical validity seems to confine this method to the role of a complementary, albeit interesting, diagnostic tool; the extent and importance of this role, however, is still to be investigated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Self-rating scales in schizophrenia: assessment of the practical applicability of the Paranoid-Depression Scale (PD-S), the Frankfurt Self-feeling Scale (FBS) and of two visual analogue scales].

AIM: To assess the practical feasibility of the Paranoid-Depressivity Scale (PD-S, Paranoid-Depresivitäts-Skala), the Frankfurt Self-feeling Scale (FBS, Frankfurter Befindlichkeitsskala), and two visual analogy scales of: sense of illness (WAC) and self-feeling (WAS). METHOD: 210 patients with schizophrenia of various clinical courses. All patients in the study group were required to complete each scale twice, at 48 hr intervals. For statistical analysis, two sets of data were singled out (1) the relationship between refusal/inability to complete the scale repeatedly and the selected clinical variables; (2) observations made by the doctor, while the patient was completing the scales. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed, that clinical factors like restlessness, autism, maladaptation, recurrence/remission and lower educational status imply a significantly lower readiness of the patient towards completion of self-rating scales. The visual analogy scales were those more readily--and easily--completed by the patients; their interpretation, however, is difficult. Given this, the authors of this paper decided to shorten the questionnaire scales, which reducing the whole to aspects of vital diagnostic relevance. Whether this operation would influence the scales' diagnostic value, required ex-post analysis, which was subsequently performed. Summary analysis revealed that the application of the shortening of the PD-S and FBS had no significant impact on these scales' reliability and validity indices; furthermore, it resulted in a significant decline in the number of ambiguities and thus improved the comprehensiveness of the questionnaire's structure. Also, a significant increase in concordance between the self-rating results and the clinicians' diagnoses was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Visual analogy scales are the more readily and easily applied in practice; a comprehensive interpretation is, however, virtually impossible. On the other hand, the PD-S and FBS are the more difficult for the patients to complete, due to their length, but their interpretation does not constitute a major problem. Ex-post analysis reveals, that shortening the complex questionnaires to their core aspects does not affect their psychometric value negatively; in fact--the contrary. The latter statement, however, requires verification in prospective studies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Self-rating scales in schizophrenia: assessment of the reliability of the Paranoid-Depressive Scale (PD-S) Frankfurt Self-feeling Scale (FBS). and two visual analogy scales].

AIM: To assess the reliability of the Paranoid-Depressive Scale (PD-S, Paranoid-Depresivitäts-Skala), the Frankfurt Self-feeling Scale (FBS, Frankfurter Befindlichkeitsskala), and of two visual analogy scales of a sense of illness (WAC) and of self-feeling (WAS). MATERIAL: 210 patients with schizophrenia of various clinical courses. METHOD: All patients in the study group were required to complete each scale twice (test-retest) at 48hr intervals, in order to assess each method's reproducibility. In addition, the two complex questionnaire scales were analysed for internal coherence. RESULTS: Spearman's rho correlation coefficient for reproducibility was found to be very high for all the scales. Also, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal coherence was found to be acceptably high for both complex questionnaire scales, with reference to the scales as a whole, as well as to their dimensions (paranoid and depression dimensions of the PD-S). CONCLUSION: Patients suffering from schizophrenia can reliably use the above-mentioned scales.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of the reproducibility and the sensitivity to change of visual analogue scales, Borg scales, and Likert scales in normal subjects during submaximal exercise.

