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The Royal Society of London held a scientific meeting in September 2000 focusing on two theories of the origin of AIDS: one, that it occurred through "natural transfer" of immunodeficiency virus from monkeys or chimpanzees to humans; and the other, that it occurred through iatrogenic transfer via contaminated polio vaccines used in Africa in the late 1950s. This meeting was the culmination of years of public contention over the polio-vaccine theory. Several dimensions of the politics of science are revealed by analysis of this issue, including the power of scientific editors, the use of the mass media, decisions regarding selection of speakers and organization of the meeting, and epistemological assumptions made by participants.
The eighteenth century was the century of scientific institutions. Spain did not remain apart from this process, and among the earliest institutions was the Regia Sociedad de Medicina y demas Ciencias de Sevilla, which, although founded at the beginning of the century, really came into its own in the decade of the thirties. In this reappearance of the Sevillian Society Giuseppe Cervi, first court physician to Felipe V and one of the most relevant personages of the Spanish medical panorama of the era, played a key role. This article aims to study the circumstances that surrounded the election of Cervi as a member of the Royal Society of London--thanks to the efforts by the French physician Guillaume Jacobe, hired by the Regia Sociedad, undertaken during a stay in Paris in 1735. The career of this physician and his services to the Spanish medical institution are also further examined.
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The letter sent by the Royal Society to the London optician, John Marshall, in 1694, commending his new method of grinding, has been reprinted, and referred to, in recent years. However, there has been no comprehensive analysis of the method itself, the letter and the circumstances in which it was written, nor the consequences for trade practices. The significance of the approval by the Royal Society of this innovation and the use of that approbation by John Marshall and other practitioners are examined. Gaps in existing accounts of Marshall's method are partly remedied by supplementing surviving written materials with accounts of contemporary, and present-day, trade practices based on his method. The reasons why Marshall and his contemporaries failed to record his method and specify his improvements are discussed. The reactions of the Spectacle Makers' Company and its more prominent members, both to the innovation itself and to the Royal Society's letter, are analysed. The impact of the new technique on contemporary and later opticians is described.
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With a membership of just over 17 500 the Royal Society of Medicine is the largest medical society in Britain. Its ancestor, the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, was founded in 1805 when a band of malcontents seceded from the Medical Society of London. By the charter of 1834 the Society became the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, which amalgamated with over a dozen other societies to create the Royal Society of Medicine in 1907. It occupies number 1 Wimpole Street, a monumental building that has been redeveloped for the Society's bicentenary in 2005.
Few people know the name of the Royal Society's first President, even though he features prominently in Thomas Sprat's famous allegorical frontispiece. In promotional images, his individual identity is irrelevant for proclaiming the Society's allegiance to Francis Bacon and commitment to experimental investigation. By contrast, William Brouncker's name does appear on Peter Lely's large portrait, which hung at the Royal Society. Brouncker was a gifted mathematician as well as a conscientious administrator, and Lely's portrait reproduces the diagram of one of his innovative algebraic proofs.
A portrait of William Harvey in the Royal Society since 1683 is a copy by an unknown artist after a portrait, now lost, painted by Sir Peter Lely ca. 1650. Three other unattributed copies besides a copy bought from Lely's studio on his death by the Earl of Bradford have been located. The present labelling of the Royal Society portrait should be corrected.
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During her short life (1776-1793), the Royal Society of Medicine of Paris brought forth which will become Occupational Medicine. It was indeed at the meetings of the Royal Society that Fourcroy presented in 1776 the french translation of "De morbis artificum diatriba" from Ramazzini (1701), with introduction and notes showing evolution of knowledge. Then, from 1779 to 1793, corresponding fellows physicians, manufacturers, inspectors, showed professional diseases, prevention's means, learning's methods and diffusion's possibilities. Those impulses, too early stopped, will be born again during the XIX th. century and will arrive with Devoto in 1901 to the first using of a specific expression which will be in italian "Medicina del Lavoro".
A recent Royal Society report, Management of Separated Plutonium, considers the production and disposal of plutonium from the spent fuel from civil and nuclear power reactors. It accepts the need for dealing with plutonium stocks because of the toxicity of the element and as it can be used to fabricate nuclear weapons, and expresses concern that it might be illicitly acquired by terrorists. It recommends an independent Government commission on the management of plutonium, and considers the various options for this. However, it does not analyse the arguments against plutonium as a reactor fuel, and underestimates the risks of diversion to nuclear weapons and nuclear terrorism. This paper reviews the options, and concludes that separated plutonium should be added to high-level waste, vitrified, and eventually buried in a deep geological repository.
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At The Royal Society Discussion Meeting, Origins of HIV and the AIDS epidemic, which this issue records, Edward Hooper added two new 'smoking guns' to the accusations published previously in The river. These were proposed as conclusive evidence for the hypothesis that simian immunodeficiency virus-contaminated CHAT polio vaccine caused the HIV-1 group M epidemic. We have investigated the facts in relation to these 'smoking guns'.
George Carmichael Low, like so many early pioneers of Tropical Medicine, had his origin(s) in Scotland. Following a distinguished undergraduate (and early postgraduate) career, he joined Dr Patrick Manson at the newly established London School of Tropical Medicine in 1899. His first major contribution to the specialty (in 1900) was to demonstrate filariae in the proboscis sheath of mosquitoes which had been infected with Filaria bancrofti in Australia, using a technique recently learned in Heidelberg and Vienna. Shortly afterwards, he led an expedition to the Roman Campagna; this established beyond doubt mosquito-transmission of Plasmodium vivax infection to Homo sapiens. In 1901-1902, Low undertook a demanding tour of the Caribbean where he made important contributions to the understanding of the filariases, and assisted in malaria eradication. In 1902 he led a small team (the Royal Society's first sleeping sickness expedition) to investigate the 'negro lethargy' which had emerged in epidemic proportions on the northern shores of Lake Victoria in East Africa. This expedition narrowly failed to establish the aetiological agent (Trypanosoma sp.) of this disease. Following his return to London, Low became superintendent of the Albert Dock Hospital and from then onwards devoted most of his career to the London School of Tropical Medicine and the Hospital for Tropical Diseases (where he became senior physician). He wrote extensively, in addition to his clinical, teaching and administrative commitments. Perhaps Low's major contribution, however, was in establishing the Society (later Royal) of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 1907, with Mr (later Sir) James Cantlie.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)