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PubMedDate not supplied

When a baby dies: rights of the baby and parents.

The Rights of Parents When a Baby Dies and Rights of the Baby were developed by the Perinatal Bereavement Team at Women's College in Toronto, Canada. With permission, the National Office of SHARE: Pregnancy and Infant Loss Support, Inc. has revised and expanded these documents for distribution within the United States. The Rights are intended to help caregivers and institutions provide parents with information about their options regarding the death of their baby and allow them time and support for decision making.

Death↗
PubMed1998

["Wish to die" and "right to die" in a case of schizophrenia].

Protection of life had long been the ultimate goal of medicine. Recently, patient's subjective judgement and self-determination also became another alternative principle. The situation is the same in psychiatry. Now, most patients with "wish to die" live in community, unless they show strong and urgent suicidal attempt. Meanwhile, "right to die" based on patient's self-determination has been established in the terminal state of cancer. Based on the same logical formulation, the "right to kill oneself" for patients with "intolerable psychological pain", is also asserted. Suicide as a right is now an impending agenda in psychiatry. A case of schizophrenia, who had killed her mother and who had "wish to die", was presented and discussed here. Conclusions were as follows: 1) "Wish to die" was psychologically interpreted as "denial of wish to live". At least, this meant that "wish to die" was unable to be a clear and convincing evidence that "real will" to die actually existed. 2) Nevertheless, the therapist who was overwhelmed by the patient's "wish to die", felt that it was a patient's real will to die. 3) "Wish to die" was not a self-determination to die, but rather a patient's inquiry into the quality of therapy, if the therapist was able to tolerate the wish. 4) If everyone is supposed to have privacy that none can ever intrude, this right should be the one only for limiting excessive intervention of medicine, but not for helping suicide. 5) How to verbalize patient's "wish to live" hidden deeply at the very core of "wish to die" and how to support the patient's "wish to live", had a crucial importance in clinical practice of suicidal patients for therapists to confront "wish to die" together with the patient. 6) In general, it was discussed that the concept of "right to die" in suicide and in terminal states, had to be constructed in some different way.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Dying right in theory and practice. What do we really know of terminal care?

Despite the widely held belief that hospices treat dying patients differently than conventional hospitals do, few systematic comparisons exist. We reviewed medical charts to study the terminal care practice at one hospital and two inpatient hospices. As expected, hospital patients had more diagnostic tests and higher laboratory charges than patients in either hospice did. Yet physicians' notes about patients' families or nonmedical aspects of illness were infrequent at all three institutions. Furthermore, analgesic use and the frequency of nurses' notes about nonmedical or family issues differed between hospices: sometimes one hospice, sometimes the other, resembled the hospital closely. Hence, some common assumptions about hospice care appear inaccurate. We believe that health professionals who attend dying patients--whether in hospitals or hospices--have an obligation to examine their terminal care practices critically and to develop standards appropriate for their institutions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[The debate about the right to die].

The Right to Die is a debatable issue and some basic notions need to be clarified to discuss it. Death needs to be recognized as part of human life. The goal of medicine is to avoid pain and alleviate suffering, to prevent premature death and when this is not possible, to let it occur peacefully. The concept of euthanasia is unclear, which increases the confusion on end-of-life topics. The term euthanasia should be used only when referring to medical acts performed to produce the patient's death, with the intention of terminating his/her suffering. It is what is usually called "active" euthanasia, which can be voluntary or involuntary. It is essential to understand the difference between producing and allowing death. This will permit timely decisions about limiting or withdrawing treatments, that can be disproportionate or that are only prolonging suffering. Limiting treatments does not mean to abandon the patient but rather to redefine his needs, such as pain treatment, prevention of complications, and relief of suffering. The ethic rationale for these decisions is the respect to the dignity of human life, and the estimation of proportionality or futility of each treatment. The physician's duty with the patient at the end of his life is to assist him in dying according to his values and to minimize his distress.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1989

Right to die--a corollary to the right to live and the right to leave.

I am going to talk to you on a sinister subject: the question as to whether there is--or should be--a human right to die, which can be regarded as the corollary of the most essential human right: the right to life. Pain and suffering are most useful faculties. They help us to avoid dangers and to treat injuries. But you could get too much of it. There can be pain without cure and suffering without limit. If for good reasons people are finding life unbearable, are they not entitled to put an end to it? I am thinking here of individuals and their personal problems. I will not deal with suicidal missions in warfare or terror raids. The prime goal for society is--as I see it--the benefit of the individual. In other words, the fundamental aim of public affairs is the wellbeing of each individual person. There must of course be a balancing of conflicting interests, but we must never lose sight of the prime goal.

Cultural Diversity↗