OBJECTIVE: To assess which subjective scale, the visual analogue scale (VAS), the Borg CR10 (Borg) scale, or the Likert scale (LS), if any, is decidedly more reproducible and sensitive to change in the assessment of symptoms. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Exercise laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three physically active male subjects (mean +/- SD age of 30 +/- 4 years old) were recruited. INTERVENTION: Each subject attended the exercise laboratory on four occasions at intervals of 1 week. Three subjective scales were used: (1) the VAS (continuous scale); (2) the Borg scale (12 fixed points); and (3) the Likert scale (LS; 5 fixed points). Four identical submaximal tests were given (2 min at 60% maximum oxygen uptake [VO(2)max] and 6 min at 70% VO(2)max). Two tests were undertaken to assess the reproducibility of scores that were obtained with each subjective scale. Two other tests were undertaken to assess the sensitivity of each scale to a change in symptom perception: a double-blind treatment with propranolol, 80 mg, (ie, active therapy; to increase the sensation of breathlessness and general fatigue during exercise) or matching placebo. The subjective scale scores were measured at 1 min 30 s, 5 min 30 s, and 7 min 15 s of exercise. Reproducibility was defined as the proportion of total variance (ie, between-subject plus within-subject variance) explained by the between-subject variance given as a percentage. Sensitivity was defined as the effect of the active drug therapy over the variation within subjects. RESULTS: Overall, the VAS performed best in terms of reproducibility for breathlessness and general fatigue, with reproducibility coefficients as high as 78%. For sensitivity, the VAS was best for breathlessness (ratio, 2.7) and the Borg scale was most sensitive for general fatigue (ratio, 3.0). The relationships between the respective psychological and physiologic variables were reasonably stable throughout the testing procedure, with overall typical correlations of 0.73 to 0.82 CONCLUSION: This study suggests that subjective scales can reproducibly measure symptoms during steady-state exercise and can detect the effect of a drug intervention. The VAS and Borg scales appear to be the best subjective scales for this purpose.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales--survey form, and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development with infants evaluated for developmental delay.

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales is an extensive revision of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale; however, research comparing the two scales with different populations and measures of intelligence is limited. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales--Survey Form, the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, and the mental scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered to 44 infants referred for evaluation of developmental delay. The differences between means were compared and shared variance examined. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales--Survey Form scores were significantly higher than those of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and the Bayley Mental Development Index. No significant differences were found between the means of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development--Mental Development Index. Correlations were .59 between the Bayley Index and scores on the Vineland--Survey Form and .72 between the Bayley Index and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale. Between versions of the Vineland scale r = .39. Implications for diagnosis and educational classification are discussed.

Developmental Disabilities↗
PubMed1998

[Japan Coma Scale as a grading scale of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a way to determine the scale].

BACKGROUND: The grading scale for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with inter-grade outcome differences is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of newly developed therapeutic modalities. Although Hunt's grade and WFNS scale have been widely used, these grading scales do not meet this requirement. We previously proposed a revised WFNS scale based solely on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) that has intergrade outcome differences of high-level significance. The Japan Coma Scale (JCS) has been long and widely used in Japan. The purpose of this study is to show whether it is possible to determine a reasonable SAH grading scale based on the JCS and to show a way to determine an SAH grading scale. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 1398 consecutive cases of aneurysmal SAH operated on within Day 7 of the latest onset. The preoperative JCS and GCS were evaluated just before the surgery and the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), analyzed with numerical transformation (1 = dead to 5 = good recovery), was estimated at 6 months after the onset. All 510 possible combinations of scores of JCS were statistically tested under the following 2 assumptions; (1) JCS = 0 and JCS = 100 fall into a single independent grade. (2) No other single JCS score should fall into a single grade. RESULTS: The outcome differences between JCS 0 and 1, and 100 and 200 are significant. The outcome difference between JCS 30 and 100 is relatively higher than any other set of 2 scores of JCS. Only 5 combinations are practical among the candidates to be analyzed. Out of 510 combinations, the following combination shows the highest inter-grade outcome differences; I (JCS = 0, n = 375, mean GOS = 4.78) II (JCS = 1, 2; n = 310; mean GOS = 4.47) III (JCS = 3-30; n = 476; mean GOS = 3.96) IV (JCS = 100; n = 96; mean GOS = 3.10) V (JCS = 200, 300; n = 141; mean GOS = 2.33). In JCS, the mean outcome of JCS = 3 is worse than those of JCS = 10, 20, and 30. The outcome difference between JCS 0 and 1 is only significant in patients over 60 years old. CONCLUSION: Taking all the 510 possible combinations of JCS into consideration, we obtained a reasonable combination containing 5 grades. Although this grading scale showed good inter-grade outcome differences, JCS is not preferable to GCS as a consciousness evaluation system in the acute phase of SAH. We emphasize the importance of this way to determine a grading scale with a combinatorial approach, which can be applicable for re-evaluating the grading scales in the future.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Is the reliability of a visual analog scale higher than an ordinal scale? An experiment with the GRBAS scale for the perceptual evaluation of dysphonia.

