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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Prevalence of blood-borne viral infections (cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus-6, human herpesvirus-7, human herpesvirus-8, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I/II, human retrovirus-5) among blood donors in Latvia.

The identification of blood-borne viral infections is important in transfusion medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of human herpesvirus (HHV) [cytomegalovirus (CMV), HHV-6, HHV-7 HHV-8] and human retrovirus (HRV) (human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I/II, HRV-5) infections among apparently healthy Latvian blood donors. DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of 150 individuals was tested for herpesviruses by sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. None of the blood donors was positive for HHV-8 infection, while the incidence of latent beta-herpesvirus infections was high: single infection by CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-7 was detected in 2.6%, 8.0%, and 43.3% of blood donors, respectively. Simultaneous dual and triple infections of these viruses were observed in 28.0% and 4.7% of individuals, respectively. Active infection by CMV and HHV-6 was not found, but HHV-7 DNA was present in plasma of 10.6% of the blood donors. While all blood donors were HTLV-II and HRV-5 negative, 4.6% of HTLV-I seronegative blood donors were positive for the HTLV-I tax gene, although none of them harbored sequences for structural genes of the provirus. Based on our results, we conclude that monitoring of beta-herpesvirus infections in blood donors can be important in cases of transfusions to immunocompromised persons. HHV-8, as well as the retroviruses HTLV-II and HRV-5, were not found in blood of Latvian blood donors. More investigations are required to explain the presence of the HTLV-I tax sequence in seronegative blood donors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Infection and the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) currently defies clinical and scientific definitions, and carries a prognosis that remains practically unchanged despite many years of intensive research. Although the prevailing dogma is that MS is an immune-mediated condition, it fulfills none of the criteria of an autoimmune disease. On the other hand, there is enough significant data to suggest that infectious agents(s) could be involved in either direct damage to the white matter or induce inflammatory responses that secondarily affect the brain. Our goal here is to review the data supporting the possibility that infection has a critical role in the disease, examine the list of potential candidates that have been suggested, and outline an approach regarding the potential role of infectious agents in the etiology and pathogenesis of MS.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Association of human herpesvirus type 6 DNA with human bladder cancer.

We examined the presence of human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV6) DNA in a series of 74 bladder carcinomas from a Mediterranean population to elucidate their possible role as cofactor in the development of bladder cancer with or without associated human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HHV-6 type B DNA was present in 5 men (6.8%) out of the 74 tumors investigated; two of them had associated HPV-16 DNA in the same specimen. In one case that had associated urothelial carcinoma in situ, both HHV-6B and HPV-16 DNA were present. In conclusion, the low incidence of HHV-6B in bladder cancer and the ubiquitous nature of HHV-6 infection are more consistent with a bystander role rather than cofactor in the oncogenesis of bladder cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Persistent lack of human herpesvirus-6 specific T-helper cell response in liver transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Specific immunologic defects predisposing to human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), e.g. the role of HHV-6 specific T-helper cell memory response in liver transplant recipients, have not been assessed. METHODS: T-helper function (mitogen ConA response) as a marker of overall immunocompetence and T-helper response (memory response) specific to HHV-6 and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were assessed in 15 liver transplant recipients and compared with 25 healthy subjects. Samples were tested pretransplant, at 2 weeks, 1 month, 2-3 months, and 1 year posttransplantation. Stimulation index (SI) >3 was considered a positive response. RESULTS: Seven percent (1/15) of the transplant recipients at any time posttransplantation, as compared to 64% (16/25) of the healthy subjects, had a positive HHV-6 memory response (P = 0.00065). HHV-6-specific memory response in transplant recipients at 2 weeks (SI 1.43), 1 month (SI 1.1), and 2-3 months (SI 1.3) was significantly more suppressed than in healthy subjects (SI 17.5, P = 0.0001). Although transplant recipients as compared to healthy subjects also had a lower CMV-specific memory response posttransplant (P = 0.0439), CMV-specific memory response recovered significantly at 1 month (P = 0.03) and at 2-3 months (P = 0.027) as compared to that at 2 weeks. However, HHV-6 memory response was persistently absent up to 2-3 months with partial recovery at 1 year; 7% of the patients at 2-3 months, but 25% at 1 year had a positive HHV-6 specific memory response. Forty percent (6/15) of the patients developed HHV-6 viremia a mean of 4 weeks posttransplant. Patients with HHV-6 viremia had greater suppression of HHV-6 memory response at 1 month than those without viremia (mean SI, 0.96 vs. 1.3, P = 0.08). All but one of the patients had a positive ConA response. CONCLUSION: Prolonged suppression of HHV-6 memory response, but not overall T-helper cell function was documented and may play a role in the pathogenesis of HHV-6 infection in liver transplant recipients. Memory response to CMV after liver transplantation was significantly more robust than to HHV-6.

