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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Present challenges to risk governance.

The purpose of this short paper is to present the main challenges to risk governance in the today democratic context. The first part describes briefly the main characteristics of the approach to collective decision-making grounded on the scientific rationality, dominant in Europe for about two centuries. The second part describes the current difficulties encountered by the traditional decision-making processes when confronted with complex situations in area such as risk management but also in the management of other collective issues such as unemployment or urban violence. This description is notably based on the conclusions of the TRUSTNET European concerted action on risk governance issued in 2000. From the interdisciplinary analysis of some 11 detailed case studies of diversified risk governance contexts, the concerted action conclusions propose a model of the existing patterns of risk governance. The emergence of new co-operative processes of decision-making (Mutual Trust Paradigm) is reported in contexts where the traditional approach of collective decision-making are meeting difficulties. The third part of the paper describes the profound changes required by the adoption of co-operative decision-making processes and the main conditions for their development in the future.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2026

Risk governance of transgenic plants: bridging science, policy, and public trust.

Transgenic plants and genome editing technologies are revolutionizing agriculture through sustainable approaches to food security, pest management, and adaptation to climate change; but their widespread use is hampered by regulatory systems that are fragmented, ethics considerations, and an ongoing lack of trust from the general public. In contrast to other literature that evaluates regulation processes and public acceptance separately, our review paper introduces a new, holistic approach that includes both technical risk assessment from a scientific perspective, and Codex Alimentarius and OECD standards, and the socio-legal and judicial environment of how the national policy decisions are actually made. The paper provides a comparative, historical analysis of the key difference between product- and process-based risk governance in the USA, the EU, and India. Through the use of case studies with global significance like MON810 maize, Bt Brinjal, and the April 2024 Philippine Court of Appeals' order for cease-and-desist of Golden Rice, we discuss the increasing tension between administrative scientific approvals and precautionary judicial orders. We further explore the emerging exemptions to regulation of Site-Directed Nuclease (SDN-1 and SDN-2) genome edited crops which led to India's revolutionary 2025 commercialization of climate-resilient rice crops. Our review ends with a forward-looking approach to biotechnology regulation policy, making an appeal to shift from static historical dichotomies towards flexible risk-proportionate and internationally coordinated regulatory systems. Finally, we show that global success of agricultural biotechnology is not just about safety verification, but rather about establishment of transparent and communicable institutions that can transform scientific risk assessments into legitimate risk management decisions.

Plants, Genetically Modified↗
PubMed2006

Government risk management priorities: a comparison of the preferences of Asian Indian Americans and other Americans.

A survey was conducted of approximately 200 Asian Indian Americans and 200 other residents of New Jersey in order to understand the risk management priorities that they want government to have. We found that Asian Indian Americans, especially younger women, focused on personal/family risks, such as alcohol and drug abuse, sexual abuse, and domestic violence. The New Jersey comparison group, in contrast, placed war/terrorism and loss of health care services and insurance at the top of their priorities for government. These results suggest stressful acculturation-related issues within the Asian Indian community. Both populations want more risk management from government than they believe government is currently providing. Respondents who wanted more from government tended to dread the risk, be fearful of the consequences, trust government, and have a feeling of personal efficacy. Within the Asian Indian American sample, wide variations were observed by language spoken at home and religious affiliation. Notably, Muslims and Hindi language speakers tended not to trust government and hence wanted less government involvement. This study supports our call for studies of recent migrant populations and Johnson's for testing ethnic identity and acculturation as factors in risk judgments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Radiation protection information: can you trust the government's risks or risk the government's trust?: 1997 G. William Morgan lecture.

Public acceptance of information concerning radiation risks has been impacted by the erosion of trust in government agencies and by societal images that personify radiation or its effects in terms of monsters and ogres. The loss of trust in government agencies, particularly the Atomic Energy Commission and later the Department of Energy, has been influenced by a number of key events and individuals. Examples of these are given, including the anti-Viet Nam war movement, the Watergate incident, the activities of the Union of Concerned Scientists, Ralph Nader and the Critical Mass movement, the claims of Ernest Sternglass, and the widely publicized views of John Gofman and Arthur Tamplin. The use of negative images, pictures, and symbols in the mass media has reinforced the public perception of radiation as a thing to be feared. There is growing evidence that the public perception of radiation risks is related more to mistrust and negative images than it is to the technical information health physicists provide or to the issue of whether or not the linear no-threshold theory of radiation risks is correct. Attempts by federal agencies to regain public trust in radiation risk information generated by health physicists or other radiation scientists appear to be largely unsuccessful. If health physicists hope to be successful in changing such public perceptions, they may have to focus efforts on the next generation and concentrate on assuring that elementary and secondary school children receive sound instruction on radiation risks. Additional research at the molecular biology level is needed to elucidate the risks, if any, at low doses so that the practice of extrapolating low dose responses from high dose data can be eliminated.