Perceptual evaluation of 14 pathological voices was performed by 29 listeners using the GRBAS scale. To evaluate scale effects on the judgments, 2 versions of the scale were presented: the original 4-point scale and a visual analog scale. Each listener used the same voice samples for both versions of the scale with an interval of 2 weeks. Agreement was found to be higher with the original 4-point scale than with the visual analog version for all scale items G, R, B, A and S. Although a visual analog scale seems to enable a finer judgment of voice quality, this study showed that, with increased freedom of judgment, the interrater agreement decreased considerably. Therefore, we recommend the use of the original 4-point version of the GRBAS scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Concurrent validity of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II Motor Scale and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales in two-year-old children.

Concurrent validity of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition (BSID II) Motor Scale and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) was examined by administering both tests to 38 two-year-old Native American children. A correlation analysis of age equivalent scores indicated very good to high correlation for the BSID II Motor Scale with the PDMS Fine Motor Scale (PDFMS) (r = .87) and the PDMS Gross Motor Scale (PDGMS) (r = .83). A correlation analysis of standard scores showed poor to unacceptable correlation between the BSID II Motor Scale with the PDFMS (r = .64) and the PDGMS (r = .49); further, there was poor agreement between the classifications of significantly delayed, mildly delayed, and within normal limits performance on each test. The PDFMS tended to classify children lower than the BSID II Motor Scale. The scores of the relatively younger children within each of the PDMS 6-month age categories agreed less between the tests than did the scores of the relatively older children. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the concurrent validity of the BSID II Motor Scale and the PDMS for age equivalent scores, but not for standard scores of 2-year-old children. Professionals must be aware of the strengths and limitations of the BSID II and the PDMS, and choose appropriately to avoid denial of or over-referral for services for young children.

Child Development↗
PubMed1991

A comparative study of the Reaction Level Scale (RLS85) with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Edinburgh-2 Coma Scale (modified) (E2CS(M)).

In this work a new coma scale for the assessment of responsiveness in acute brain disorders, constructed near the year 1985 by Scandinavian investigators, the Reaction Level Scale (RLS85), is compared with two other coma scales namely: (i) the Glasgow Coma Scale: (GCS); (ii) the Edinburgh-2 Coma Scale, after modification: (E2CS(M)). The study proceeded in the form of a statistical analysis of assessments made on 46 patients according to RLS85 and GCS (i.e., when comparison was with GCS) and on 28 patients according to RLS85 and E2CS(M). In all 74 cases two physicians participating as "observers" carried out the assessments. They were both contacting the patient--not together but--successively within a time interval of less than 20'. Hence the data appeared as "pairwise" observations for any of the three scales above. The results of the analysis, arising from a rather strict statistical reasoning, can be summarized as follows: (1) The rank correlation coefficient r(s) between: (i) RLS85 and GCS sum score, (ii) RLS85 and E2CS(M), was found to be at a satisfactory level meaning that all three scales indicate almost the same "ranking order of severity". (2) Reliability was compared by taking into account as to what extent the two observers agreed on RLS85 and--simultaneously--disagreed on the other scale. The "sign" test was applied and as a result RLS85 proved to be more reliable than; (i) GCS (EMY profile), (ii) GCS sum score, and (iii) E2CS(M), in all the above mentioned at a high level of significance. (3) Apart from the test above, some values of the index kappa (kappa) of interobserver agreement were calculated. Those corresponding to RLS85 are considerably higher. In particular the overall value based on 74 pairwise assessments amounted to kappa = 0.733 associated with a standard error sigma(kappa) = 0.061. This was a satisfactory result regarding the features of RLS85. (4) As far as coverage is concerned, again--by the "sign" test--the predominance of RLS85 versus GCS (EMY profile) was accepted.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

