Comparative studies on lactate Ringer solution and lactate Ringer Dextrose solution in dogs during surgery.
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Animals↗
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Further studies on perfusion of isolated frog's heart with modified Ringer solutions (glucose-Ringer, maltose-Ringer and lactose-Ringer).
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Animals↗
Corrosion rates of dental amalgam in Ringer solutions and artificial saliva.
Corrosion currents of dental amalgams in Ringer solution, Ringer lactate solution and an artificial saliva were determined as a function of flow rate using the linear polarization technique. The obtained results show that corrosion is far more intense in Ringer solutions than in saliva. Also, flow rate dependence is evident for Ringer solutions but not for saliva in the range investigated.
Corrosion↗
Anion permeability of toad skeletal muscle incubated in plasma and ringer solution.
Isolated semitendinosus muscles of the toad were incubated in both Ringer solution and toad plasma for periods ranging from 45 to 170 minutes. The extracellular volume (ECV), as measured from the equilibrium distribution of 35SO4(2-), was found to increase (in gram extracellular (EC) water/gram wet weight) from 0.15 +/- 0.01 to 0.20 +/- 0.02 in muscles incubated in Ringer solution, whereas the ECV was found to remain constant in tissues incubated in plasma (0.16 +/- 0.01 to 0.17 +/- 0.01), for periods up to 170 minutes. Since the true ECV, as measured morphometrically, was found to remain unchanged for muscles incubated in Ringer solution for up to 3 hours, the data for these muscles were interpreted to represent a change in anion permeability of the cellular membranes in response to the absence of some plasma fraction from the Ringer solution (with an electrolyte composition and pH similar to that of plasma). When toad plasma albumin was added to the Ringer solution, in physiological concentrations, the ECV of the muscles was observed to remain relatively constant during the 3-hour incubation period. This albumin effect on anion permeability was found to be albumin concentration-dependent. Further, other sources of albumin were found to have varying degrees of effect on the anion permeability of toad muscle, with bovine albumin serving as the most acceptable substitute for toad albumin, when incubating semitendinosus muscles.
Animals↗
A comparison of renal function following the infusion of Ringer solution into systemic and portal veins in the dog.
The increase of sodium and water excretion by the kidney following intravenous Ringer solution infused into a femoral vein (vena femoralis) or into an intestinal vein (vena portae ) has been studied in anaesthetized dogs. The functional parameters of renal function have been compared during volume expansion with 1.5-2.0% of body weight Ringer solution and "over-hydration" by 2.5% Ringer loading over 60 minutes. No significant difference in sodium excretion and urine output resulted from 0.25 ml/kg/min Ringer solution when infused by the two routes. When the animals were infused with 2.5% body weight Ringer solution (0.66 ml/kg/min i.v.), a marked increase in water excretion was observed with a smaller increment in sodium excretion, and the urine became hyposmotic as compared with the plasma osmolarity. No difference has been found in the glomerular filtration rate and in the PAH clearance. Glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion and urine flow rate were not significantly different for the two routes when the same Ringer solution load was infused. These experiments did not provide evidence for the participation of the liver in the control of sodium excretion during extracellular fluid volume expansion induced by Ringer solution infusion.
Animals↗
Calcium precipitation from mammalian physiological salines (Ringer solutions) and the preparation of high [Ca] media.
The maximum nonprecipitating concentration of calcium in a bicarbonate-buffered Krebs-Henseleit-type mammalian physiologic saline at 25 degrees C has been established as 10 mM in the presence of 1 mM phosphate, and as 18 mM when phosphate is absent. At 38 degrees C, the respective limits are 5.6 mM with the phosphate, and 16 mM in its absence. At its physiological concentration of 1.6 mM, calcium precipitation also appeared in solutions of pH greater than 9. When phosphate was present, the precipitate appeared immediately, but redissolved once pH was reduced below 7.8; in the absence of phosphate, precipitation of calcium carbonate became visible only after 3-4 min, but this precipitate would not redissolve even at pH 7.4. As carbonated stock bicarbonate solution gradually loses CO2 and becomes alkaline, a protocol for mixing physiologic salines using alkaline bicarbonate stock was developed. Calcium precipitation can be avoided if, before calcium is added, the bicarbonate-containing bulk solution is gassed with 5% CO2 for 15 min at a flow of 0.5 liter/min per liter of final solution.
Calcium↗
The effect of Ringer solution induced extracellular volume expansion on kidney function.