Fear↗
PubMed2004

Inscribing healthification: governance, risk, surveillance and the subjects and spaces of fitness and health.

This paper considers the interface between the hygienic geographies of a fitness and exercise space and the discourses of risk and subjectivity in this era of the new public health. Using an analysis of space, power and the subject, the paper assesses the ways in which subjects govern themselves and others in public health spaces through an intensification of surveillance, in order to ensure health and safety compliance. In this paper, first, I introduce the locker room as a place of health and hygiene. Second, I set out the wider context of the inscription of health on spaces and subjects. Third, I examine the relationship between discourses of risk and subjectivity and how risk discourses are fundamental to the fabrication of subjects and social life. The paper then examines, more specifically, techniques of self- and other-governance that help to inscribe and prescribe the new public health in locker rooms. Drawing on the findings of a spatial and ethnographic case study of an urban, Canadian university locker room, I conclude that the macro- and micro-politics and economics of policing public health require both the regulation of bodies and the participation of active, health-conscious citizens in order to keep (western) neo-liberal imperatives of health in place.

Fitness Centers↗
PubMed2001

Clinical governance: risks and quality control in radiotherapy.

The professions involved in radiotherapy constantly strive to improve quality and to minimize errors and their effects. We are aware of our shortcomings but sometimes are powerless to take corrective action. We have seen that clinical governance requires some change in the medical culture but much has yet to be achieved in the standardization of medical processes. We would gain by sharing experiences of system failures, whether that be by reporting near misses or by disseminating details of litigation cases. In a specialty that depends on human processes and interactions, it is no surprise to find a measurable incidence of human errors. Sometimes this is also related to technological or design deficiencies and we rely too much on human interventions to overcome these. We would like to take positive steps to improve quality, such as those inherent in the new ISO9000 standards, but we are hindered by a variety of constraints--manpower, old technology, pressure to achieve high patient throughput. We need to make decisions for the future development of radiotherapy in the UK. We could settle for a system that is characterized by high throughput and high risk. Hopefully, we will receive the necessary encouragement and resources to strive for high standards of treatment and low risk.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1995

Putting the first audience first: conducting useful evaluation for a risk-related government agency.

The risk communication practitioner in a government agency has two essential, interdependent tasks. One is to help develop and monitor effective communication programs with various external public audiences. The other task is to do the same thing for the senior government managers whose support is a prerequisite to addressing the first audience. Hence, the second audience--the manager--is really the first. This paper addresses ways in which communication practitioners can satisfy this crucial audience. A profile of these managers suggests that they would find it highly beneficial to have more control over the public problems they encounter, especially in view of the growing pressures to do more with less and demonstrate "customer satisfaction." They would rather avoid crises than manage them. And they would rather have their bosses praise their successes than challenge their budgets or punish their perceived difficulties or failures. Communication practitioners who can help them attain such benefits will find their efforts in great demand. They would be helpful team members who provide timely insights that can make and show agency success. We offer ten ways for communication practitioners to be more useful which focus their current strengths on satisfying senior managers' needs by becoming more valuable members of the program team. By becoming more useful to the senior manager they serve both the agency and its publics.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Research governance: regulating risk and reducing harm?

Risk assessment can be thought of as the lens through which we anticipate the consequences of research and the impact of the actions of researchers. The way in which risk of harm is managed in research is strongly influenced by the surrounding social and political environment, leading to differences in national and local styles of regulation and review. Different research studies carry different risks, so systems for review and approval must adapt to the question being asked and the nature of the study. Researchers can never wholly guarantee safety in any research but participants and researchers must be offered reasonable protection within any study, with appropriate arrangements in place should something go wrong.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2001

Factors governing cardiovascular risk in the patient with a failing renal transplant.

