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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from RBC and ATP sequence variation.

Sequence data for plastid rbcL and atpB from members of Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Cneoraceae, Meliaceae, Ptaeroxylaceae, Rutaceae, and Simaroubaceae were analyzed cladistically to evaluate the familial and subfamilial circumscriptions of Rutaceae. Taxa representing all subfamilies and tribes were sampled. The analysis shows that Rutaceae are paraphyletic, with Spathelia and Dictyoloma (Rutaceae), Harrisonia (Simaroubaceae), Cneorum (Cneoraceae), and Ptaeroxylon (Ptaeroxylaceae) forming a clade sister to all other Rutaceae. Circumscription of Rutaceae to include all of these taxa is recommended. This analysis indicates that Simaroubaceae and Meliaceae are the outgroups closest to Rutaceae. Correlation of the molecular phylogenies with biochemical data indicates that chemotaxonomic information is more reliable than fruit type as an indicator of familial and subfamilial circumscriptions. The subfamilial classification needs revision; none of the subfamilies of more than one genus is monophyletic.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Screening for biological activity and chemical composition of Euodia borbonica var. borbonica (Rutaceae), a medicinal plant in Reunion Island.

Three simple coumarins; scoparone, limettin and psoralen have been isolated as major components from the leaves of Euodia borbonica var. borbonica (Rutaceae) together with xanthoxylin, a common phenolic compound in Rutaceae family. Their structures were elucidated through GC/MS and NMR studies. A minor furocoumarin, bergapten, was also detected in the extracts. Preliminary biological tests on ethanolic leaf extracts did not show any activity.

Cell Culture Techniques↗
PubMed2002

Screening of eight alkaloids and ten flavonoids isolated from four species of the genus Boronia (Rutaceae) for antimicrobial activities against seventeen clinical microbial strains.

Eight alkaloids and ten flavonoids isolated from four species of Boronia of the Rutaceae were screened against 17 clinical microbial strains. Of the test compounds, three acridone and one quinolone alkaloids and eight flavonoids were reported as novel natural products. Screening was carried out by the standard disc diffusion method. Of the tested compounds, six alkaloids and seven flavonoids including the novel products were active against six clinical strains. The active compounds showed mild to moderate activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, exterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella sp. Of the active flavonoids, some exhibited fairly significant activity towards Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella sp. The flavonoids were observed to have higher spectrum and magnitude of activity than those of the alkaloids. A standard ampicillin disc was used to compare the results.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1999

[Bullous phototoxic contact dermatitis caused by Ruta graveolens L. (garden rue), Rutaceae. Case report and review of literature].

A patient developed severe bullous phototoxic contact dermatitis caused by Ruta graveolens L. (garden rue) which belongs to the Rutaceae family. To date only a few cases of phototoxic reactions to the garden rue have been reported. The phototoxic components of Ruta graveolens L. are the fouranocoumarins 5-methoxypsoralen (bergapten) and 8-methoxypsoralen (xanthotoxine), and the furanoquinoline dictamnine whose phototoxic properties were recently discovered. Since the garden rue is frequently cultivated, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of phototoxic phytodermatitis.

5-Methoxypsoralen↗
PubMed2000

In vitro activity of Rutaceae species against the trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi.

The activity of crude plant extracts of nine species of Rutaceae against the trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated at 4 mg/ml. Thirty-two crude extracts were tested and eight of them showed significant activity (>80%). The most active extract was obtained from the stems of Pilocarpus spicatus (97.3%). Fractionation of the active crude extracts provided 25 fractions which were tested against the trypomastigote form of T. cruzi at 2 mg/ml. Of these six showed significant activity (>80%). The most active fractions (100%) were obtained from the leaves of Almeidea coerulea (butanol fraction) and Conchocarpus inopinatus (dichloromethane fraction).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Perinatal toxicology of Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) in mice.

Dried leaf infusions of Ruta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae), 'rue', 'ruda', were found to cause perinatal changes in mice, at daily doses of 0.16, 0.80 and 1.60 g/kg, administered p.o. from 1 to 14 days post coitum. Significant decreases in the appearance time of physical signs, righting reflex and cliff avoidance together with minus scores in string test and swimming ability were observed. Moreover, histological studies showed progressive angiogenic development on placenta blood supply and weakness at blood barrier in brain, thymus and pery-lymph vestibule. We found out that the results tend to confirm the embryotoxic effect of the plant and its harmful use.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Biological activity of some coumarins from Sri Lankan Rutaceae.