The present study quantitated the effects of extracellular volume expansion on sodium and water excretion in 118 anesthetized dogs. The animals received a priming injection of 10 ml kg-1 Ringer solution i.v. which was followed by a constant Ringer solution infusion at a rate of 0.25 ml.min-1.kg-1 until the end of the experiment. Fifteen minutes after the start of the constant infusion the renal parameters were examined in 11 subsequent 15 min periods (the total time was 3 hours). Volume expansion produced no significant change in arterial blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), plasma sodium and potassium concentration or, haematocrit, but did reduce the CPAH from 284 ml.min-1 to 218 ml.min-1 (the data were calculated for 100 gram wet kidney weight). There were constant significant increases in the urinary excretion rate from 0.84 ml.min-1 to 4.06 ml.min-1 and the 39% of the infused water was excreted during the experiment. Volume expansion also caused a significant increase in sodium excretion during the three first periods from 120 mumol.min-1 to 329 mumol.min-1 followed by a small but significant decrease. The sodium excretion at the end of the experiment was 221 mumol.min-1 and the 23% of the infused sodium was excreted in the course of the experiment. The increase of the water excretion during the volume expansion was associated with fall of the urine osmolality and the urine because hypoosmotic as compared to the plasma. We have provided evidence that vasopressin was not involved in the control of water excretion in our experiments. It is concluded that neither filtered sodium nor decreased aldosterone secretion can account for the increase in sodium excretion that occurs after Ringer solution loading in the dog. It has been proposed that a decrease in plasma protein concentration may decrease passive sodium reabsorption due to oncotic forces in the proximal tubule. The Ringer solution diuresis elicits a rise in medullary blood flow, thereby causing a washout of medullary sodium. This might dissipate the osmotic force for the back-diffusion of water from the collecting duct. Our studies indicate that the response of the diluting segments of the distal nephron to increased delivery of sodium depends upon the presence or absence of volume expansion. However the increase of the distal tubular loading activates the tubuloglomerular feedback which increases the proximal tubular reabsorption. Based on these assumptions our studies provide further evidence that the tubuloglomerular feedback regulates the blood pressure in the peritubular capillaries in the cortex around the proximal tubules.
Animals↗
Randomized controlled trial of Ringer solution versus serum for partial exchange transfusion in neonatal polycythaemia.
UNLABELLED: We tested whether crystalliod solutions could be used instead of colloid solutions for partial exchange transfusions (PET) in polycythaemic neonates because crystalloid solutions are cheap, carry no risk of anaphylactic reactions and can be sterilized. We randomly assigned 20 term neonates with venous haematocrit (Hct) > 0.65 l/l to PET with either a serum preparation (BISEKO) or Ringer solution. Plasma volume (PV) was measured with Evans blue dilution. Blood volume (BV) and red cell mass were calculated from PV and venous Hct. Before PET both serum and Ringer groups had the same Hct (0.69 (0.66-0.76) vs 0.69 (0.66-0.71) l/l; median (range)) and BV (108 (81-116) versus 96 (68-121) ml/kg. During PET an equivalent amount of blood was withdrawn stepwise (19 (14-26) versus 17 (13-25) ml/kg and replaced by either serum or Ringer solution. More of the Ringer solution (median 77%) than of the serum (median 36%) given left the intravascular space within 4 h after PET (P = 0.016); but there was no significant difference in Hct after Ringer-PET compared to serum-PET (median 0.58 vs 0.56 l/l). No infant required repeat PET. Ringer-PET reduced BV from high to normal values (from median 96 to 83 ml/kg; P = 0.005), whereas after serum-PET BV remained high (from median 108 to 98 ml/kg; not significant). CONCLUSION: PET with Ringer solution resulted in a haemodilution comparable to PET with serum and a correction of hypervolaemia.
Blood Component Transfusion↗
[Clinical examination of acetated Ringer solution in patients with normal liver function and those with liver dysfunction].
Acetated Ringer solution (AR) was studied clinically to find its usefulness in patients with liver dysfunction compared with lactated Ringer solution (LR). The thirty-eight patients scheduled to be operated were divided into four groups (Group I: with normal liver function and AR infused, Group II: with normal liver function and LR infused, Group III: with liver dysfunction and AR infused, Group IV: with liver dysfunction and LR infused). AR or LR was administered to each group at a speed of 10 ml.kg-1.h-1, and we investigated the differences of these four groups clinically. L-lactic acid increased significantly in all groups after administration of AR or LR. D-lactic acid increased in LR groups, and acetic acid increased in AR groups. However, the other parameters, including the acid-base balance, electrolytes and liver function, showed no significant changes in any group. Therefore the status of liver dysfunction did not affect the metabolism of lactic acid in this study. These findings indicate that as an intraoperative fluid, AR is just as useful as LR. However, there was no significant difference between the data of AR groups compared with those of LR groups. In conclusion, AR is not necessarily a better fluid compared with LR as an intraoperative fluid in patients with liver dysfunction.
