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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

A race riot's effect on psychological symptoms.

Certain individually stressful events have been observed to increase the psychological distress of persons affected; reduced psychological distress following other events has been attributed to collective processes, including increased group cohesion. These possibilities are investigated by contrasting reported symptom levels of 938 adults interviewed before, during, and after a racial riot. White suburbanites interviewed after the riot and urban black women interviewed during the riot report significantly fewer psychological symptoms. Hypotheses of seasonal symptom changes, sampling biases, and the absence of symptom changes among relatively unimpaired respondents are rejected, suggesting that reductions in symptom level are associated with the riot. Serious methodological problems are raised by our finding that such events may significantly affect not only rates but also patterns of reported psychological symptoms obtained through epidemiological studies.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1983

Medical consequences of the New Mexico State Penitentiary riot.

On February 2, 1980, a riot broke out among the 1,157 inmates at the New Mexico State Penitentiary and 139 people were injured. Of these, 33 died. Survivors had a variety of problems resulting from blunt or penetrating trauma, acute intoxication with drugs, or smoke inhalation. Fourteen percent of the casualties arrived at local hospitals in serious or critical condition. A study of the injury patterns revealed a significant difference (P less than .001) in the incidence of severe head trauma in those who had died compared to those who survived. Most of the seriously or critically ill survivors suffered from acute poisoning or from penetrating wounds.

Burns, Inhalation↗
PubMed1984

Risk factors for victimization during the 1980 riot at the Penitentiary of New Mexico.

The New Mexico Penitentiary riot of February 2, 1980, resulted in death for 33 inmates at the hands of their fellow prisoners, and the hospitalization of 62 inmates for treatment of drug overdose or trauma. A case-control study of dead and hospitalized inmates was conducted to determine risk factors for victimization. Twelve (12.5%) of the 96 inmates housed in the protective custody unit were killed, compared with an overall penitentiary death rate of 2.9% (p = 0.0003). These 12 individuals were similar to the general inmate population with respect to age, race, years of education, crimes, time served, and prison rule infractions committed. In contrast, the 21 homicide victims housed in other areas were younger and had committed significantly greater numbers of rule infractions during incarceration. Prisoners hospitalized for drug overdose, but not those hospitalized for traumatic injuries, could be differentiated from the remaining prison population by increased convictions for homicide and higher prison infraction rates. Inmates in protective custody were targeted selectively for death; other subgroups of victims of violence appear to share characteristics often associated with perpetrators of violence.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Chemical agents used in riot control and warfare.

The development of riot control agents is reviewed with emphasis on the major factors influencing the selection and deployment of those agents in current use. Typical agents, irrespective of their chemical nature, cause unpleasant symptoms involving the eyes, skin, mouth, nose and respiratory tract. Ideally, these symptoms cause the sufferer to seek escape from exposure and resolve within 15-30 minutes after exposure has ceased. The medical management of casualties is discussed, with particular consideration of the problems likely to be referred to a Poison Control Centre.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Mutagenicity evaluation of riot control agent o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test.

o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), a riot control agent, was evaluated for its possible mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. Five histidine-deficient (His-) mutant tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium--TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA104--were used. The liquid preincubation procedure was used with metabolic activation (presence of S9 mixture) and without metabolic activation (absence of S9 mixture). For the experiments with metabolic activation, three different concentrations of S9 fraction (supernatant of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver homogenate at 9000 g)--5%, 15% and 30% in S9 mixture--were used. Along with mutagenic activity, CS was also evaluated for cytotoxic activity in all the five tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium, both in the presence and absence of S9 mixture. The mutagenic and cytotoxic activities of CS were assessed by counting the His+ revertant colonies and by counting the microcolonies (His-, auxotrophs in the background lawn), respectively, and the respective mean values were compared with the relative negative (solvent) control. A dose range of 12.5-800 micrograms plate-1 for CS did not induce a mutagenic response either in the presence or absence of S9 mix. No change in the negative mutagenic response of CS has been observed even in the presence of an elevated level of S9 fraction in the S9 mix. A dose of 200 micrograms plate-1 for CS was found to be cytotoxic by decreasing the surviving cells as well as His+ revertant colonies; however, the effect was reduced in the presence of an elevated level of S9 fraction in the S9 mix.

Animals↗