Herpesvirus 6, Human↗
PubMed2005

Etiology of mumps-like illnesses in children and adolescents vaccinated for measles, mumps, and rubella.

The possible viral etiology of mumps-like illnesses in patients vaccinated for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) was studied by use of serum samples prospectively collected, during 1983-1998, from 601 acutely ill Finnish children and adolescents with mumps-like symptoms. Mumps virus was excluded by testing serum samples for mumps antibodies, and the serum samples were further tested for antibodies to adenovirus, enterovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, parainfluenza virus types 1-3, and parvovirus B19. The serum samples of 114 children <4 years old were also tested for antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). A viral etiology was verified in 84 cases (14%), most commonly Epstein-Barr virus (7%), followed by parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, or 3 (4%) and adenovirus (3%). HHV-6 infection was found in 5 children <4 years old (4%). This study confirms that mumps-like symptoms in MMR-vaccinated children and adolescents are often not caused by mumps virus infection. Careful laboratory-based diagnostic testing of MMR-vaccinated children and adolescents who develop clinical symptoms compatible with those of mumps is important in the treatment of individual patients, in the comprehension of the true epidemiology of these illnesses, and in the evaluation of the impact of MMR vaccination programs.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2005

Emerging viral infections after hematopoietic cell transplantation.

This overview summarizes recent data on emerging viruses after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), including adenovirus, BK virus, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and human herpesvirus (HHV) 6. The increased recognition of these infections is due to improved molecular detection methods, increased surveillance and more profound immunosuppression in the host. Adenovirus can cause serious disease especially in T-cell depleted transplant recipients. Adenovirus viremia is an important risk factor for disease in this setting. BK virus has been associated with hemorrhagic cystitis in HCT recipients. BK viremia is significantly associated with hemorrhagic cystitis. hMPV shows a seasonal distribution and can cause fatal pneumonia in HCT recipients. hMPV may be the etiology of some cases previously categorized as idiopathic pneumonia syndrome. HHV-6 commonly leads to viremia in HCT recipients. HHV-6 has been strongly associated with encephalitis and delayed platelet engraftment. Prospective studies are needed to further examine epidemiology, disease associations, and management strategies for these viruses.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed2003

Newer viral encephalitides.

BACKGROUND: Viral encephalitis occurs in epidemic settings or is sporadic. New encephalitis patterns reflect the roles that biologic reservoirs and vectors play in determining virus-human interactions. "New" viral encephalitis can also result from human host modifications that increase susceptibility to neuroinvasive viral infection. REVIEW SUMMARY: Three human viruses, Nipah virus, Human Herpesvirus-6, and West Nile virus, present examples of how "new" viral encephalitides emerge in a specific geographic region or clinical setting. Nipah virus encephalitis emerged after the molecular evolution of a new zoonotic viral genus within the Paramyxovirinae family. Human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis has emerged in the immune suppressed human host harboring this ubiquitous but typically benign herpesvirus. West Nile virus encephalitis has emerged in the Western hemisphere after apparent abrupt translocation of this mosquito-borne virus to a distant geographic region with immunologically naive avian and human hosts. CONCLUSION: While the clinical features of these viral encephalitides are somewhat distinct, they each emerged as the result of human-derived factors that altered the biologic dynamic between humans and their viral pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Multiple co-infections (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, human herpes virus-6) in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients: association with signs and symptoms.

Previously we and others found that a majority of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients showed evidence of systemic mycoplasmal infections, and their blood tested positive using a polymerase chain reaction assay for at least one of the four following Mycoplasma species: M. fermentans, M. hominis, M. pneumoniae or M. penetrans. Consistent with previous results, patients in the current study (n=200) showed a high prevalence (overall 52%) of mycoplasmal infections. Using forensic polymerase chain reaction we also examined whether these same patients showed evidence of infections with Chlamydia pneumoniae (overall 7.5% positive) and/or active human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6, overall 30.5% positive). Since the presence of one or more infections may predispose patients to other infections, we examined the prevalence of C. pneumoniae and HHV-6 active infections in mycoplasma-positive and -negative patients. Unexpectedly, we found that the incidence of C. pneumoniae or HHV-6 was similar in Mycoplasma-positive and -negative patients, and the converse was also found in active HHV-6-positive and -negative patients. Control subjects (n=100) had low rates of mycoplasmal (6%), active HHV-6 (9%) or chlamydial (1%) infections, and there were no co-infections in control subjects. Differences in bacterial and/or viral infections in CFS patients compared to control subjects were significant. Severity and incidence of patients' signs and symptoms were compared within the above groups. Although there was a tendency for patients with multiple infections to have more severe signs and symptoms (p<0.01), the only significant differences found were in the incidence and severity of certain signs and symptoms in patients with multiple co-infections of any type compared to the other groups (p<0.01). There was no correlation between the type of co-infection and severity of signs and symptoms. The results indicate that a large subset of CFS patients show evidence of bacterial and/or viral infection(s), and these infections may contribute to the severity of signs and symptoms found in these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology.