Adult↗
Sperm penetration in capillary tubes with albumin-Ringer solutions.
Linear penetration of sperm from 65 different semen samples was investigated in Ringer solutions containing 1%, 3%, and 6% bovine albumin and in cervical mucus by use of the capillary tube test. A high degree of correlation was observed between the penetration distances recorded in the Ringer-albumin solutions, particularly in the 3% and the 6% solutions, as compared with those observed in cervical mucus. The relative number of spermatozoa with abnormal configuration was found to be markedly lower in the upper segment of the tubes, indicating a relationship between propulsive motility and normal morphology.
Cervix Mucus↗
Simplification of glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution: its effect on corneal thickness.
Glutathione and adenosine can safely be omitted from glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution (GBR) which is used as an irrigating solution during vitrectomy, without significant reduction in the solution's efficacy or increase in corneal toxicity. Bicarbonate appears to be an essential ingredient and should not be omitted from the Ringer solution.
Adenosine↗
Influence of preinduction methoxamine, lactated Ringer solution, or hypertonic saline solution infusion or postinduction dobutamine infusion on anesthetic-induced hypotension in horses.
A controlled study of the cardiovascular responses in horses anesthetized with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg of body weight, IV), guaifenesin (100 mg/kg, IV), thiamylal (5.0 mg/kg, IV), and halothane in O2 (1.2 to 1.4% end-expired concentration) was performed to determine whether hypotension could be prevented by use of various treatments. Six horses were given 5 treatments in a randomized sequence: no treatment (control), methoxamine (0.04 mg/kg, IV), lactated Ringer solution (20.0 ml/kg, IV), 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (4.0 ml/kg, IV), or constant infusion of dobutamine (5.0 mg/kg/min, IV) during anesthesia. Heart rate, ECG, blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, blood gas analysis, PVC, and plasma total protein concentration were measured during the study. Compared with the control value, an increase in blood pressure during halothane administration was observed after administration of lactated Ringer solution, hypertonic saline solution, or dobutamine (P less than 0.05). The improved blood pressure response to hypertonic saline solution and dobutamine was related to an increase in cardiac output, which was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Other statistically significant differences in cardiopulmonary responses among treatments were not observed during anesthesia. The PCV was increased in response to dobutamine infusion, and plasma total protein concentration was reduced in response to administration of hypertonic saline or lactated Ringer solution.
Acepromazine↗
Isolation of choline and choline esters from Krebs-Ringer solution for gas chromatographic determination.
A simple and efficient novel method for isolating picomole amounts of choline and choline esters in milliliter volumes of Krebs-Ringer solution has been developed. The procedure is based on the observation that the solubility of choline esters in acetonitrile is 10(4)-10(5) times higher than that of the inorganic salt constituents of Krebs-Ringer solution. The glucose content of the medium, which prevented the one-step isolation of choline esters based on acetonitrile extraction from its lyophilizate, was removed using Amberlite CG-50 column chromatography. Bound compounds to the column were eluted in 0.25 N HCl and lyophilized. The lyophilizate was extracted with acetonitrile, which was then decanted and eliminated by evaporation to dryness. The resultant glucose and salt-free residue can be assayed by gas chromatography. Total recoveries of added choline and choline esters over the entire isolation procedure, measured isotopically and/or gas chromatographically, were 93 and 97%, respectively. Due to the high and close-to-equal recoveries of choline esters, and the high purity of the final product, this procedure is suitable for estimating acetylcholine and choline in neural tissue perfusates by gas chromatography, as was demonstrated by this method using hippocampal slices.
Acetonitriles↗
Failure of perfusion with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution to preserve the eccrine function of the vascular endothelium in bone.