Twelve coumarins isolated from plants of the Rutaceae collected in Sri Lanka have been subjected to a mechanism-based anticancer bioassay employing DNA repair-deficient and repair-proficient yeasts. Of these, seselin [10] and xanthyletin [11] were found to be active. Seselin also exhibited moderate cytotoxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Genetic diversity in the monospecific western australian endemic, geleznowia verrucosa turcz. (Rutaceae)

Allozyme diversity was surveyed at 16 loci across 16 populations of the monospecific, but morphologically diverse, endemic shrub Geleznowia verrucosa Turcz. (Rutaceae). Single-locus diversity measures portrayed G. verrucosa as a genetically depauperate genus (A, 1.4; P, 29.6%), with total genetic diversity (HT, 0.304) partitioned between populations (DST, 0.175), rather than within (HS, 0.129). Some 58% of the total genetic diversity was attributable to interpopulational differences. Although restricted distribution, bottlenecks and/or founder effects and small population size have probably contributed to the low levels of genetic diversity found within this genus, it is evident from this investigation that the genus is not monospecific. The partitioning of genetic diversity, and possible differences in reproductive strategy, suggest that the small- and large-flowered forms represent distinct taxa. Higher levels of divergence between the intermediate-form populations and increased heterozygosity at the Lap locus suggest that this form is of hybrid origin and has arisen through a series of hybrid events between the small and large forms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Buchu (Agathosma betulina and A. crenulata, Rutaceae) essential oils: their pharmacological action on guinea-pig ileum and antimicrobial activity on microorganisms.

The mode of action of essential oils from two buchu species (Agathosma betulina and A. crenulata, Rutaceae) from the Cape region of South Africa has been studied on smooth muscle in-vitro using guinea-pig ileum. At high concentration, the oils had an initial spasmogenic activity followed by spasmolysis. The spasmolytic action was post-synaptic, not atropine-like and did not involve adrenoceptor or guanylyl cyclase activation. In the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram, the spasmolytic action of A. betulina was significantly increased whilst that due to A. crenulata was also increased but not to a significant level. These results suggested a mode of action for the oils involving cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In addition, A. betulina appeared to block calcium channels but this was not seen with A. crenulata, possibly because the initial spasmogenic activity complicated the study of its spasmolytic action. Neither essential oil (10 microL, undiluted) demonstrated antimicrobial action against Enterococcus hirae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but very low activity was observed against Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting little potential for these oils as antimicrobial agents/preservatives.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Cardiotonic flavonoids from Citrus plants (Rutaceae).

Two flavonoids, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HEPTA) and natsudaidain isolated from Citrus plants (Rutaceae), produced a positive inotropic effect (PIE) on guinea-pig papillary muscle. Natsudaidain (pD2 4.98 +/- 0.07) was more potent than HEPTA (pD2 4.33 +/- 0.08), but the maximum PIE of HEPTA was greater than that of natsudaidain. The PIE of HEPTA was completely inhibited by reserpinization of the guinea pig, and partially inhibited by metoprolol and carbachol. The carbachol inhibition was omitted by atropine. The mechanism of PIE of HEPTA is accounted for catecholamine release from cardiac tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Indonesia medicinal plants. III. On the constituents of the bark of Fagara rhetza (Rutaceae). (1): Alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, and acid amide.

Two new phenylpropanoids, named O-geranylsinapyl alcohol (1) and O-geranylconiferyl alcohol (2), and a new acid amide, named hazeleamide (3), were isolated from the bark of Fagara rhetza (Rutaceae), an Indonesian medicinal plant from Flores Island, Indonesia. The chemical structures of 1, 2, and 3 have been elucidated on the basis of their chemical and physicochemical properties. Among the three new compounds, hazeleamide (3) was found to show a pungent taste and to exert a moderate antimalarial activity in an in vitro test system.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1996

Isolation of pyropheophorbide a from the leaves of Atalantia monophylla (ROXB.) CORR. (Rutaceae) as a possible antiviral active principle against herpes simplex virus type 2.

