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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Immune responses to wild and vaccine rubella viruses after rubella vaccination.

Antibody responses to individual structural proteins (E1, E2, and C) of the M33 wild rubella virus and the RA 27/3 live attenuated rubella strain were assayed by immunoblotting in 11 girls, following immunization with RA 27/3 rubella vaccine. Serum samples were drawn before immunization and at 10 days, 1 month, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years afterwards. All the subjects showed antibodies to E1 glycoprotein of both the virus strains up to three years after immunization, indicating the importance of E1 in immunity. Antibodies to E1 were always present when with neutralizing activity was observed. Antibodies to E2 protein of both the viruses and to the C protein of the M33 virus gradually disappeared with time in some samples, while antibodies to C protein of the RA 27/3 virus strain were found persistently in all the sera.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Rubella vaccination.

Rubella vaccination programmes aim to prevent congenital rubella infections. Previously differing programmes have now converged according to the following principle: First vaccination should be given at the age of 15 months (together with measles and mumps vaccine) to both boys and girls, in order to diminish the circulation of the wild virus. Teenage girls require (re-)vaccination to ensure their immunity. Also non-immune women have to be identified and vaccinated before they become pregnant. A low acceptance rate increases the risk of infection of pregnant women, independent of the vaccination omitted. As a rule natural and vaccine-induced immunity prevents congenital rubella infections. These infections are exceedingly rare in children born to immune mothers, and are always caused by the wild virus. This minimal risk will disappear only with the eradication of rubella virus, still a distant goal in countries offering vaccination only on a voluntary basis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Rubella vaccination and anti-D immunoglobulin administration in the puerperium.

The serum conversion rates and post-vaccination rubella haemagglutination inhibiting antibody titres of a group of women given both anti-D immunoglobulin and rubella vaccine in the puerperium have been compared with those of a similar group of patients who were given vaccine but no immunoglobulin. The serological response to rubella vaccination in susceptible women was satisfactory even when anti-D immunoglobulin was given shortly before vaccination.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1993

Rubella vaccination and congenital rubella syndrome in Western Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To review the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and the acceptance of schoolgirl rubella vaccination in Western Australia (WA), and to determine whether any groups in the community are at increased risk of having a child affected by CRS. DESIGN: Review of records of the WA Birth Defects Registry for cases of CRS; survey of obstetricians for terminations of pregnancy for maternal rubella infection; survey of schoolgirls eligible for the 1991 annual rubella vaccination campaign; review of Perth Immunisation Clinic and rural community and child health records; review of the rubella immune status of women tested antenatally. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence rate of CRS per 10,000 live births in WA 1980-1990; the incidence of rubella-associated terminations of pregnancy during 1990 and 1991; trends in rubella vaccine acceptance among WA schoolgirls between 1971 and 1991; and the proportion of women attending antenatal clinics who showed satisfactory immunity against rubella, stratified by country of birth. RESULTS: The incidence rate of CRS in WA remains below 2 cases per 10,000 live births. Approximately 86% of Perth schoolgirls have been vaccinated against rubella. Rubella vaccine acceptance fell in some country areas during the late 1980s, but is now returning to acceptable levels. Women born in Asia are at greater risk of having a baby affected by CRS than women born in Australia. Babies with CRS may be born to women who have previously been vaccinated against rubella. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CRS has fallen dramatically since the introduction of the schoolgirl vaccination program, but there is still a need for mechanisms to identify and vaccinate non-immune women.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1978

Rubella vaccination in Australia: 2. Experience with the RA27/3 rubella vaccine and results of a double-blind trial in schoolgirls.

RA27/3 rubella vaccine (Almevax) was used for the first time in Australia. The seroconversion rate was similar to that seen with Cendehill vaccine (Cedevax), but there were fewer subjects with low antibody titres after Almevax vaccine. Although Almevax vaccine was associated with a significantly higher incidence of sore throat, rash and joint involvement in seronegative adults, the incidence of side effects in a double-blind trial in schoolgirls was similar for the two vaccines, and the morbidity was low in both groups. Almevax vaccination successfully boosted low antibody titres in 11 of 14 women who had previously responded poorly to Cendevax vaccination. It would be difficult to differentiate the better vaccine for the schoolgirl programme. In some clinical situations, however, one vaccine has advantages over the other.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Inadvertent rubella vaccination of pregnant women: evaluation of possible transplacental infection with rubella vaccine.