CHOP Infant Coma Scale ("Infant Face Scale"): a novel coma scale for children less than two years of age.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the most frequently used tool worldwide for assessing the severity of neurologic injury after brain trauma, although applying this scale to infants and younger children can be problematic. The CHOP Infant Coma Scale, or Infant Face Scale (IFS), is a novel scale for children under 2 years of age which differs from other pediatric coma scales in the following ways: (1) it relies on objective behavioral observations; (2) it assesses cortical as well as brainstem function; (3) it parallels the GCS in scoring but is based on infant-appropriate behaviors; and (4) it can be applied to intubated patients. We report the results of a prospective study designed to compare interrater reliability between the IFS and GCS in children less than 2 years of age. Seventy-five hospitalized children less than 2 years of age were assessed simultaneously by a pair of observers, representing a spectrum of health care professionals, who scored the children using both the IFS and GCS. Interrater reliability for each pair of observers for each scale was assessed using the kappa statistic. A second series of 10 infants in the intensive care unit with specific diagnoses of acute traumatic or hypoxic/ischemic brain injury were similarly assessed. In the 75 hospitalized infants with a variety of diagnoses, interrater reliability for the GCS was in the "almost perfect," "slight," and "fair" range for the eye-opening, motor, and verbal subtests, respectively. In contrast, the IFS showed interrater reliability in the "almost perfect," "substantial," and "almost perfect" ranges for the three subtests. When applied to infants in an intensive care unit with acute traumatic brain injury or hypoxia/ischemia, the GCS interrater reliability scores were in the "fair" range, while the IFS scores were in the "almost perfect" range. The IFS demonstrates improved interrater reliability in direct comparison to the GCS, particularly in the "verbal/face" component where most pediatric coma scales are deficient. The IFS may prove to be a simple and practical bedside index of brain injury severity in children less than two years of age.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1996

Choice of response scale for health measurement: comparison of 4, 5, and 7-point scales and visual analog scale.

To compare the feasibility of response scales with different numbers of steps for measuring health status, we assessed the ease of completing 4, 5, and 7-point scales and a visual analog scale. Four forms of the questionnaire, each of which consisted of the same ten questions about health status, but with a different type of scale among the four above mentioned, were given to 48 patients with a variety of conditions and diagnoses. The forms were attached together and the order in which they were presented was systematically varied considering permutations of forms. Respondents were asked to complete the forms following the order of the sheets. The 5-point scale form was most commonly chosen as the easiest to complete, and item omission was least frequent with this form. Similar high- reliability results in terms of Cronbach's alpha were achieved for each of the four forms. An additional survey among 153 patients confirmed the results of the first survey. The selection of the easiest scale to complete varied by sex (men preferred the 7-point scale), but was not affected by the conditions or diagnoses of the patients. The study suggests that the 5-point scale is most useful for measuring health status.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1984

The profile elevation scale and the impairment scale: two new summary scales for the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery.

Two new clinical summary scales have been developed for the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. The scales were constructed in a derivation/ crossvalidation design with a sample of 459 mixed brain impaired patients and 135 non-brain impaired persons. Preliminary evidence suggests that the Profile Elevation scale and the Impairment scale are psychometrically viable, produce additional information to what is offered by the current clinical summary scales, and deserve further investigation. Interpretations are suggested for the two new scales and supported by two neurosurgical case examples. The scales are also expected to offer the possibility of quick screening devices.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Depression and dementia: contribution to the French validation of 2 depression scales: the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia and the Dementia Mood Assessment Scale].

This study establishes, in a sample of elderly demented patients, the validity of a french translation of two depression rating scales: Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD, Alexopoulos 1988), Dementia Mood Assessment Scale (DMAS, Sunderland 1988). Cognitive performances of 24 patients (mean age 77.9 +/- 7.4, 7 men 17 women), meeting DSM III-R criteria for dementia, have been evaluated. Four clinicians, blind to the clinical diagnosis of depression established by a psychogeriatrist, have evaluated the sample with the two scales. All patients present middle to severe dementia: MMS = 16.8 +/- 3.45. Eleven patients (45%) present moreover depression. Concurrent validity has been established against Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, test retest reliability, inter-rater reliability and internal consistency are established for each scale. These characteristics are pleading for a good reliability of the french translation of CSDD and DMAS, in the presence of cognitive impairment.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Relative sensitivity of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression rating scale and the Clinical Global Impressions rating scale in antidepressant clinical trials.