Antiviral activity-guided isolation studies on the leaves of Atalantia monophylla (ROXB.) CORR. (Rutaceae) led to the identification of pyropheophorbide a (1), a simple chlorin derivative, from the chloroform extract (fr. B) as a possible antiviral active principle against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Pyropheophorbide a methyl ester (2) was also isolated from the hexane extract (fr. A).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Studies on the chemical constituents of Rutaceae++ plants. LXVI. The chemical constituents of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (T. aculeata Pers.). (1). Chemical constituents of the root bark].

Chemical constituents of the root bark of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (T. aculeata Pers.), Rutaceae, were examined. In addition to twelve known coumarins [toddaculin (2), coumurrayin (5), toddanone (6), 8-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (7), isopimpinellin (8), 6-(3-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (9), 6-formyllimettin (10), 5,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin (12), toddasin (13), (+)-toddanol (14), 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-3-methylbutyl)-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (18), and toddalolactone (21)] five new coumarins [toddalenol (17), toddalosin (19), 5-methoxysuberenon (23), toddalenone (24), and 8-formyllimettin (25)] were isolated. Furthermore seven known benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids [des-N-methylchelerythrine (4), oxychelerythrine (15), arnottianamide (16), oxyavicine (22), avicine (30), chelerythrine (31), and chelerythrine-psi-cyanide (34)] and four known quinoline alkaloids [N-methylflindersine (11), 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-quinolone (20), skimmianine (35), integriquinolone (36)], one known triterpenoid [beta-amyrin (3)], and four unknown components [unknown I-IV (26)-(29)] were isolated.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2000

Heterochromatin banding patterns in Rutaceae-Aurantioideae--a case of parallel chromosomal evolution.

The heterochromatin banding patterns in the karyotypes of 17 species belonging to 15 genera of Rutaceae subfamily Aurantioideae (= Citroideae) were analyzed with the fluorochromes chromomycin (CMA) and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-2HCl (DAPI). All species were diploids, except one tetraploid (Clausena excavata) and two hexaploids [Glycosmis parviflora agg. (aggregate) and G. pentaphylla agg.]. There are only CMA/DAPI bands, including those associated with the nucleolus. Using recent cpDNA (chloroplast DNA) sequence data as a phylogenetic background, it becomes evident that generally more basal genera with rather plesiomorphic traits in their morphology, anatomy, and phytochemistry exhibit very small amounts of heterochromatin (e.g., Glycosmis, Severinia, Swinglea), whereas relatively advanced genera from different clades with more apomorphic characters display numerous large CMA bands (e.g., Merrillia, Feroniella, Fortunella). Heterochromatin increase (from 0.7 to 13.7%) is interpreted as apomorphic. The bands are mostly located in the larger chromosomes and at telomeric regions of larger arms. However, one of the largest chromosome pair has been conserved throughout the subfamily with only very little heterochromatin. The heterochromatin-rich patterns observed in different clades of Aurantioideae appear quite similar, suggesting a kind of parallel chromosomal evolution. In respect to the current classification of the subfamily, it is proposed to divide Murraya s.l. (sensu lato) into Bergera and Murraya s.s. (sensu stricto) and to place the former near Clausena into Clauseneae s.s. and the latter together with Merrillia into Citreae s.l. The subtribes recognized within Clauseneae s.s. and Citreae s.l. appear heterogeneous and should be abandoned. On the other hand, the monophyletic nature of the core group of Citrinae, i.e., the Citrus clade with Eremocitrus, Microcitrus, Clymenia, Poncirus, Fortunella, and Citrus, is well supported.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

[Pathogenicity of Phylloporia chrysita (Aphyllophorales: Hymenochaetaceae) on Erythrochiton gymnanthus (Rutaceae)].

The pathogenicity of Phylloporia chrysita (Berk.) Ryv. on Erythrochiton gymnanthus K. (Rutaceae) was studied in Carara Biological Reserve, seasonal Pacific of Costa Rica. Growth rate and distribution of basidiocarps were determined on health and diseased plants. P. chrysita caused 52% growth reduction on diseased plants. Fungal hyphae were observed on epidermis, parenchyma and vascular tissue, where they caused cellular breakdown.

Basidiomycota↗