During mass campaign for measles/rubella vaccination on December 2003 in Iran, many pregnant women have vaccinated mistakenly. These women were grouped to susceptible and immune against rubella before vaccination by the status of IgG avidity response to rubella vaccine, then susceptible women were followed up to delivery time and their neonates were followed up to one year. In five neonates that were born from susceptible women, rubella-specific IgM has detected in cord blood sera, but they have not shown signs compatible to congenital rubella syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Rational strategy for rubella vaccination.

Current rubella vaccination programmes, devised when knowledge of vaccine characteristics was still incomplete, have not been fully successful in protecting those at maximum risk of the sequelae of rubella infection. Now that more is known of vaccine characteristics and the impact of the initially chosen strategies has been assessed, it is time to modify immunisation strategies, the priorities being first to protect women of childbearing age, and then to interrupt transmission of rubella.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Rational use of rubella vaccine for prevention of congenital rubella syndrome in the Americas.

Rubella is a viral disease with minor morbidity and few complication unless it is contracted by a pregnant woman. Rubella infection during the first trimester of pregnancy often leads to fetal death or severe congenital defects (congenital rubella syndrome, CRS). Rubella remains endemic in many countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has been estimated that 20,000 or more infants are perhaps born with CRS each year in Latin American and Caribbean countries. While the inclusion of rubella vaccination into routine childhood immunization will decrease rubella virus circulation among young children, it will not have immediate impact on the transmission of rubella among adults or the occurrence of CRS. A one-time mass campaign targeting both males and females 5 to 39 years of age with measles-mumps-rubella or measles-rubella vaccine followed by the use of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in routine early childhood vaccination will prevent and control both rubella and CRS promptly. In April 1988, the Ministers of Health of the English-speaking Caribbean targeted rubella for elimination by the end of the year 2000 using the vaccination strategy outlined above. The rubella elimination experience of these countries will provide useful information for the eventual elimination of rubella virus from the Americas.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Interference between strains in live virus vaccines, I: Combined vaccination with measles, mumps and rubella vaccine.

One to four different lots of four commercially available trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccines were tested for their efficacy as measured by the induction of antibodies to the three vaccine viruses. All of the products were satisfactory although a 100% seroconversion rate was attained regularly only with rubella vaccine. The live virus in the different measles and mumps vaccine components and especially the relative amounts of measles to mumps virus varied widely. Obviously, the efficacy of a vaccine should not be judged only by the virus content. Of main importance is the further adjustment of the dosage of the interfering vaccine virus strains in relation to their attenuation.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2004

Concomitant administration of a bivalent Haemophilus influenzae type b-hepatitis B vaccine, measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and varicella vaccine: safety, tolerability and immunogenicity.

BACKGROUND: The study was done to verify that concomitant administration of a bivalent Haemophilus influenzae type b-hepatitis B vaccine (Comvax), measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (M-M-RII) and varicella vaccine (Varivax) would be well-tolerated and suitably immunogenic with respect to all vaccine antigens. METHODS: We randomized 822 healthy 12- to 15-month-old children (1:1) to receive concomitant injections of Comvax, M-M-RII and Varivax (concomitant group) or Comvax followed 6 weeks later by injections of M-M-RII and Varivax (nonconcomitant group). Blood samples taken before and 6 weeks after vaccination were tested for antibodies to all vaccine antigens. RESULTS: Vaccinations were generally well-tolerated. Children in the concomitant and nonconcomitant treatment groups were similar with respect to the safety endpoint of primary interest (16.1 and 19.5%, respectively, had a fever > or =103 degree F rectally at any time within 14 days after either of two clinic visits). Fifteen serious adverse events were reported (eight in the concomitant group and seven in the nonconcomitant group); all resolved. Elements of two serious adverse events (fever, fever and measles-like rash; both in concomitant group children) were considered possibly related to vaccination. One child was withdrawn from the study because of a nonserious adverse event subsequently judged to be unrelated to vaccination. Similar proportions of vaccinees in the concomitant and nonconcomitant groups developed satisfactory antibody responses to the H. influenzae polysaccharide, polyribosylribitol phosphate (97.8 to 98.7%), hepatitis B surface antigen (99.2 to 100%), measles virus (99.4 to 99.6%), mumps virus (98.4 to 99.2%), rubella virus (100%) and varicella virus (93.2 to 94.6%). CONCLUSION: Concomitant administration of Comvax, M-M-RII and VARIVAX at the 12- or 15-month clinic visit is one satisfactory way of delivering some of the multiple vaccines indicated during the second year of life.

Antibodies, Viral↗