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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Assessment of sanitation conditions by qualitative sanitation measurement.

Survey of sanitation conditions by qualitative sanitation measurement were carried out in three districts, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. The sanitation of each household was assessed in terms of positive stool examination and scores of seven main sanitary activities which were used to classify each household's sanitation as hygienic or non-hygienic. Stool collections were made from each household's housewife and examined for pathogenic bacteria and parasites. It was found that in the qualitative measurement of the household's sanitation as hygienic or non-hygienic, most sanitary activities were highly associated with the results of stool examination. From consideration of the sensitivity, specificity and kappa coefficient of significant sanitary activities as predictors and the result of stool examination was used as gold standard, it was apparent that a package of all main sanitary activities was the most appropriate measurement in the survey to assess sanitation conditions in the community.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Rural water and sanitation. Community participation in appropriate water supply and sanitation technologies: the mythology for the Decade.

The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-90) is almost upon us. During this period, massive international efforts will be made to accelerate the provision of domestic water supply and sanitation facilities for the rural population of developing countries. Certain concepts and approaches are being developed and promoted as guiding themes that will help to steer and coordinate the activities of the Decade. Among them are 'appropriate technology' 'community participation' and a 'village level' or 'user-choice' approach. The validity and importance of these concepts are discussed. It is concluded that these concepts are often applied in an over-simplified manner and that they divert attention away from the fundamental political and administrative realities that primarily determine the success or failure of rural water and sanitation programmes.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1982

The use of detergents and sanitizers in dairy farm sanitation--an updated perspective.

Raw milk quality in South Africa is poor and standard plate counts in the millions per ml are common. This is largely due to inefficient cleaning and sanitizing of dairy equipment. The basic constituents in milk are described and various soils are classified as soluble in water, alkali, acid, solvent or surfactant or as insoluble. The importance of water quality is highlighted and the influence of mineral salts on soil deposition described. Dairy detergents are broadly classified as alkaline or acid, the former being most effective against fatty and proteinaceous soils and the latter effective against mineral salts. Typical detergent ingredients and their properties are described. Chlorine is incorporated into alkaline detergents not as a sanitizing agent, but as a peptizing agent to aid in protein soil removal. At high pH values the antimicrobial activity of chlorine is greatly diminished. The use of a daily acidified rinse (pH 3,0-5,0) is preferred to the periodic acid wash, since the acid rinse prevents mineral deposition rather than removing accumulated milkstone. All cleaning programmes follow the same fundamental steps--Pre-rinse (40-50 degrees C), wash (60-70 degrees C), rinse (pH 3,0-5,0) and sanitize (25 ppm iodine and 100 ppm chlorine). Farms following such a programme are able to achieve Standard Plate Counts of less than 10,000/ml and coliform counts of less than 10/ml for raw milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Susceptibility of antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-sensitive foodborne pathogens to acid anionic sanitizers.

Acid anionic sanitizers for treatment of fruits and vegetables were prepared using ingredients generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or anionic surfactants and organic acid food additives. They met the regulatory definition as sanitizers by showing bactericidal efficacy of 99.999% in 30 s against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Escherichia coli ATCC 11229. These sanitizers showed a broad spectrum of microbicidal activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotic-sensitive and resistant strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium were equally susceptible to these sanitizers. The acid anionic sanitizers showed microbicidal efficacy equal to that of hypochlorite against Aeromonas hydrophila, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus. Unlike most other sanitizers, these agents do not covalently react with organic components of food; unlike cationic agents, they do not leave residues. The acid anionic sanitizers are prepared using stable, biodegradable, and nontoxic ingredients. Rapid microbicidal activity and the ease of storage, transportation, and use make these sanitizers an attractive alternative to hypochlorite for sanitizing fruits and vegetables.

Anions↗
PubMed2002

Biofilm formation by acid-adapted and nonadapted Listeria monocytogenes in fresh beef decontamination washings and its subsequent inactivation with sanitizers.