BACKGROUND: Myocarditis can occasionally lead to sudden death and may progress to dilated cardiomyopathy in up to 10% of patients. Because the initial onset is difficult to recognize clinically and the diagnostic tools available are unsatisfactory, new strategies to diagnose myocarditis are needed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cardiovascular MR imaging (CMR) was performed in 32 patients who were diagnosed with myocarditis by clinical criteria. To determine whether CMR visualizes areas of active myocarditis, endomyocardial biopsy was taken from the region of contrast enhancement and submitted to histopathologic analysis. Follow-up was performed 3 month later. Contrast enhancement was present in 28 patients (88%) and was usually seen with one or several foci in the myocardium. Foci were most frequently located in the lateral free wall. In the 21 patients in whom biopsy was obtained from the region of contrast enhancement, histopathologic analysis revealed active myocarditis in 19 patients (parvovirus B19, n=12; human herpes virus type 6 [HHV 6], n=5). Conversely, in the remaining 11 patients, in whom biopsy could not be taken from the region of contrast enhancement, active myocarditis was found in one case only (HHV6). At follow-up, the area of contrast enhancement decreased from 9+/-11% to 3+/-4% of left ventricular mass as the left ventricular ejection fraction improved from 47+/-19% to 60+/-10%. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast enhancement is a frequent finding in the clinical setting of suspected myocarditis and is associated with active inflammation defined by histopathology. Myocarditis occurs predominantly in the lateral free wall. Contrast CMR is a valuable tool for the evaluation and monitoring of inflammatory heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of systemic arteries is impaired in patients with myocardial virus persistence.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial virus persistence is frequently observed in patients with cardiomyopathy. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with cardiomyopathy is associated with inflammatory immunoresponses in myocardial biopsies. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of myocardial virus persistence on endothelial function. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 124 patients with suspected cardiomyopathy, myocardial biopsies were examined for virus persistence (by polymerase chain reaction) and inflammation (by immunohistology). Endothelial function of the radial artery was examined by high-resolution ultrasound. Diameter changes in response to reactive hyperemia (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]) compared with glycerol trinitrate (GTN-MD) were measured. Mean age of the patients (55 men, 69 women) was 45+/-13 years; ejection fraction was 57+/-17%. In 73 patients, adenovirus, enterovirus, parvovirus, or HHV6 virus (V) was detected; in 51, no virus was detected. FMD was significantly impaired in patients with myocardial virus persistence compared with control subjects (Co): FMD-V, 3.38+/-2.67%; FMD-Co, 7.34+/-3.44 (P<0.001). In 86 patients, myocardial inflammation was confirmed (Inf). Of those, 57 had virus, and 29 did not. FMD was significantly impaired in patients with virus compared with controls: FMD-Inf-V, 3.24+/-2.66%; FMD-Inf-Co, 6.07+/-3.00 (P<0.001). In 38 patients, immunohistology of the myocardial biopsies was normal (Co); of those, 16 had virus, and 22 did not. FMD was impaired in patients with virus compared with control subjects: FMD-Co-V, 3.88+/-2.72%; FMD-Co-Co, 9.00+/-3.32% (P<0.001). Endothelium-independent vasodilation (GTN-MD) was not significantly affected. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial virus persistence is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with myocardial virus persistence can occur independently of endothelial activation or myocardial inflammation but is more pronounced in patients with concurrent inflammation.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed2006

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced hypersensitivity syndrome associated with reactivation of human herpesvirus-6.

A 27-year-old man who had a history of bronchial asthma, eosinophilic enteritis, and eosinophilic pneumonia presented with fever, skin eruptions, cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical lymphocytosis, and eosinophilia two weeks after receiving trimethoprim (TMP)-sulfamethoxazole (SMX) treatment. After the withdrawal of TMP-SMX and the administration of high-dose steroid, these systemic symptoms gradually resolved. During the disease course, the patient showed a transient increase in anti-human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 antibody titers and HHV-6 DNA in the peripheral blood, indicating the reactivation of a latent HHV-6 infection. This is the first case of TMP-SMX-induced hypersensitivity syndrome associated with the reactivation of a latent viral infection.

Adult↗