Although early antidepressant clinical trials simply relied on a clinician's judgment as to whether a depressed patient clinically improved or not, the Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) rating scale has become the 'gold standard' to assess the efficacy of new antidepressants. The alternative Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) has not achieved general acceptance. However, its ease of use warrants evaluation as to whether it is comparable to HAM-D in its sensitivity in detecting antidepressant-placebo differences in antidepressant clinical trials. A retrospective chart review was performed on the records of 208 depressed adult patients that participated in eight randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind antidepressant clinical trials at the Northwest Clinical Research Center between 1996 and 2000. We compared the effect sizes of the HAM-D, MADRS and Clinical Impressions Rating Scale (CGI-S for severity and CGI-I for improvement) for patients assigned to placebo or an established antidepressant. The effect size (measured as the mean change in rating with antidepressants minus the mean change for placebo divided by the pooled SD of change, adjusted for age, gender and initial scores) was 0.49 with MADRS, 0.53 with HAM-D, 0.55 with CGI-S and 0.59 with CGI-I. The four rating scales had similar effect sizes regardless of the type of antidepressant evaluated. These data suggest that MADRS is as sensitive an instrument as HAM-D for detecting antidepressant efficacy in clinical trials. Thus, MADRS may be a desirable tool in large-scale, pivotal antidepressant clinical trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[A brief scale for measuring subjective prognosis of gainful employment: findings of a study of 4279 statutory pension insurees concerning reliability (Guttman scaling) and validity of the scale].

The psychometric properties of a 3-item scale for the assessment of subjective vocational disability were tested in 4279 blue-collar workers. Internal consistency of the scale was estimated by Guttman scaling. To evaluate construct validity the scale was compared to other measures of vocational ability, functional capacity, comorbidity, psychic status, and indicators of occupational handicap. The results are highly satisfactory, and the scale can be recommended for further use in rehabilitation research. Ongoing research is discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Swedish translations of the Suicide Probability Scale, Perceived Social Support from Friends and Family Scales, and the Scale for Interpersonal Behavior: a reliability analysis.

The Suicide Probability Scale (SPS), the Perceived Social Support (PSS) from Friends (PSS-Fr) and Family (PSS-Fa) scales, and the Scale for Interpersonal Behavior (SIB) were translated into Swedish and their reliability was estimated in a university student sample. The reliability coefficients indicated that both subscales and the total scales of the SPS, PSS, and SIB possess highly adequate reliabilities. The intercorrelations among the subscales and between the subscales and the total scales were found to be highly significant. The results of the study supported the use of SPS, PSS-Fr and PSS-Fa, and the SIB as reliable methods for assessing suicide risk, perceived social support from friends and family, and assertive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Reliability of the Turkish version of the Perceived Social Support from Friends and Family scales, Scale for Interpersonal Behavior, and Suicide Probability Scale.

This study investigated the reliability of the Turkish version of the Perceived Social Support (PSS) from Friends (PSS-Fr) and Family (PSS-Fa) scales, the Scale for Interpersonal Behavior (SIB), and the Suicide Probability Scale (SPS). Both test-retest and internal consistency reliability estimates were computed. Highly adequate reliability coefficients are recorded for the subscales and the total scales of the PSS, SIB, and SPS. The results of the present study clearly support the use of Turkish versions of the PSS-Fr, PSS-Fa, SIB, and SPS as reliable methods for assessing perceived social support from friends and family, assertiveness, and suicide risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Production of human interleukin-8 expressed in Escherichia coli: from a laboratory scale for in vitro tests via a technical scale for animal studies to a process scale for a GMP-compatible production.

An Escherichia coli K 12 strain has been constructed for efficient expression of recombinant biologically active human IL-8 (Interleukin-8). The development of a fermentation and purification process from the laboratory scale (cells from 15 l fermentation broth) to a production scale (cells from 200 l fermentation broth) is described. Material obtained from the laboratory scale was used for initial in vitro studies and for the development of a biological assay. An upscale purification process starting from 80 l fermentation broth resulted in larger amounts of IL-8 needed for preclinical studies. This process includes a fully automated control of the initial affinity chromatography step. Finally, a production process which differed markedly from the small-scale processes was tailor-made for GMP conformity and economic considerations. It consists of a cell disruption step followed by two crossflow diafiltrations with different molecular weight cut offs and filtration rates, one cation exchange chromatography and a final dialysis step. In order to enhance the overall yield of biologically active IL-8, conditions for a resolubilisation of insoluble IL-8 present in the remaining pellet after cell disruption were worked out.

Bioreactors↗