An ex vivo canine tibia preparation was perfused at a constant rate with aerated (95% O2-5% CO2) Krebs-Ringer solution for 24 h. Bolus injections of norepinephrine (0.125-0.5 micrograms) were given and then acetylcholine (5 x 10(-5) M) was used to stimulate endothelial production of smooth muscle relaxing factors. Following 1 h of perfusion the addition of acetylcholine resulted in significant attenuation of the response to norepinephrine (p < 0.001). After 4 h perfusion acetylcholine did not attenuate the norepinephrine response, but addition of L-arginine (the precursor of endothelial-derived relaxing factor) resulted in significant attenuation in the presence of acetylcholine (p < 0.005). At 6, 12, and 24 h the acetylcholine did not attenuate the norepinephrine response. It is concluded that normothermic, continuous perfusion with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution results in normal endothelial eccrine activity up to 1 h. Following this period there is substrate depletion but endothelial eccrine function can be demonstrated for up to 4 h. At 6 h this function cannot be demonstrated, suggesting degradation of the functional integrity of the endothelium.
Acetylcholine↗
[Experimental study on interdigestive migrating contractions with intestinal transection and injection of Ringer solution into intestine].
The occurrence and mechanism of IMC are still not completely elucidated. Base on the conjecture of that the region of intestine and its ingredients may be concerning with the conduction mechanism of IMC, following experiment was performed by author. Small intestine was cut into two parts. Anal side was closed as blind end, and the end of oral side was sutured to colon or anal part of intestine by end to side anastomosis. Gastric fistula and intestinal fistula of the blind ending intestine were also made, and six pieces of force transducers were sutured to the serosa of the intestine in order to observe the movement of intestine. Under non-anesthesia and non-restricted condition for whole day long, Ringer solution was injected into gastric or intestinal fistula by 50 ml one shot or continuous dripped infusion of 250 ml per hour. The result is: In upper part of intestine, the appearance of IMC in oral and anal side of intestine is continuously observed. However, in lower part of intestine, the IMC of oral and anal part of intestine appeared completely independent without any continuity. And, as one shot of 50 ml of Ringer solution was injected, the conduction of IMC was suppressed but still observable, while continuously infused of 250 ml/hr, the IMC was completely disappeared.
Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y↗
Tension and instantaneous stiffness of single muscle fibers immersed in Ringer solution of decreased tonicity.
Isometric tension and instantaneous stiffness were measured in frog semitendinosus single muscle fibers in both isotonic and hypotonic Ringer solution. In 0.7 and 0.5 x normal Ringer tension increased 17 and 20%, respectively. There was no corresponding increase in the measured stiffness. The increase in tension in hypotonic Ringer could be reversed by the addition of an osmotic equivalent of sucrose to the bathing solution. These findings suggest that the potentiated tension observed in hypotonic Ringer is due to an increased tension per cross-bridge and not to an increase in the number of attached cross-bridges.
Amphibians↗
[Effects of low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES 40) in comparison with Ringer solution on oxygen tension in skeletal muscles of infected patients].
Volume expansion for the establishment of normal to slightly hyperdynamic systemic circulation has become part of a standard concept in the treatment of septicemic patients. The goal is an improvement of microcirculation with beneficial effects on tissue oxygen supply. This study investigates the effect of hydroxyethyl starch solution (HES 6%: mean molecular weight = 40,000) versus ringer's solution on tissue oxygen tensions in human skeletal muscle during periods of septicemia in 10 mechanically ventilated ICU-patients. Measurement of tissue oxygen tension was achieved by a polarographic pO2-sensitive flexible probe. After computer assisted analysis pO2-histograms were calculated out of 200 single pO2-values measured consecutively within a time period of 4 min. Infusions of 500 ml ringer's solution or 500 ml HES were given over 60 min in each patient in a randomized order. The second infusion was begun when the pO2-histogram had reproducibly regained control values as measured before treatment. Measurements were made every 30 min after starting the infusion for a total period of 150 min. As a result the median pO2 improved by 24.5% 90 min after the infusion of HES was begun with a simultaneous significant (30 to 150 min; p less than 0.05) drop in hematocrit from 34.3% to 32.4%. In contrast ringer's solution had no significant effect on tissue pO2 whereas the hematocrit was comparable to the HES group in the time period of 30-60 min. In both groups no linear correlation between hematocrit and pO2-tensions could be established. It remains unclear if pO2-tensions during and after HES infusion can be correlated to an improved capillary perfusion. However, as was clearly demonstrated, different types of solutions used for volume expansion may exert different effects on pO2-tissue tension in septic patients.
Adult↗
Electrical response to hypotonic NaCl Ringer solution across the dorsal epithelium of the tongue of the frog, Rana catesbeiana.
Stimulation with hypotonic NaCl Ringer solution produced a change in potential across the epithelium, which was not caused by decreased osmotic pressure. The potential profile resembled the receptor potential of frog taste cells and so may be related to water reception.
Animals↗