The antimicrobial effects of sodium hypochlorite (SH, 200 ppm, at an adjusted pH of 6.80 +/- 0.20 and at an unadjusted pH of 10.35 +/- 0.25), quaternary ammonium compound (pH 10.20 +/- 0.12, 200 ppm), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA, pH 3.45 +/- 0.20, 150 ppm) on previously acid-adapted or nonadapted Listeria monocytogenes inoculated (10(5) CFU/ml) into beef decontamination water washings were evaluated. The effects of the sanitizers on suspended cells (planktonic or deattached) and on cells attached to stainless steel coupons obtained from inoculated washings stored at 15 degrees C for up to 14 days were studied. Cells were exposed to sanitizers on days 2, 7, and 14. The pathogen had formed a biofilm of 5.3 log CFU/cm2 by day 2 of storage (which was reduced to 4.6 log CFU/cm2 by day 14), while the total microbial populations showed more extensive attachment (6.1 to 6.6 log CFU/cm2). The sanitizers were more effective in reducing populations of cells in suspension than in reducing populations of attached cells. Overall, there were no differences between previously acid-adapted and nonadapted L monocytogenes with regard to sensitivity to sanitizers. The total microbial biofilms were the most sensitive to all of the sanitizers on day 2, but their resistance increased during storage, and they were at their most resistant on day 14. Listeria monocytogenes displayed stronger resistance to the effects of the sanitizers on day 7 than on day 2 but had become sensitized to all sanitizers by day 14. SH at the adjusted pH (6.80) (ASH) was generally more effective in reducing bacterial populations than was SH at the unadjusted pH. PAA generally killed attached cells faster at 30 to 300 s of exposure than did the other sanitizers, except for ASH on day 2. PAA was more effective in killing attached cells than in killing cells treated in suspension, in contrast to the other sanitizers.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The development of a protocol to manage the potential of groundwater contamination from on-site sanitation.

The provision of water supply and sanitation services to the developing and water scarce areas of South Africa is one of the goals of the Reconstruction and Development Programme. One of the principles of the South African National Sanitation Policy stipulates that sanitation systems which have unacceptable impacts on the environment cannot be considered to be an adequate form of sanitation. The greatest contamination concern with respect to ventilated improved pit toilets is in relation to groundwater resources. To this end the National Sanitation Co-ordination Office (NaSCO) and the Directorate of Geohydrology of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry have developed "A Protocol to Manage the Potential of Groundwater Contamination from On-Site Sanitation". The aim of the protocol is to ensure that reasonable measures are taken to guard against contamination of valuable groundwater resources by inappropriately located or designed sanitation systems. The protocol focuses on dry on-site sanitation systems and provides a brief background to the current understanding of groundwater contamination by on-site sanitation systems. It also presents a procedure to be followed by those involved in implementing new, or upgrading old systems--the procedure allows the field worker to assess whether groundwater resources may be at risk of pollution. The protocol is specifically aimed at engineering and technical staff who are not groundwater specialists.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Criteria for successful sanitation programmes in low income countries.

In the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-90), the development of a consensus on the concept of sanitation and the planning and implementation of effective and efficient sanitation programmes was not emphasized. Yet lack of good sanitation is a growing burden and environmental threat. Significant improvement of human health cannot be achieved without good environmental sanitation conditions and practices. A consensus on what makes a sanitation programme successful can help to conserve limited funds and spend those available more wisely. It will also help to reduce the increasing flows of waste poisoning precious sources of drinking water. This article was written to stimulate discussion on what attributes can be taken as characteristic of good environmental sanitation programmes, and on which indicators can be used to assess those attributes in actual sanitation programmes.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1996

Airway function and respiratory symptoms in sanitation workers.

The prevalence of acute and chronic respiratory symptoms and lung-function changes was studied in a group of 81 municipal sanitation workers. In addition, the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function was studied in 65 control workers. There were significantly higher prevalences of all chronic respiratory symptoms among the sanitation workers than among the control workers. Sanitation workers (smokers and nonsmokers) 40 years of age or older had higher prevalences of all chronic respiratory symptoms than younger workers. In addition, sanitation workers (both smokers and nonsmokers) employed for 10 years or longer had significantly higher prevalences of chronic respiratory symptoms than control workers. There was also a high prevalence of acute symptoms, which developed among the sanitation workers during work shifts. Of these symptoms, prevalences were highest for dryness of the nose and throat, followed by throat and eye irritation. Lung-function testing demonstrated significantly diminished forced vital capacity (FVC) and 1-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) for the 81 sanitation workers compared with control values. These differences only become significant after 10 or more years of employment in the sanitation industry and were not entirely explained by smoking. These differences were smaller and not statistically significant for maximum flow rates at 50% and the last 25% of the vital capacity. Our data suggest that sanitation worker--particularly those with long periods of work exposure--may develop acute and/or chronic respiratory symptoms accompanied by decreases in lung function (primarily FVC and FEV1).

Adult↗