Cardiomyopathy and IHD are important morbid complications among renal transplant recipients. Age, diabetes, and sex remain important markers of risk. Smoking, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension appear to be the major reversible risk factors for IHD. Anemia and hypertension predict CHF. Definitive evidence on optimal intervention is lacking. Similarities in the renal transplant recipients to CRI patients with respect to cardiomyopathy and to the general population with respect to IHD suggest that extrapolation from those groups is reasonable in the interim.

Cardiomyopathies↗
PubMed2006

Problematizing special observation in psychiatry: Foucault, archaeology, genealogy, discourse and power/knowledge.

Special observation by mental health professionals is the recommended approach for those people deemed as at risk or risky. Recent research and academic writing have challenged the benefits of observing people/patients who are defined as 'at risk', and a more human engagement process is being recommended. Despite this assault, practice has not changed substantively, suggesting a need for a thorough exploration and questioning of the practices and process. The paper outlines three Foucaultian approaches to historical analysis. It applies aspects of Foucault's archaeology/genealogy, discourse and power/knowledge to explore the practices of special observation as a means of controlling risk, especially suicide risk. We identify the regulatory function of the 'gaze', professional codes and government policy in relation to restricting professional practices. We argue that observation can be related to moral therapy, wherein the person relinquishes madness for responsibility through a disciplinary process and, in governing risk, a 'professional industry' is created. The regulation of statements about people with mental health issues are exposed and related to what can be said and done by professionals. Finally, we look at productive power in relation to observation, and how it is intimately related to resistance. We conclude with 'soft' recommendations for practice discursively produced through the writing of the paper.

Archaeology↗
PubMed2001

Prospects for public participation on nuclear risks and policy options: innovations in governance practices for sustainable development in the European Union.

We outline the potential participative governance and risk management in application to technological choices in the nuclear sector within the European Union (EU). Well-conducted public participation, stakeholder consultation and deliberation procedures can enhance the policy process and improve the robustness of strategies dealing with high-stakes investment and risk management challenges. Key nuclear issues now confronting EU member states are: public concern with large-scale environmental and health issues; the Chernobyl accident (and others less catastrophic) whose effect has been to erode public confidence and trust in the nuclear sector; the maturity of the nuclear plant, hence the emerging prominence of waste transportation, reprocessing and disposal issues as part of historical liability within the EU; the nuclear energy heritage of central and eastern European candidate countries to EU accession. The obligatory management of inherited technological risks and uncertainties on large temporal and geographical scales, is a novel feature of technology assessment and governance. Progress in the nuclear sector will aid the development of methodologies for technological foresight and risk governance in fields other than the nuclear alone.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2003

Health and environmental policy issues in Canada: the role of watershed management in sustaining clean drinking water quality at surface sources.

Sustaining clean and safe drinking water sources is increasingly becoming a priority because of global pollution. The means of attaining and maintaining clean drinking water sources requires effective policies that identify, document, and reduce watershed risks. These risks are defined by their potential impact to human health. Health and risk are, therefore, indelibly linked because they are in part defined by each other. Understanding pathogen ecology and identifying watershed sources remains a priority because of the associated acute risks. Surface water quality changes resulting from inputs of human waste, nutrients and chemicals are associated with higher drinking water risks. Nutrient input can increase primary production and the resulting increase of organic matter results in greater disinfection by-product formation or requires greater treatment intensity. Many drinking water disease outbreaks have resulted from breaches in treatment facilities, therefore, even with greater treatment intensity poor source water quality intrinsically has greater associated health risks. Government and international agencies play a critical role in developing policy. The goal of maintaining water supplies whose availability is maximized and risks are minimized (i.e. sustainable) should be a vital part of such policy. Health risks are discussed in the context of a multi-barrier perspective and it is concluded that both passive (protection) and active (prescriptive management) management is necessary for sustainability. Canadian aboriginal water systems, British Columbian water policy and US EPA policies are given as examples. The basis for developing effective policies includes a strong reliance on sound science and effective instrumentation with careful consideration of stakeholders' interests. Only with such directed policies can the future availability of clean drinking water sources be ensured.

Canada↗